Beet Crops Research Articles

Early-stage sugar beet taproot development is characterized by three distinct physiological phases.

Despite the agronomic importance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), the early‐stage development of its taproot has only been poorly investigated. Thus, the mechanisms that determine growth and sugar accumulation in sugar beet are largely unknown. In the presented study, a physiological characterization of early‐stage sugar beet taproot development was conducted. Activities were analyzed for fourteen key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in developing taproots over the first 80 days after sowing. In addition, we performed in situ localizations of selected carbohydrate‐metabolic enzyme activities, anatomical investigations, and quantifications of soluble carbohydrates, hexose phosphates, and phytohormones. Based on the accumulation dynamics of biomass and sucrose, as well as on anatomical parameters, the early phase of taproot development could be subdivided into three stages—prestorage, transition, secondary growth and sucrose accumulation stage—each of which was characterized by distinct metabolic and phytohormonal signatures. The enzyme activity signatures corresponding to these stages were also shown to be robustly reproducible in experiments conducted in two additional locations. The results from this physiological phenotyping approach contribute to the identification of the key regulators of sugar beet taproot development and open up new perspectives for sugar beet crop improvement concerning both physiological marker‐based breeding and biotechnological approaches.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СПОСОБ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ СТОЛОВОЙ СВЕКЛЫ В ГОРНОЙ ЗОНЕ РСО – АЛАНИЯ

In the context of the limited use of technogenic resources to regulate agricultural crops productivity of and soil fertility, the cultivation of varieties and hybrids that are resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors acquires a special role. In this regard, the organization of adaptive vegetable growing is of importance, for it provides for the creating highly productive agrocenoses that most fully realize the bioclimatic resources of the region, as well as for the use of resource-saving technologies. Our research is aimed at optimizing biologized soil-protective crop rotations in the mountainous zone in order to achieve an increase in crop productivity and preserve soil fertility. The studies were carried out in the mountainous zone of North Ossetia – Alania on mountain meadow soils. The influence of the biological product and micronutrient fertilization on the biological parameters of soil fertility in beet crops showed that the maximum loss of flax tissue was observed when seeds were inoculated with a 2% solution of "Extrasol" (29.6%). The enzymatic activity of the soil was higher in the variants with the use of a biological product and microfertilizer: the activity of catalase – by 0.2–0.5 ml of О2 per 100 g of soil, phosphatase – by 0.1–0.3 ml of Р2 О5 per 100 g of soil. The yield increase from the introduction of "Extrasol" and "Kristalon" on the crops of table beet is 0.8–1.6 t/ha. The profitability from the use of the Extrasol biological product and the Kristalon micronutrient fertilizer was 75.1–120.8%. Thus, for the efficiency of farming in mountainous land-poor areas, one should take a differentiated approach to the choice of crops and territories in which they are grown. The implementation of this approach fully meets the conditions for land use in mountainous areas and household plots.

Biological Suppression of Populations of Heterodera schachtii Adapted to Different Host Genotypes of Sugar Beet.

Productivity of sugar beet and brassica vegetable crops is constrained by the nematode Heterodera schachtii worldwide. In sugar beet cropping areas of Central Europe and North America, H. schachtii is managed by crop rotation, and cultivation of resistant brassica cover crops. The recently released nematode-tolerant sugar beet cultivars suffer less damage than susceptible cultivars at high initial population densities of H. schachtii. Many tolerant cultivars allow for less nematode reproduction than susceptible cultivars. Monoculture of susceptible hosts can facilitate the evolution of suppressive soil. Objectives of this study were to determine if susceptible hosts are required for this process, and if monoculture with sugar beet genotypes of different host status (susceptible, resistant, tolerant) impact this capacity. Additionally, we tested if amending soil with the cyst nematode pathogens Pasteuria nishizawae or Hyalorbilia sp. strain DoUCR50 favored the establishment of soil suppressiveness. In 4-year microplot studies with H. schachtii Schach0 or Schach1, one susceptible, one Schach0-resistant, and one tolerant sugar beet genotype were monocultured. In 2010, plots were amended with P. nishizawae or DoUCR50, the last being introduced into non-treated soil for Schach0, and into previously biocide-treated soil for Schach1. In 2011, respective Schach0 plots received a second amendment with DoUCR50. Nematode population densities and growth and yield parameters were determined annually. Effects of P. nishizawae and DoUCR50 on populations of H. schachtii were limited and not consistent. Starting in the second year of the monoculture, eggs of both H. schachtii pathotypes became diseased. Up to 90% of the total eggs were encumbered by the third cropping cycle, under the susceptible, resistant, and tolerant cultivar. In all years, the tolerant genotype produced the highest and most stable white sugar yields while yields of the other cultivars slowly improved during the monoculture. Results of this study suggested the presence of egg-infecting factors in this sugar beet monoculture that dramatically increased the proportions of diseased eggs. The tolerant cultivar allowed establishment of soil suppressiveness without the initial yield decline observed when susceptible sugar beet genotypes are grown in monoculture.

Forecasting of Long-term Sugar Beet Water Requirement in the Middle Anatolia, Turkey

Turkey’s highest sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivation area is the Konya basin where is located in Middle Anatolia region. Therefore, this area has socio-economic importance in this region. However, the area faces water scarcity due to less amount of precipitation and high evapotranspiration. Moreover, irrigation is a prerequisite for sugar beet cultivation. Therefore, irrigation management is a vital topic for the area. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Penman-Monteith (FAO 56 PM) equation for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) requires various meteorological data. Unfortunately, it is not possible to ease to reach all these input data. Hence, FAO56 proposes another method called Hargreaves – Samani (HS). Due to limited meteorological data, the HS method is employed for estimating ETo in the Konya basin. For this area, there is big ambiguity about crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the net irrigation requirement (NIR) for sugar beet crop. This study estimates long-term (1986-2015) sugar beet evapotranspiration and net irrigation requirement to give a better idea for sugar beet irrigation management in the Konya basin. Results show that long-term annual sugar beet ETc reaches between 657 mm and 917 mm in the growing season. NIR ranges from 614 mm to 886 mm in the aforesaid basin.

Black Plastic Tarps Advance Organic Reduced Tillage II: Impact on Weeds and Beet Yield

Organic vegetable farmers rely on intensive tillage to control weeds, incorporate amendments and residues, and prepare seedbeds. Intensive tillage, however, can lead to a decrease in long-term soil health. Placing opaque plastic tarps on the soil surface weeks or months before planting can reduce weed pressure and may facilitate organic reduced tillage strategies, but few studies have documented tarp effects on crop productivity. The effect of tarp duration and tillage intensity on weeds and beet crop yields (cultivar Boro) was evaluated at three locations (Freeville, NY; Riverhead, NY; and Monmouth, ME), for two planting dates and over 2 years (2017 and 2018), resulting in a total of 10 experiments. Tarps were applied for three durations before projected planting dates: 1) 10+ weeks (long), 2) 6 to 8 weeks (mid), and 3) 3 to 5 weeks (short), then compared with an untarped control (none). Three levels of tillage intensity were applied after tarp removal: 1) 10 to 20 cm (conventional till), 2) 3 to 8 cm (reduced till), and 3) left undisturbed (no till), to understand interactions between tillage intensity and tarping. Tarp use of three or more weeks lowered weed biomass for several weeks after beet planting and at-harvest across most locations and years, but tarp duration beyond 3 weeks did not result in further reductions. Tarp use lowered at-harvest weed biomass and increased crop yield for reduced- and no-till systems with results similar to conventional-till. Tarping for 3 weeks could improve the viability of reduced- and no-till approaches for organic vegetable production.

INFLUENCE OF METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE-BASED DESTRUXIN A-760 AND DESTRUXIN - A-724 ON THE SUGAR BEET FLY, PEGOMYA MIXTA VILL. (DIPTERA:ANTHOMYIIDAE)

ABSTRACT Sugar beet contains about 15-20% sugar is considered a very important economic crop which produces the sugar in all worlds and also in Egypt. The sugar beet fly, Pegomya mixta Vill. belongs to (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), causing a damage to sugar beet crop plantations causing a blotch or "blister". Metarhizium anisopliae is entomopathogenic fungus produce toxin called Destruxin (DEX). This toxin could to paralysis the insects, also cause pests death. Destruxin 760and Destruxin A-724 examined in the laboratory by six concentrations. the lethal concentration LC50 was 76 and 141 ppm when sugar beet fly, P. mixta was treated by Destruxin- 760and Destruxin A-724, respectively. After the Destruxin A-760 and Destruxin A-724 applied on P. mixta, the number of eggs was significantly decreased by 29.8 and 1.1% fold. Destruxin-724 caused higher malformations to sugar beet fly, P. mixta the toxin Destruxin-760 caused a reduced of the target insects. Under field conditions, sugar beet weight recorded 2497±93.19 and 2799±58.98 kg/ 4200 m2 in plots treated with Destruxin 760 during seasons 2018 and 2019 respectively. Also the sugar beet weight increased after Destruxin -724 increased to 2415± 53.66 and 2625±68.91 Kg/fed. during seasons 2018 and 2019 , respectively as compared to 1680±65.43,1680±65.43 and 1120±85.09, 1120±85.09 kg/ feddan among the plots treated with water during the two successive season (2018 & 2019), respectively. use of M. anisopliae isolated toxin of Destruxin A-760, Destruxin - A-724 effect on the sugar beet fly, P. mixta larvae, pupae and adults in the laboratory. They also tested in the field and results obtained reduced the P. mixta numbers in the field.

Efficiency use resources of the most important salt tolerant crops productivity in Sahl ELTinah

The study aimed to estimate the efficiency of resource use for farmers in the Sahel El-Tina region in Port Said Governorate by using a randomly sample of 140 farmers were selected from Sesame and Sugar beet farmers in the study area. They were selected according to the cultivated area of each crop. The cultivated area of Sesame crop reached about 29.11% from the total cultivated area, while the cultivated area of Sugar beet reached about 29.34% in study research. Data were collected by questionnaires through a personal interviews with the crops study farmers in the study area of both crops. The data were analyzed using the gross margin analysis, assessing the functions of production, costs and resource efficiency. The results for Sesame crop showed that the value of the determination coefficient reached 96.2%, which means that 96.2% of the factors affecting Sesame productivity (organic fertilizers, mechanical work and human labor). The gross margin was about 7600 L.E / feddan because the optimal use of agricultural resources. While the result for Sugar beet crop showed the value of determination coefficient factor increased reached 89.5%, which means that 89.5% of the factors affecting of the Sugar beets productivity are due to the influence of independent agricultural recourses. The gross margin was reached about 9140 L.E / feddan and the result of the use of resources showed that two of the agricultural resources (cultivated area and human labor were underutilized used , while(nitrogen fertilizers and mechanical work)were over utilized used .

The effect of fungicide sprays on powdery mildew and rust and yield of sugar beet in Denmark

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is an important cash crop grown in temperate regions for the production of sugar. Fungal leaf diseases often infect the sugar beet crop during the season, causing significant yield reductions. This study aimed at investigating the effect of pre-symptomatic and well-timed fungicide treatments on disease control, yield, and economic profitability. Sixteen field trials were carried out between 2013 and 2016, showing sugar yield increases following fungicide applications in the range of 2–25%, depending on the disease severity and variety. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae) and beet rust (Uromyces betae) mainly had a significant impact on the sugar yield. Attacks of ramularia leaf spot (Ramularia beticola) and cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora beticola) were negligible. The impact from different timings and intensities of control measures was compared using two to five applications with a mixture of epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin. Data did not show a clear advantage of fungicide sprays applied before visible symptoms or higher fungicide inputs used sugar yields. The yield improvement was only significant in one out of 16 cases. The economic return was highest in year with high disease pressure and for more powdery mildew-susceptible cultivars. Different spray intensities showed no economic difference on average. In conclusion, these field trials confirmed that the common practice of two to three applications per year is preferable to more intense spray programs. Scouting the crop during the season for fungal disease and spraying according to the disease pressure can help to minimize fungicide applications.

К ВОПРОСУ ТЕХНИКО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ СЕЛЕКЦИИ И СЕМЕНОВОДСТВА САХАРНОЙ СВЕКЛЫ

Sugar beets are the only source of sugar in Russia. The use of new highly productive varieties and hybrids of sugar beet with high sugar content can significantly increase sugar production. To ensure the country’s food security in sugar production and reduce import dependence on sugar beet seeds, the strategic task is to resume domestic selection of sugar beets and provide it with beet seeds for the country. One of the factors restraining the development of domestic selection and seed production is the physically and morally obsolete technical base of selection and seed-growing institutes, centers and farms. In the selection of sugar beets, non-transplanting, planting and transplanting (plug-in) methods for producing sugar beet seeds are used. Of great practical interest is the introduction of the plug-in method for producing seeds, in which thickened sugar beet crops are created, due to which the optimal specific yield of uterine root crops is ensured, the area of arable land is most effectively used and the cost of seed production is reduced. Moreover, in the struggle for light, moisture and nutrients, the most powerful biotypes survive. The analysis of machines for selection and seed production shows that commercially available machines in our country do not meet the requirements of the technology for producing sugar beet seeds using the plug-in method. It is necessary to create and implement specialized machines, such as bed-forming mills, seeders for creating a thickened sowing, machines for minting seed plants and removing pollinators. The lines used for sorting the plugs require additional manual selection of root crops and rejection of damaged, rotten or infected plugs. Machines for landing plugs require the use of monotonous manual labor. It is promising to conduct research in the direction of automating the processes of cleaning, sorting and planting of plugs, minting testes, and eliminating manual labor during these operations.

Cowpea and beet intercropping agro-economic dynamics under spatial arrangement and cowpea population density

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of planting spatial arrangements between the cowpea and beet crops in intercropping and of cowpea population densities on the crop’s productivity and in the agro-economic efficiency of the association at two growing seasons. The experimental design was of randomised blocks with the treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, in four replications. The first factor was constituted by three spatial arrangements between the component cultures (2:2, 3:3 and 4:4), formed by beet rows alternated with cowpea rows, while the second factor was constituted by the population densities of cowpea: 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the recommended population in single crop (RDSC). The production and its components were evaluated in the beet and cowpea. Apart from these characteristics, the following agro-economic indicators were also determined for each treatment: system productivity index (SPI), the land equivalent coefficient (LEC), and the monetary equivalent ratio (MER). The maximum production of commercial beet roots was obtained with 15.60 t ha-1 productivity at density of 61.82% of RDSC within the 4:4 arrangement, while the maximum yield of cowpea green grains of 2.23 t ha-1 was reached at density of 79.57% of RDSC within 2:2 spatial arrangement. The productivities of beet roots of extra A, extra AA and great types decreased with increasing cowpea population density, without any influence of the tested spatial arrangements. The maximum mean productivity of cowpea green pods of 1.74 t ha-1 was obtained at density of 87.47% of RDSC, reached within 2:2 spatial arrangement. The maximum economic efficiency of the cowpea-beet intercropping was obtained with MER of 1.11 at cowpea density of 100% of RDSC, irrespective of the spatial arrangement and growing season.

Genetic diversity among cultivated beets (Beta vulgaris) assessed via population-based whole genome sequences

BackgroundDiversification on the basis of utilization is a hallmark of Beta vulgaris (beet), as well as other crop species. Often, crop improvement and management activities are segregated by crop type, thus preserving unique genome diversity and organization. Full interfertility is typically retained in crosses between these groups and more traits may be accessible if the genetic basis of crop type lineage were known, along with available genetic markers to effect efficient transfer (e.g., via backcrossing). Beta vulgaris L. (2n =18) is a species complex composed of diverged lineages (e.g., crop types), including the familiar table, leaf (chard), fodder, and sugar beet crop types. Using population genetic and statistical methods with whole genome sequence data from pooled samples of 23 beet cultivars and breeding lines, relationships were determined between accessions based on identity-by-state metrics and shared genetic variation among lineages.ResultsDistribution of genetic variation within and between crop types showed extensive shared (e.g. non-unique) genetic variation. Lineage specific variation (e.g. apomorphy) within crop types supported a shared demographic history within each crop type, while principal components analysis revealed strong crop type differentiation. Relative contributions of specific chromosomes to genome wide differentiation were ascertained, with each chromosome revealing a different pattern of differentiation with respect to crop type. Inferred population size history for each crop type helped integrate selection history for each lineage, and highlighted potential genetic bottlenecks in the development of cultivated beet lineages.ConclusionsA complex evolutionary history of cultigroups in Beta vulgaris was demonstrated, involving lineage divergence as a result of selection and reproductive isolation. Clear delineation of crop types was obfuscated by historical gene flow and common ancestry (e.g. admixture and introgression, and sorting of ancestral polymorphism) which served to share genome variation between crop types and, likely, important phenotypic characters. Table beet was well differentiated as a crop type, and shared more genetic variation within than among crop types. The sugar beet group was not quite as well differentiated as the table beet group. Fodder and chard groups were intermediate between table and sugar groups, perhaps the result of less intensive selection for end use.

Foliage applications of jasmonic acid modulate the antioxidant defense under water deficit growth in sugar beet

Aims of study: Water deficit (WD) is becoming an alarming problem in many regions of the world. Jasmonic acid (JA) is considered an important intracellular plant growth regulator. The aim of the current research was to investigate the important role of JA in mitigating the negative effects of WD on plant growth.Area of study: Sugar beet production systems of two locations in Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari province, Iran.Material and methods: A field trial was conducted to assess the foliar applications of JA (0, 5 µM and 10 µM) and WD (50%, 75%, 100% plant water requirements) effects on physiological yield components of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants.Main results: WD significantly (p<0.05) increased catalase, ascorbate and peroxidase activities, and malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and white sugar content (WSC); however, it caused a reduction in white sugar yield and root yield (RY). JA foliage applications further enhanced the enzymes activity in WD treated plants resulting in higher WSC, potassium concentrations, white sugar and final RY. Interestingly the effects of JA applications were more pronounced under severe WD (50%) compared to mild (75%) or well-watered plants (100%). JA (10 µM) foliage applications increased the RY and white sugar production by 21% and 24% under severe WD.Research highlights: JA can ameliorate the adverse effects of WD and increase the WD tolerance of sugar beet crop by upregulating the antioxidant enzyme activities to withstand adverse environmental conditions.

Contribution of management of irrigation water and organic application in improving some soil properties and its water productivity of sugar beet and cotton

Two field trials were carried out at the experimental farm, Sakha agricultural research station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt during two successive growing seasons (winter 2018/2019) and (summer 2019). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of management of irrigation water and organic-fertilization as partial replacement instead of mineral fertilizers application on some soil properties and yield-water productivity of sugar beet and cotton in salt affected soil. The main investigated factors included irrigation treatments at 80,100 and120%, respectively from evaporation pan class A. The fertilization treatments included applying N-fertilizer at three rates of 100, 80 and 60 % N from recommended dose in combination with compost as (0, 20 and 40%). Two levels of potassium humate (i.e., 12 and 24kg ha-1) were also applied. The results showed that cation exchange capacity (C.E.C), soil organic matter, infiltration rate, IR(cmh-1) and hydraulic conductivity were influenced by the individual treatments and recorded the most efficient values due to the interaction of I1*N3*H2 after sugar beet and cotton cultivation. Water productivity (WP), productivity of irrigation water (PIW), economic yield and economic from water unit for sugar beet and cotton crops were significantly increased and recorded the highest values with the interaction of I1*N3*H2 of treatments. Therefore, the irrigation and fertilization management could be considered a proper approach to sustain the soil and water resources in particular under arid and semi-arid regions.

Korovi korenastog povrća i mogućnosti njihovog suzbijanja

The limited number of permitted herbicides for the application in the crops of carrots, red beet, celery and parsnip, as well as the diversity of weeds occurring in these crops, make the successful weed control difficult, due to which the appli-cation of preventive measures is necessary to reduce the number of weeds in the fields during the vegetation as much as possible. The preventive measures include the use of mulch, as well as the application of the crop rotation. Currently, for the application in carrots several herbicides based on active substances pendimethalin, clethodim and propaquizafop have been registered:, for the application in red beets one herbicide based on metamitrone has been registered, while in case of parsnip and celery there are no registered herbicides in our country. Considering the grow-ing problem of the weed resistance to the herbicide, it is significant to recognize the necessity for the application of antiresistance strategy which encompasses: the rotation of herbicides with different modes of action, the minimum herbicides application, as well as the crop rotation.

Mechanisms of Sugar Beet Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses.

Sugar beet is used not only in the sugar production, but also in a wide range of industries including the production of bioethanol as a source of renewable energy, extraction of pectin and production of molasses. The red beetroot has attracted much attention as health-promoting and disease-preventing functional food. The negative effects of environmental stresses, including abiotic and biotic ones, significantly decrease the cash crop sugar beet productivity. In this paper, we outline the mechanisms of sugar beet response to biotic and abiotic stresses at the levels of physiological change, the genes' functions, transcription and translation. Regarding the physiological changes, most research has been carried out on salt and drought stress. The functions of genes from sugar beet in response to salt, cold and heavy metal stresses were mainly investigated by transgenic technologies. At the transcriptional level, the transcriptome analysis of sugar beet in response to salt, cold and biotic stresses were conducted by RNA-Seq or SSH methods. At the translational level, more than 800 differentially expressed proteins in response to salt, K+/Na+ ratio, iron deficiency and resupply and heavy metal (zinc) stress were identified by quantitative proteomics techniques. Understanding how sugar beet respond and tolerate biotic and abiotic stresses is important for boosting sugar beet productivity under these challenging conditions. In order to minimize the negative impact of these stresses, studying how the sugar beet has evolved stress coping mechanisms will provide new insights and lead to novel strategies for improving the breeding of stress-resistant sugar beet and other crops.

A Comparatitiveness Study of Sugar Cane, Sugar Beet, and Wheat Crops in Egyptian Agriculture

A Comparatitiveness Study of Sugar Cane, Sugar Beet, and Wheat Crops in Egyptian Agriculture

Adapting a Cloud-Based Irrigation Scheduler for Sugar Beets in the High Plains

Highlights An existing sugar beet crop coefficient curve (K cr ) was modified to better represent canopy development in northeast Colorado conditions. The modified K cr curve improved the estimated soil water deficits (net irrigation requirements) calculated by the cloud-based Water Irrigation Scheduler for Efficient Application (WISE App). Feedback from sugar beet growers and agronomists helped expand WISE applicability in the northern High Plains with access to additional weather station networks and functionality to aggregate irrigation data across multiple sugar beet fields or regions. Abstract . The convergence of agrometeorological network, database, and cloud-computing technologies has enabled greater accessibility of irrigation management tools for growers. The goal of this research and outreach project was to adapt an existing cloud-based irrigation scheduler (WISE) for use by sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) producers in eastern Colorado and a wider area of a cooperative operating in Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. Four center pivot sugar beet fields in northeast Colorado were monitored during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Soil water, leaf area index (LAI), and weather data were used to estimate the soil water deficit (net irrigation requirement) and to modify a crop coefficient (Kcr) curve originally reported in the literature based on growing degree days (GDD). The average cumulative GDDs for sugar beets to mature (100% maturity) was 2,944°C·d. The localized Kcr had a peak value (Kcr,mid) occurring between 43% and 69% of maturity, which corresponded to effective full cover (LAI = 3) and start of leaf senescence, respectively. In contrast, the original Kcr curve from literature had a longer duration of Kcr,mid spanning 33% to 83% of maturity. Use of the modified Kcr curve in lieu of the original Kcr curve in WISE reduced the relative error of soil water deficits by 12% to 35%. Feedback and collaborations from representative sugar beet growers and agronomists in the Western Sugar Cooperative led to expansion of WISE weather data access in the High Plains to include sugar beet growing areas in western Nebraska, eastern and northern Wyoming, and southern Montana. Keywords: Crop coefficient, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation scheduling, Soil water balance, Soil water deficit, Sugar beets.

Influence of intensity of illumination on weed recognition algorithm

This study explores the influence of daylight illumination on operating of autonomous robotic weed control complex. The illumination value is taken from minimum on the order of a few lux (high overcast) to maximum exceeding one hundred twenty thousand lux (bright noon). This was done to cover the entire daylight illumination range. This experiment is not focused on operating of the algorithm using the artificial light sources since they are supposed to be easily adjusted with the proper equipment. The performance of the algorithm at various illumination levels is evaluated by the surface area of the recognized beet crops on early stages of growth.

Effect of Planting Methods and Copper Sulfate on Root Rot Disease and Enhancing Productivity of Irrigation Water on Sugar Beet Crop

Effect of Planting Methods and Copper Sulfate on Root Rot Disease and Enhancing Productivity of Irrigation Water on Sugar Beet Crop

Effect of Glauconite, Gypsum and Leaching Requirements on the Productivity of Salt affected Soils

The application of leaching requirements and soil amendments such as glauconite and gypsum are management practices for improving the productivity of salt affected soils. A field trial was conducted at El-Hamoul District, Kafr El Sheikh Governorate during two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) to investigate the effect of irrigation with leaching requirements (LR), ie. without (I1), 5% (I2) and 10 % (I3) and some soil amendments, ie. without (A1), gypsum (A2), glauconite (A3) and gypsum combined with glauconite (A4) on improving saline-sodic soils, sugar beet yield, water productivity and economic returns. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Irrigation with LR. 10 % (I3) received the highest amount of irrigation water applied compared to other treatments in both seasons. The application of 10 % LR (I3) and gypsum and/or glauconite decreased soil salinity, sodicity, penetration resistance and bulk density but increased basic infiltration rate and total porosity of soil. Irrigation with 5% or 10 % LR with soil amendments increased sugar beet root, top and sugar yields in both seasons. The interaction between I3 and A4 achieved the highest root yield, top yield, sugar yield, irrigation water productivity (IWP), net return, net return from water unit and economic efficiency in both seasons. It could be concluded that the interaction between I3 and A4 resulted in enhancing saline-sodic soils productivity and recorded the highest values of net return and economic efficiency for sugar beet crop.