Beet Harvest Research Articles

Is Crop Residue Removal to Reduce N2O Emissions Driven by Quality or Quantity? A Field Study and Meta-Analysis

In order to quantify the reduction potential for nitrous oxide (N2O) release from arable soils through the removal of crop residues, we conducted an experiment after sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) harvest with three treatments: (i) ploughing of the crop residues (+CR:D), (ii) returning residues after ploughing on the surface (+CR:S), and (iii) removal of the residues and ploughing (−CR). N2O fluxes were measured over 120 days in south Germany. High positive correlations between N2O fluxes and the CO2 fluxes and soil nitrate contents suggested denitrification as the main N2O source. N2O emissions in +CR:D was higher than in +CR:S (2.39 versus 0.93 kg N2O−N ha−1 120 d−1 in +CR:D and +CR:S). Residue removal in −CR reduced the N2O emission compared to +CR:D by 95% and to +CR:S by 87%. We further conducted a meta-analysis on the effect of crop residue removal on N2O emissions, where we included 176 datasets from arable soils with mainly rain fed crops. The overall effect of residue removal showed a N2O reduction of 11%. The highest N2O reduction of 76% was calculated for the removal subgroup with C/N-ratio < 25. Neither the remaining C/N-ratio subgroups nor the grouping variables “tillage” or “residue quantity” differed within their subgroup.

Research of vibroacoustic signals in diagnostics of technical condition of engines of beet harvesters combines

The authors of the experimental studies have proved from the possibility of vibration signals to detect the faults and changes in the parameters of the technical condition of engines of beet harvesters combines at the primary stages of their occurrence. Ensuring the predicted reliability of the conclusions, regarding the technical condition of the mechanisms and system of the engine, it can be achieved using the statistical evaluation of the correspondence of the temporal frequency fragments of the vibroacoustic signals and their correspondence to the rotational speed of the crankshaft. The authors investigated the difference between physical models and methods of their mathematical description in different parts of the frequency range and proved the feasibility of dividing it into three frequency subbands: low (0–200 Hz), medium (200–1000 Hz) and high (1 to 10–20 kHz). The authors found out that the series of harmonic signals of engines are characterized by the amplitudes, frequencies and initial phases, whose algebraic sum of ordinates at any given time is equal to the ordinate of the non-sinusoidal signal. Therefore, the Fourier series should be written as the sum of an infinite number of harmonic components of different frequencies. To distinguish the spectrum of the vibroacoustic signal in the diagnosis of the technical condition of engines of beet harvesters combines, it is necessary to use a Fast Fourier Transform. The processing of vibroacoustic signals in the diagnosis of the technical condition parameters of engines of beet harvesters combines is carried out using digital filters, which are implemented by the author’s algorithm.

The Effect of Growth Activators and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the Soil Properties, Root Yield, and Technological Quality of Sugar Beet

The strategy “from farm to fork” assumes a reduction in the usage of fertilizers and plant protection products in EU agriculture. The aim of this study, conducted over the years 2017–2019 in several locations in Poland, is to evaluate the application of growth activators with and without plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to reduce mineral nitrogen fertilization without negative effects on the root yield. We studied the effect of these activators on selected soil properties. The experimental treatments included the application of the growth activators Penergetic (K + P) and Azoter, which contains the bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense, and Bacillus megaterium, before sowing or during vegetation. The nitrogen rates were reduced by 30% in comparison to full nitrogen mineral fertilization (control treatment). In selected experiments, the application of Penergetic and Penergetic with Azoter caused a higher content of nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3) and ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4) after the sugar beet harvest as well as higher contents of mineral nitrogen (Nmin), P, K, and Mg in the soil in comparison to the treatment with the full dose of mineral nitrogen fertilization. The obtained results proved that it was possible to reduce the mineral application of nitrogen by 30% without a decrease in the biological and pure sugar yield, and even with an increase in the sugar yield caused by the application of the growth activators Penergetic (K + P) and Azoter.

Effect of Mole Drain Spacing, Some Soil Amendments and Boron Fertilization on Improving some Soil Properties and Sugar beet Productivity in Salt-Affected Soils

Soil salinity and poor drainage are affecting soil properties and hence limiting crop productivity. Poor productivity and increasing population make a great food gap. So increasing soil productivity is important to address food gap. Two field trials were carried out at El-Reyadh district, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt during two successive seasons (2018-2019). This study aims to investigate the impact of mole drain spacing and some soil amendments on the physical and chemical soil properties and its fertility as well as applying boron fertilization on sugarbeet productivity. Split-split plot design was implemented. The main plots were occupied by mole drain spacing: at 3 distances i.e.: 3, 6 and 9 meters. The subplots were assigned to amendments with 3 combinations i.e.: (G,C and G+C). The sub-sub plots were assigned to foliar with boric acid with 3 levels i.e.: B1, (without boron), B2 (200ppm boron) and B3 (400ppm boron) application. The results showed that the soil values (ECe) , (ESP), (BD), total porosity, soil basic infiltration rate and its fertility parameters (available NPK) were significantly influenced by the treatments and recorded highest values due to the interaction among studied treatments after sugar beet harvesting. The results showed that (G+C) treatment with 3m mole spacing alleviated the hazardous effects of salinity stress on sugar beet yield. The root yield of sugar beet and sugar yield was significantly increased and recorded the highest values with the interaction S1*(G+C)*B3.Therefore, Integrated soil management through soil conservation and some amendments and Boron could be considered a proper approach to sustain soil properties and improve its productivity and increase sugar beet productivity under arid and semi-arid conditions.

The 2019/20 beet campaign – Suiker Unie

As in the rest of Europe the dry and hot summer of 2019 was, like in 2018, affecting the sugar yield and the beet quality parameters. However, heavy rainfall by the end of September resulted also in other issues as a low pol content and high tare figures. Despite the low sugar content, beet yield was quite on normal levels, resulting in a campaign length of about 130 days at all three factories. The beet cultivation and harvest, main investments and process disturbances of the 2019/20 campaign at the three factories Anklam (D), Dinteloord (NL) and Vierverlaten (NL) are discussed.

Sensor system development for low-damage sugar beet harvesting – state and perspectives

The SmartBeet project aimed to develop a sensor system feasible to detect beet damages occurring in the harvester cleaning system. Sensor information should allow to design driver assistance systems safeguarding low-damage beets most suitable for long-term storage. Long-term storage trials in climate containers revealed that root tip breakage caused by turbine cleaning correlated sufficiently close with sugar losses, and thus can serve as an overall damage indicator. In a systematic drop test, heavier beets (>700 g), beets impacting the ground with the root tip ahead and dropping from 2.5 m caused largest tip breakage. Field experiments were conducted with measuring bobs which were shaped like beets and equipped with accelerometers and surface pressure sensors. They showed that type and form of impacts affect damage severity in addition to impact intensity. Moreover, the turbines exerted less impact compared to the lifter, sieve conveyor and auger conveyor. Results imply that the beet throughput level through the cleaning section significantly affects the occurrence of damages. In addition, the structure-borne sound of the beet guiding grates of the turbines was recorded. Single beet damage events were identified from videos taken by high speed cameras and synchronized with the associated sound frequency spectra. In future, time segments and synchronized Fast-Fourier-transformed frequency spectra will be used to derive specific trait variables in order to develop a Machine-Learning-Model.

The effect of green manures on weediness of sugar beet

Thіs study aimed to investigate the effect of aplying post-harvest green manure on weediness of sugar beet crop rotation. Post-harvest green manure were grown under the conditions of the Scientific Research and Production Complex (NNVK) of Sumy National Agrarian University (Ukraine, Sumy oblast, Sumy region) after harvesting winter wheat from August to October 2000‒2004. After the plowing of it in the following 2001‒2006, a hybrid of sugar beet Umansky FM-97 was grown according to the technologies recommended for the local area. Potential weediness was determined by washing seeds from the soil on sieves at the beginning of the growing season and before harvesting sugar beets, and the actual weediness ‒ by quantitative-weight method before plowing the green manure and into the main stages of growth and development of sugar beets.
 The experimental plot had the least weediness under oilseed radish and the largest weediness under buckwheat as green manure. During growing seasons the radish oilseed formed good biomass and the number of weeds under its cover was noticeably reduced to 4.8 pieces/m2 and their mass ‒ to 21.8 g/m2. The findings obtained from statistic program showed the strongest correlation between the above-ground mass of radish and the number of weeds ‒ r = -0.55 and their weight ‒ r = -0.56. In the spring the amount of weed seeds under radish cover in the 0‒30 cm soil layer was reduced to 11.4 %, to 101 million units/ha, compared to the control without green manure. The impact factor of the effect of the radish biomass on the potential weediness was highest in all soil layers - within 70‒90 %. The biomass of radish decreased significantly the number of weeds in the sugar beet crops – by 39 to 19.2 pc/m2, and their weight ‒ by 23 % to 354 g/m2, compared to the control without green manure. Green radish oilseed mass had the greatest impact on reducing quantity of weeds – 67 % and their mass – 80 %. Radish cover provided the most significant reduction the potential weediness before harvesting sugar beets ‒ by 12 % in the 0-30 cm soil layer, compared to the control without green manure, where the amount of weed seeds was at 112 million units/ha. The inverse correlation of the radish biomass and the potential weediness at the time of sugar beet harvest was the closest ‒ r = -0.9.

Експериментальне дослідження статистичного розподілу висоти виступання головок коренеплодів буряків над поверхнею ґрунту

The purpose. Reduction of losses of sugarcane mass and amount of residues of the hives after carrying out a continuous copyless cut of the hives from the heads of the root crops of sugar beets on the root by experimental justification of the statistical distribution of the height of the projection of the heads of the roots above the soil surface and the height of the cut. Methods. The researches were carried out using the methods of conducting field experimental researches and statistical processing of the obtained results on PC. Results. Experimental studies and operational tests of the latest models of beet harvesters in Europe and America, the results of which are covered in many scientific papers by domestic and foreign scientists, indicate a significant loss of sugar mass in the process of sugar beet harvesting. Moreover, the main source of these losses is the unsatisfactory pruning of the root heads on the root. Therefore, there is a need for scientific research to substantiate the necessary engineering solutions that will reduce the loss of sugar mass and the presence of residues of hives on the heads of roots. The result of the studies of this work is an experimental confirmation of the hypothesis about the normal height distribution of the heads of the roots above the soil surface. Conclusions. The statistical parameters of the specified normal distribution were determined: mathematical expectation m = 40...60 mm, standard deviation m = 20...30 mm. The laboratory facility for conducting experiments and the field studies conducted with its help have created sufficient prerequisites for the development of a new system for automatic control of the cutting height of the heads of root crops on modern beet harvesters, which will ensure minimal losses of sugarcane mass.

INFLUENCE OF STRENGTHENING OF PARTS ON THE RELIABILITY OF MACHINES

The paper considers the issues of increasing the reliability of agricultural machinery through the use of reinforcing processing of recovered machine parts by plastic deformation, which provides an increase in the quality of their surface layer during recovery. The operational stability of the piston fingers and the upper heads of the connecting rods restored by vibration reinforcement on the engines working in the mechanized agricultural complex was carried out: tractor - agricultural machine - car. Studies have shown that the amount of wear of piston fingers restored by the vibration deformation method is 1.23 times smaller than the traditional method of recovery, which confirms the effectiveness of vibration technology. Technological processes of restoration of discs of diggers of beet harvesters, discs of coulters of grain planers, plow blades with use of vibrating vibrations of the processing tool are developed and put into production. The results of these developments showed an increase of 1.21 times the time of beet harvester harvesting with the diggers' wheels with the vibration-strengthened method; an increase in technical use factor of 1.07 times, compared to new 65G steel wheels. To improve the reliability of the PLN-5-35, PLN-3-35 plows, the technology of restoration of working bodies - blades is developed and introduced into production, which provides for increase of their durability and durability. The coefficient of technical use of the plow units with the blades restored by the developed technology is 1.01 times higher than that of the plow units with the new blades made of 65G steel. The wear rate of the toe, width and thickness of the blade are 1.51 respectively; 1.22 and 1.27 times less than the new 65G steel blades. The results of the study of vibrating reinforcing processing of working bodies of agricultural machinery help to increase their resource, which provides increased reliability of machines.

Filtration of stored thick juice for the syrup campaign

Extraction of sucrose from sugarbeet for sugar production on an industrial scale can be divided into two distinct types of operations: beet processing (operation of the entire factory) and syrup processing (operation of the sugar house only). During the beet harvesting campaign thick juice is stored in large tanks for subsequent processing in the syrup campaign. It is good practice to filter the thick juice prior to storage for removal of microbes and insolubles. More importantly is filtration of the thick juice during the thick juice campaign for food safety and to remove any solids that have precipitated during storage for sugar quality. This is normally done using a filter aid to ensure filtration to below 5 µm is achieved. The use of a filter aid is not ideal due to health concerns and the risk of causing sugar quality issues if filter aid is carried forward with the syrup. A filtration system designed to operate without the use of a filter aid was therefore trialed at one of the Tereos factories in France. Standard liquor from storage tanks were filtered through 14–25 µm filter material during the 2018 thick juice campaign. Operational and sugar quality results are discussed.

Stress Analysis of the Sugar Beet Lifter with the Finite Element Method (FEM)

Abstract The article presents the method of creating a 3D model of a passive lifter with (polder) plowshares, used in sugar beet harvesters, along with stages of its preparation and results of stress analysis. The computer simulation takes into account force timelines obtained during field tests of the tool. The Stress analysis module of the Autodesk Inventor program was used for the analysis, using the finite element method (FEM). The analysis included the elements that constitute the working part of the lifter, whereas elements of the flexible system were omitted. The results confirm that the lifter structure was developed correctly in terms of durability. The highest reduced stresses, calculated according to the Huber-Mises-Hencky (HMH) hypothesis, were 128.4 MPa (the minimum value of the safety factor related to the yield point is 1.61). The paper also discusses the construction of two flexible couplings with infinitely variable torsional stiffness, which can be used as an alternative solution for a typical flexible system: a shock absorber and a helical spring.

The 2018/19 beet campaign – Suiker Unie

As in the rest of Europe beet cultivation and the related beet quality was the main topic at Suiker Unie this campaign due to the very dry weather conditions. With a rather low beet yield as a result it was a short campaign of only 120 days in the Netherlands and 100 days at the Anklam factory in Germany. Despite the unusual beet quality and its related impact on the process, all factories had rather stable beet slicing rates. The beet cultivation and harvest, main investments and process disturbances of the 2018/19 campaign at the three factories Anklam (D), Dinteloord (NL) and Vierverlaten (NL) are discussed.

Location Allocation of Sugar Beet Piling Centers Using GIS and Optimization

The sugar beet is one of the most important crops for both social and economic reasons, even though the area under sugar beet cultivation in the Red River valley of North Dakota and Minnesota is comparatively smaller that of corn and other crop lands. It generates a large economic activity in local and regional level with a greater impact on jobs and stimulation of agriculture, transportation, and farm economy. Sugar beet transportation takes place in two stages in Red River Valley: the first step is from farms to piling centers (pilers) and the second step from pilers to processing facilities. This study focuses on the problem of optimizing piler locations based on supply variation. Sugar beet supply and harvest varies significantly due to numerous reasons such as weather, water availability, and different maturity dates for the crop. This provides for a variable optimal harvesting time based on the plant maturity and sugar content. Sub-optimized pilers location result in the high transportation and utilization costs. The objective of this study is to minimize the sum of transportation costs to and from pilers and the pilers utilization cost. A two-step algorithm based on the geographical information system (GIS) with global optimization method is used to solve this problem. This method will also be useful for infrastructure decision makers such as planners and engineers to predict the truck volume on rural roads.

BEETSOIL: a decision support tool for forecasting the impact of soil conditions on sugar beet harvest

Sugar beet in the UK is harvested in autumn and winter, when soil moisture is usually close to field capacity. This, together with the heavy machinery used can lead to serious environmental problems such as topsoil disturbance, subsoil compaction and soil erosion. BEETSOIL is a decision support tool (DST) developed to help plan the sugar beet harvest campaign by assessing if soil conditions are suitable for harvest whilst minimising the occurrence of soil damage. The core of BEETSOIL is a soil water balance model that, using a rainfall source selected by the user, predicts soil water content in a determined prediction window. The resulting soil water content is used to predict soil trafficability, wheel sinkage, soil stickiness and soil loss due to harvest on a daily basis. The soil water balance module was validated with measured soil water content at three field sites with contrasting clayey, silty and sandy textures and showed RMSE of 0.91%, 0.96% and 0.52%, respectively. The sensitivity of the trafficability modules of BEETSOIL were tested using several scenarios using different initial soil water contents at the start of the harvest campaign combined with rainfall amounts that simulate wet, median and dry conditions during the harvest period. Analysis of the scenarios showed the trafficability module was very sensitive to changes in texture, initial soil water content of the simulation and rainfall. This information can be used to assess the suitability of new sugar beet growing areas, where the proportion of time during which fields can be trafficked by vehicles (harvested effectively) can be predicted under different scenarios and therefore give an indication of any consistent harvest difficulties. The model outputs of sinkage, trafficability and soil loss by harvest have yet to be validated, but the first outputs provide indications of how the DST can be used across the whole growing area to schedule harvest operations to target areas that can be harvested most effectively.

Translating large-scale climate variability into crop production forecast in Europe

Studies show that climate variability drives interannual changes in meteorological variables in Europe, which directly or indirectly impacts crop production. However, there is no climate-based decision model that uses indices of atmospheric oscillation to predict agricultural production risks in Europe on multiple time-scales during the growing season. We used Fast-and-Frugal trees to predict sugar beet production, applying five large-scale indices of atmospheric oscillation: El Niño Southern Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, Scandinavian Pattern, East Atlantic Pattern, and East Atlantic/West Russian pattern. We found that Fast-and-Frugal trees predicted high/low sugar beet production events in 77% of the investigated regions, corresponding to 81% of total European sugar beet production. For nearly half of these regions, high/low production could be predicted six or five months before the start of the sugar beet harvesting season, which represents approximately 44% of the mean annual sugar beet produced in all investigated areas. Providing early warning of crop production shortages/excess allows decision makers to prepare in advance. Therefore, the use of the indices of climate variability to forecast crop production is a promising tool to strengthen European agricultural climate resilience.

Digging In

Sugar beets grown in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota are the most important source of American-made sugar. Contemporary sugar production and consumption provoke some bitter disagreements. Local growing and processing of sugar beets is an essential economic driver in the Red River Valley region, yet these gains would not be possible without massive federal subsidies. Moreover, genetically modified sugar beets are refined into a substance that is directly linked to national epidemics of diabetes and obesity. This article explores lessons the author learned by moonlighting as a truck driver for the sugar beet harvest. Rather than dismiss industrial food as fake on the one hand or “foodie culture” as entitled on the other, the author looks for how the quest for authenticity can transcend this divide. He argues that food work offers ways to see differently the priorities of people invested in both local food and industrial food systems.

Substantiation seasonal load of beet harvester SKS-624 “Palesse BS624-1” at different start of harvesting

Purpose. To increase the efficiency of technological processes (TP) of sugar beet harvesting (ZTSB) by substantiating the rational seasonal loading of the beet harvester SKS-624 “Palesse BS624-1” at different times of commencement of harvesting operations, as well as to establish the regularities of changes in the functional indicators. Methods. The research uses the methods: analysis and synthesis of SBH TP components for the theoretical definition of efficiency factors; system-factor and system-event approaches to reveal their influence and reflection in the statistical simulation model of the SBH TP; statistical simulation to determine functional performance indicators of TP; iterations of the simulation model for displaying the stochastic agrometeorological and biological-substantive components; correlation-regression and statistical analysis of the computer experiments results. Results. It is emphasized on the importance of taking account of agrometeorological and biological-substantive components for the coordination of the SBH beginning time and their production area with parameters of technical support (beet harvesters and trailers-reloaders of root crops). The features of SBH TP are singled out, which should be taken into account in their statistical simulation model. The statistical simulation was performed, results were generalized and the dependencies of the functional efficiency indicators of these TP for the given beet harvester – SCS-624 “Palesse BS624-1” were established. It has been shown that the choice of the harvest beginning time does not allow simultaneously to minimize biological and technological losses of sugar beet root crops. The optimum sugar beets production area for the considered beet-harvesting combine is substantiated and the dependence of this area with the beginning time of the harvesting TP is shown. The harvesting beginning time and sugar beet production area has been agreed with the parameters of a beet harvester. The minimum specific unit costs of the technological system are achieved. Conclusions 1.The computer experiments results with the statistical simulation model SBH TP (for the beet harvester SKS-624 “Palesse BS624-1” and the trailer-loader roots – HTZ-243K.20 + Hawe Ruw 2500T) convinced that the choice of rational beginning time of the TP will not allow to reduce the biological and technological losses of the crop to an absolute minimum. This is the basis for using the cost criterion to justify the parameters of the relevant technical support. 2.The usage of the developed methods and models, as well as the combination of the production and computer experiments results, made it possible to prove the possibility of substantiation of the technical support parameters of SBH TP on the basis of their agreement with the beginning time of the TP and the sugar beets production area. In particular, it was found that shifting the beginning time of these TP in relatively recent calendar terms (from 260 to 285 days, its mean – September 18 to October 13) necessitates the reduction of the optimal production area Sopt from 180 to 80 hectares for a beet harvester SKS-624 “Palesse BS624-1”, which necessitates additional combines. It is also worth noting the increase in the specific aggregate cost of funds from 5795.33 UAH/ha (for seasonal load 180 ha) to 11570.53 UAH/ha (for seasonal load 80 ha). Keywords: harvester, reloader, harvesting, sugar beet, stochasticity, yield losses, modeling, coordination of components, efficiency.

The most complex theory of the symmetric impact of the vibrating digging working tool on the sugar beet root

When digging sugar beet root out of the soil by using a vibration digging working tools, there occur impact contacts of the working tools and sugar beet roots placed in the soil. Such phenomena are formed mainly in conditions of dry and solid soil. The consequence of this is a significant impact contact tails breaks, chips or damage of the side surfaces of roots, which leads ultimately to a non-return losses on sugar mass. Therefore there is a need to develop the basic provisions of the refined theory of impact interaction of a vibrating digging working tool with the body of the sugar beet root fixed in the soil, and on the basis of the results obtained to justify rational kinematic and structural parameters of advanced vibration digging working tool. Within the research there was used the methods of higher mathematics, theoretical mechanics, programming and numerical calculations on the PC. We have developed a refined theory of impact interaction of digging of the working body of the sugar beet harvester with the body of sugar beet root during vibratory digging of sugar beet roots from the dry and solid soil. On the basis of obtained equations and their numerical solution by PC programme it was possible to define the kinematic and structural parameters of vibration digging working tool that will ensure the conditions not to damage or break the tails of the sugar beet roots during their digging out from the dry and solid soil. We have investigated the so-called symmetric impact of the vibrating digging working body and the body of sugar beet root. As shown by calculations of the obtained theoretical dependencies and confirmed experimental studies, for the range of reduced masses of the vibrating excavating organ 0.8-2.0 kg, the translational velocity 1.3-2.2 m∙s–1, the depth in the soil 0.08-0.12 m and the vibration amplitude 0.008-0.024 m for shock interaction, which is most likely in dry and solid soil, the permissible oscillation frequency of scooping coulter is 10.0-18.0 Hz.

Статистичні закономірності формування початкових біологічно-предметних умов для виконання технологічних процесів збирання цукрових буряків

Статистичні закономірності формування початкових біологічно-предметних умов для виконання технологічних процесів збирання цукрових буряків

Voltammetric determination of phenmedipham herbicide using a multiwalled carbon nanotube paste electrode

Phenmedipham is an herbicide used especially in the sugar beet harvest to fight against broad-leaved weeds and studies of its voltammetric behavior and detection have not been done before. The superior properties of carbon nanotubes such as electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and wide potential ranges make them attractive for chemical sensors and the phenmedipham compound gave an oxidation peak at + role=presentation> + + + 1320 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) on the nanostructured multiwalled carbon nanotube paste electrode. Square wave voltammetric measurements recorded for phenmedipham showed that the peak current increased linearly between 0.02 and 2.0 mg/L with a regression coefficient of r role=presentation> r r r = 0.9989, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated as 6.96 μ role=presentation> μ μ \mu g/L and 23.2 μ role=presentation> μ μ \mu g/L, respectively. The applicability and the selectivity of the improved square wave voltammetric method for the phenmedipham assay were investigated in the presence of certain herbicides and fungicides such as carbendazim, benomyl, aclonifen, ethofumesate, metamitron, and p-acetanisidide (methacetin). Phenmedipham at 1 mg/L with the same amount of these pesticides was determined to have recoveries of 103.5 ± role=presentation> ± ± \pm 0.7, 94.5 ± role=presentation> ± ± \pm 2.8, 104.3 ± role=presentation> ± ± \pm 1.8, 101.9 ± role=presentation> ± ± \pm 3.1, 93.8 ± role=presentation> ± ± \pm 1.7, and 101.3 ± role=presentation> ± ± \pm 1.8, respectively (n = 3). The method was also applied to the phenmedipham assay in saturated tea sugar prepared as a spiked natural sample and 1.0 g/L phenmedipham in the sugar solution was successfully determined with a relative error of --5.0% and a relative standard deviation of 3.16%.