Bed Arrangement Research Articles

‘Isolated base‐of‐slope aprons’: An oxymoron for shallow‐marine fan‐shaped, temperate‐water, carbonate bodies along the south‐east Salento escarpment (Pleistocene, Apulia, southern Italy)

AbstractThis paper regards the lower Pleistocene temperate‐water carbonate deposits disconformably overlying an escarpment made up of faulted Cretaceous to Miocene limestones of the Apulia Foreland (southern Italy). Study deposits discontinuously crop out along the present‐day eastern Salento sea cliff, and form isolated fan‐shaped bodies, up to 1 km wide and up to 40 to 50 m thick, each of them covering an area of a few square kilometres. The internal arrangement of beds is represented by up to 25° to 30° lobate, seaward dipping clinobeds thinning and onlapping onto a rocky foreslope in the proximal sector and passing to gently inclined to sub‐horizontal strata in the distal sector. Seven facies were distinguished, mainly composed of coarse‐grained skeletal carbonates made up of a heterozoan association including coralline algae, large and small benthic foraminifera, echinoids, molluscs, bryozoans and serpulids. Since clinobeds were formed thanks to hyperconcentrated density flows (grain flows) bypassing the upper part of the inherited escarpment, these skeletal grains represent ex situ deposits whose shallow‐marine factory was located upward (landward) with respect to the bypassed zone, likely in the almost flat area on top of the Salento Peninsula. Clinobeds are often affected by tens of metres wide and long channel‐like structures interpreted as landslide scars. Inside these gullies, contorted beds (slumps) or matrix‐supported intra‐bioclastic floatstone/rudstone (massive deposits) are present. The occurrence of supercritical‐flow structures (for example, backset‐bedded beds) indicates the development of hydraulic jumps along the steep slope of gullies. Since these clinostratified, fan‐shaped carbonate bodies represent carbonate slopes, and that the latter are known as aprons, normally related to linear sourced sediments, an acceptable oxymoron for studied fan‐shaped carbonate bodies is suggested: ‘isolated base‐of‐slope aprons’.

GRAVES OF THE SCYTHIAN AMAZONS: TYPOLOGY AND DESIGN FEATURES

Types of burial structures are one of the most reliable ethno-differentiating criterion. They are commonly due to local natural and economic factors that were accepted by the newcomer population along with main characteristics of their own ritual.
 As for the shape, the graves of Scythian warriors are arbitrarily divided into 11 types with options, which in general make up three main groups: simple pits and more intricate variable chamber constructions such as undercut and catacombs.
 303 graves of women with weapons from 267 barrows are known in the territory of European Scythia. More than half of them (55 %) have not been looted. By territorial principle they can be divided into five main groups: 1) Lower Dnipro steppe (or Steppe); 2) Crimea Foothills; 3) Danube-Dnister steppes (or Transnistria); 4) Forest Steppe Dnipro area (or Forest Steppe); 5) Don region (Steppe and partly Forest Steppe).
 In total, among graves of the Amazons of European Scythia the undercut (alcove) graves are the most represented — 104, inferior to them are catacombs — 99 and pit graves — 80, undefined — 20. However, the indicators for some groups differ significantly.
 We can mention the following design features of the graves: ground steps and hollow in the bottom of entrance pit, separation of entrance to dromos or chamber etc.
 Some specific features are also present in the arrangement of internal space of the graves (nishes, wall and ceiling design, floor decoration, arrangement of a funeral bed etc.).
 So, burial complexes of the female warriors correspond to Scythian regulations, that is, the design of ground and underground elements does not stand out in the burial ground. Here, we are dealing only with regional features typical for community members who lived there.

Simulation and experimental analysis of purge gas flow characteristic for pebble bed

In a solid breeder blanket as a functional material, the lithium ceramics are kept in the form of a pebble bed. Helium is used as a purge gas, which flows through the pebble bed. The flow characteristics are essential in designing and running the breeding blanket efficiently, depending on the pebble bed arrangement. In the present study, a computational model of unitary pebble bed was engineered using DDPM-DEM (Dense Dispersed Phase Model-Discrete Element Method) to study the purge gas flow characteristics of the pebble bed. A similar packed bed was engineered using a porous media approach. The parameters which affect the flow characteristics are porosity, pressure distribution, pressure drop, and wall effect. Nitrogen and helium were used as purge gas to study the flow characteristics of a pebble bed. The simulations with the laminar and k-ɛ model were performed at different inlet velocities, and flow characteristics of a packed bed were observed. The comparison shows that the pressure drop simulation results agree with the Ergun equation's predicted pressure drop. Also, a previously developed experimental facility has been used to validate the simulation results. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to predict the pressure drop as a complementary approach. DDPM-DEM analysis helps to predict the pressure drop which enables us to finalize the design parameters of canister, pebble size, finally the size of the pebble bed, packing fraction etc. Simulation results were also compared with the experimental results and ANN model, which were in good agreement.

Heat transfer enhancement of air-concrete thermal energy storage system – CFD simulation and experimental validation under transient condition

This investigation studied the packed bed thermal energy storage system with concrete and air used as the energy storage material and working fluid respectively. Three different configurations of packed bed arrangements such as regular ring, staggered ring and staggered ring with clearance are studied. The temperature distribution outcome of the experimental values compared with three-dimensional transient based computational simulation. The flow influencing parameters such as pressure drop, turbulence intensity, design of packed beds, the surface area of packed beds, the void fraction of the system discussed. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with simulation results. It is observed that staggered ring arrangement with the clearance for packed bed have better charging and discharging profile compared to the other two arrangements.

Recommendations for perinatal care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Objectives: to present scientific recommendations for perinatal care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: a narrative review was carried out between March and September in 2020 from BIREME, the Scientific Electronic Library Online and the Virtual Health Library databases, based on the descriptors: “Perinatal Care''; “Coronavirus”; “Coronavirus Infection''; “Obstetrics”and “Newborns”. The information was grouped into four categories, namely, prenatal care; labor and birthcare; care for puerperal women and the newborn. Results: 14 publications were found, 9 scientific articles and 5 technical standards pursuant to the Ministry of Health in Brazil. In the first category, generally, it is recom-mended that prenatal consultations should be continued, if necessary, by means of telemedi-cine; hospitalization of positive pregnant women in case symptoms are severe and consid-ering pregnant women’s clinical and emotional aspects. In the second, screening and testing on suspected cases, discouraging skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding in the first hour of life. In the third, change the arrangement of beds in shared accommodations and have early discharge. In the fourth category, it is also recommended late clamping of the umbilical cord and observe differences in laboratorial testing of asymptomatic neonates. Conclusions: scientific evidence based on studies with methodological designs and more robust analyzes are necessary to guide perinatal care in the context of the harm-free COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 Monitoring Application for better human life

COVID-19 –a panic –a threat to human has changed the total world’s normal flow of life. In this disease patient having mild cough and cold but if not identified at early stage and properly treated the patient would be died. So early state diagnosis is very crucial in this virus infection. In this paper a monitoring system model has been proposed with automated instant messaging, alarm generating and call facility. As we know COVID-19 patient has certain kind of symptoms like-high temperature, cold cough, loss of sense of smell, low oxygen saturation level along with that presence of diabetes, renal infection, pneumonia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and obesity will influence the risk more. The application will measure oxygen saturation level, blood pressure and taking input for symptoms related questions and identifying the risk will either provide suggestions to patients and if oxygen saturation level is less then will send automated message to local COVID control units, police station and hospitals for arrangement of beds so the process for migrating the patient would be easy.

Experimental study of flows over Block Ramps on stability of non-cohesive beds

Block ramps are ecofriendly drop structures, which ensure more stability in the downstream riverbed. The scouring in the stilling basin bed material generated by the rapidly varied flow transition affects the stability of the ramp structure. In the present study, a modified stilling basin bed configuration is tested along with the uniform conventional stilling basin bed arrangements to check the stability of non-cohesive beds downstream to block ramps. Uniform non-cohesive horizontal bed configurations and bed with sill arrangement are tested for varying block ramp slopes (20% ≤ i ≥ 30%). The critical particle densimetric Froude number (Fc*) is selected as the criteria to predict the hydraulic conditions for incipient sediment motion in the uniform beds and it is compared with the established literature formulations to estimate the stability of the beds under macroroughness conditions. Scour volumes from each experimental run is quantified and the intensity of sediment motion is determined and related with the critical particle densimetric Froude number. The findings of the paper also describe the effect of Fc* on dimensionless scour depth. Spatial shift in the maximum scour depth formation from the toe of the block ramp for the tested flows over the bed sill arrangement has been observed. Experimental observations and comparison of results show the effect of sill gradation pronounced for non-uniform bed configuration, which effectively reduce the scour depth henceforth it stabilizes the upstream block ramp structure relative to the uniform beds selected.

Treatment of Hypolimnion Water on Mineral Aggregates as the Second Step of the Hypolimnetic Withdrawal Method Used for Lake Restoration

The study aimed to assess the usefulness of mineral aggregates in orthophosphate (OP) removal from hypolimnetic water withdrawn from eutrophic lakes. Two low-cost and easily available reactive materials were tested: lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and crushed limestone (LS). Their performance regarding OP removal and the effect on the pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, N-NO3 and N-NH4 concentrations of treated water were investigated in a column experiment with four-filter beds made of LECA and amended with LS (additions of 0, 25, 50 and 75% of the bed volume). The highest OP removal (>50%) was achieved in LECA beds with high (75% by volume) amendments of LS. Neither LECA nor LS distinctly affected the pH (maximum pH increase, from 7.1 or 7.2 to 7.6, occurred in the case of the LECA bed). In real-life conditions, it is not feasible to install a full-scale bed made of these mineral aggregates on the outflow from a lake due to the large required size of such a bed. At the operation time set for 30 d, the size of a bed would need to reach between 6113.2 and 12,226.4 m3. The proposed bed should be just one of the elements of an integrated treatment system. Constructions consisting of sorption beds ought to be coupled with adequately designed zones of aquatic vegetation. Three conceptional solutions were proposed for in situ treatment of the withdrawn water, differing in arrangement and construction of the potential sorption bed. Application of such solutions should be regarded as a substantial improvement of Olszewski’s method, as it can mitigate the pollution of downstream ecosystems.

Livestock rearers socio-economic status, feed resources, feeding and management practices in Gurez valley of Kashmir

The study was undertaken to assess the socio-economic status of animal rearers, available feed resources and feeding and management practices of livestock at different zones in Gurez valley of Kashmir. A baseline survey was conducted to obtain the information in three arbitrary zones, viz. lower, middle and upper Gurez. The study was carried out in three villages in each zone where seven farmer families per village were selected randomly for the study. A total of 63 households owning livestock were interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and through direct observation. Majority of the farmers’ families was joint (94%), fell under middle age category (41%), had small land holdings (37%) and was predominantly illiterate (28%) but all categorised under Schedule Tribe. Animal husbandry (20%) was the major occupation after household (31%). Monthly income level was adequate. Among different livestock species reared, small ruminants (sheep and goat) were predominant (55%) although the productivity was low. Almost all the farm produce was consumed locally. Maize stover and forest grass hay were the main sources of dry roughages, while natural grazing was the main and important green forage source during summers. Concentrates were mainly home-made (87%) prepared without the use of oilcakes. The chemical composition of the available feed resources were within the normal ranges. The animals were left for grazing during summers with no concentrate supplementations (81%); however were offered lopped tree foliage (92%). During winters, livestock were completely stall fed primarily on crop residues with no or little concentrate mixture supplementation (86%) being offered only to lactating or pregnant animals. Majority of the farmers (94%) did not supplement the diet of animals with mineral mixture. Semi-migratory (89%) and stationary (11%) were the two types of animal production system being practiced. All the farmers (100%) had kacha close type of houses for their animals, mainly as part of human dwellings (94%). Animal stockings within the sheds were mostly mixed (89%) with little provision for proper ventilation (9%) and no (0%) regular bedding and drainage arrangements. Sanitary conditions of majority of the livestock farmers were poor with below average technical knowledge about livestock farming (67%). From results of this study, it could be concluded that to ensure sustainable livestock production in the surveyed area, technological, technical and institutional innovations would be vital to overcome the constraints of feed/fodder scarcity and lack of scientific knowledge.

Effect of Broken Coffee Beans Particle Size, Roasting Temperature, and Roasting Time on Quality of Coffee Beverage

Optimum flavor and aroma of the coffee are developed during the roasting process. However, certain problems exist in the coffee roasting process such as partial charring, over roasting, and poor temperature distribution across the coffee bean (due to the low thermal conductivity of bean), if conditions are not optimized. Hence, uniform temperature distribution across the coffee bean in the roasting process is highly desirable. To achieve these requirements, the broken coffee beans were positioned in a single layer packed bed arrangement using the closed system by circulating hot air. In this experiment, three factors were arranged in a completely randomized design with three levels and three replications. The first factor considered was roasting temperature (200°C, 230°C, and 260°C), second factor was roasting time (5 min, 10 min, and 15 min), and third was particle size (4–6 mm, 2.36–3.35 mm, and 1.7–2.36 mm). The initial moisture content of raw beans (cv. Limu) was determined. The data were collected on selective physical properties of roasted coffee beans and sensory acceptability of prepared beverage. The results showed that the physical properties and sensory acceptability are significantly high ( P < 0.001 ). It depends on the interaction effect of all the studied factors. Among the studies parameters, roasting temperature of 230°C with a particle size range of 4–6 mm showed the steady transition in dry mass loss and change in bulk density with increase in roasting duration. Coffee roasted at 230°C for 10 min with a particle size of 4–6 mm showed the highest sensory acceptability score (89.21). In conclusion, it can be said that a temperature of 230°C, a time of 10 min, and a particle size between 2.36–3.35 mm and 4–6 mm are recommended conditions for the roasting process of coffee beans.

Coatings utilization to modify the effective properties of high temperature packed bed thermal energy storage

High-temperature thermal energy storage is becoming more and more important as a key component in concentrating solar power systems and as an economically viable large-scale energy storage solution. Ceramics and natural rocks based packed beds are one of the attracting solutions. For application temperatures above 600 °C, radiation heat transfer becomes the dominant heat transfer phenomenon and it greatly influences the performance of thermal storage systems. Coatings with different thermal properties (mainly thermal emissivity and thermal conductivity) could be exploited to modify the effective thermal properties of packed beds. In this work, we present a methodology to account for the thermal effect of a coating layer applied over the pebbles of a packed bed. The influences on the packed bed effective thermal conductivity of several characteristics of the coating material, packed bed arrangement, and filler material are investigated. The results show that low emissivity coatings could reduce the effective thermal conductivity of a rock based packed bed of about 58%, with respect to a similar uncoated solution, already at 800 °C. A low emissivity coating could also limit the increase in the thermal effective conductivity from the cold to the hot zone of the storage. Coatings would have a higher influence when applied in packed beds with large size particles, relatively high thermal conductivity of the substrate and void fraction. The application of different coatings, with various thermo-physical properties, in different parts of the storage could modify the effective thermal conductivity distribution and enable a partial control of the thermocline degradation, increasing the storage thermal efficiency.

Micro-scale simulation and intensification of complex Sabatier reaction system in cylindrical catalyst bed

The methanation process based on the Sabatier reaction is becoming a key instrument in solving CO2 emissions and surplus electricity. A Sabatier fixed-bed reactor model with randomly stacked cylindrical particles was established by discrete element method (DEM), and the variation of the substances distribution, reaction characteristics and carbon deposition in the micro-scale catalyst was simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The effects of catalyst hole number and operating conditions on CO2 conversion and CH4 yield were also discussed. The result shows that as the reaction proceeds, the concentration distribution of the substances in the catalyst changes from a ring to a uniform, and the distribution of the reaction rate values in the catalyst changes from a V-shape to a U-shape. In the steady state, the catalyst is only effectively used in about 10% of the outer layer. The carbon deposition in the outer layer of the catalyst and the inlet of the reactor is more serious. And the average porosity value in the catalyst decreased by 0.012 as the reaction progressed to 1000 s. In the steady state, CH4 yield from high to low catalyst bed arrangement is 4 holes, 7 holes, 1 hole and solid. The CH4 yield can be increased by increasing the heat transfer coefficient and decreasing the inlet flow rate, and the reaction can reach a steady state faster by increasing the inlet temperature and pressure.

Application of Queueing Theory in Dispensation of Resources and Optimization in Teleconsultation

The common queueing problem in hospital has always focused on domestic and foreign specialist. Various improved models of queueing theory are widely used to solve problems. Most of the existing research results focus on improving the efficiency of hospital outpatient service and operation on bed arrangement, and rarely involve the emerging phenomenon of long-distance consultation queueing. With the development of medical information, more patients will request for remote consultation in primary hospitals to obtain experts resources of bigger hospitals in the most convenient way. In cities where some telemedicine development is at the forefront, there has been a phenomenon of queueing for remote consultation, however, the special queueing phenomenon that patients do not appear in hospitals cannot be explained by existing queueing model. Hence a more suitable queueing model is needed. We deduced the following, according to the parameters, the queueing system of remote consultation is simulated. It is found that the queueing of internal medicine department is congested. By analyzing the number of consultation rooms and the influence of experts of internal medicine department on queueing length and queueing time, it is concluded that experts of internal medicine department need not change too much. This study enriches the theoretical optimization queueing problem in hospital management and provides an analysis and decision making method for perfecting the theory of hospital queueing and improving the efficiency of medical services.

Cryptogamic Packed Biofilter as Potential Adsorbent for CO2, NH3, and H2S Impurities from Biogas

The presence of elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and trace impurities in biogas affect its caloric value as well as causes corrosion and is extremely toxic. There are various methods in existence for removal of these impurities, but most are chemically based and expensive and are limited in use. In our work, cryptogams (moss) integrated with soil and biochar packed in a filter have been employed for simultaneous removal of CO2, H2S, and NH3, from biogas. Different soil types rich in metallic oxides at different masses of 100 g, 150 g, and 200 g with a fixed mass of moss and biochar were tested in an on-site experiment to determine the removal efficiency (RE) and sorption capacity (SC). The adsorption dynamics of the filters were investigated at two flow rates, 80 ml/min and 100 ml/min, by determining removal efficiency. For the contribution of each substrate, sorption capacity and breakthrough time were determined by considering 5 g of each substrate that made up the filter. The soils with a high content of extractable cations showed excellent adsorption capacity for H2S by about 20 g S/100 g, which was higher than other adsorbents tested. It was found that integrated biofilter made up of bed arrangement of the soil, biochar, and moss plant improved the quality of biogas with SC of 11 g S and RE of 93% for H2S, 72% for NH3, and 68% for CO2.

Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Sleeping Practices in Korea.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Korea remains a poorly-understood subject for both professionals and the public. Recent reports have emphasized ethnic differences in SIDS rates, suggesting that making adjustments in child-rearing practices may contribute substantially to SIDS reduction. Two of the three major risk factors for SIDS-vulnerability of the infant and exogenous factors-need to be understood in particular depth due to their broad scope and sociocultural grounding. This paper presents substantial issues regarding preterm birth and male gender on infants’ vulnerability to SIDS in Korea. Practices of caring for healthy infants are addressed in the context of sleeping practices, including sleeping position, bedding arrangements, sleeping on the floor, the back-to-sleep position, high indoor temperatures and ondol floor heating, and swaddling. Professional and social awareness about how to reduce SIDS should be raised by promoting a better understanding of risk factors in the context of ethnic and cultural variations in child-rearing practices.

Alluvial sedimentation and tectono-stratigraphic evolution in a narrow extensional zigzag basin margin (northern Teruel Basin, Spain)

The northern part of the eastern margin of the extensional Neogene Teruel Basin (central-eastern Spain) consists of a non-linear, zigzag fault zone made of alternating ca. 2 km long, NNW-SSE trending segments and shorter NNE-SSW ones. Good outcrop conditions made possible a comprehensive integrated stratigraphic and structural study, especially focused on coarse clastic sediments deposited along the basin margin. Well-exposed stratal relationships with boundary faults, allowed the analysis of tectonic influence on sedimentation. Synsedimentary deformation includes growth faulting, rollover anticlines, and monoclines and associated onlap stratal terminations, angular unconformities, and other complex growth strata geometries. One of them is the onlap-over-rollover bed arrangement described here for the first time, which reveals the competition between tectonic subsidence and sedimentary supply. Both, the structural inheritance (dense Mesozoic fracture grid) and the dominant, nearly ‘multidirectional’ (σ1 vertical, σ2 ≈ σ3), Pliocene extensional regime with σ3 close to E-W, are considered to have controlled the margin structure and evolution. Tectono-stratigraphic evolution includes: (i) reactivation of inherited NNW-SSE faults and development of W-SW-directed small alluvial fans (SAF) while NNE-SSW segments acted as gentle relay ramp zones; (ii) progressive activation of NNE-SSW faults and development of NW-directed very small alluvial fans (VSAF); during stages i and ii sediments were trapped close to the margin, avoiding widespread progradation; (iii) linking of NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW structural segments, overall basin sinking and widespread alluvial progradation; (iv) fault activity attenuation and alluvial retrogradation. The particular structure and kinematic evolution of this margin controlled alluvial system patterns. Size of alluvial fans, directly set up at the border faults, was conditioned by the narrowness of the margin, small catchment areas, and proximity between faults, which prevented the development of large alluvial fans. The size of the relay zones, only a few hundred meters wide, acted in the same way, avoiding them to act as large sediment transfer areas and large alluvial fans to be established. These features make the Teruel Basin margin different to widely described extensional margins models.

110th Anniversary: New Volumetric Frequency Response System for Determining Mass Transfer Mechanisms in Microporous Adsorbents

A new volumetric frequency response (VFR) system was developed for studying the mass transfer characteristics of gases in microporous adsorbents. For this VFR system, the differential pressure response from a small perturbation in volume was measured in a closed system after equilibrium was established for a gas adsorbate–adsorbent pair at constant temperature and pressure. It operates over a wide range of frequencies from 10–5 to 10 Hz, from atmospheric pressure down to vacuum pressures of 100 Torr, and at temperatures from 5 to 80 °C. The sample chamber holds up to 100 g of adsorbent. These operating ranges make this new VFR system capable of measuring mass transfer characteristics of adsorbate–adsorbent systems at conditions relevant to many commercial separation processes using a relatively large volume of adsorbent in a unique packed bed arrangement. The apparatus and procedure were described in detail, including the use of runs with different gases and different porous and nonporous solid beads and ...

Experimental study of the energy dissipation on rough ramps

ABSTRACT Water ramps are one of the most conveyance structures for surface water, irrigation and drainage networks, as well as wastewater collection and discharge systems. To reduce the size of the dissipaters or completely eliminate it, it is required to decrease flow energy over the water ramps. In this paper, results from an experimental investigation into ramps with different slopes and roughened beds are presented. The effects of hemispherical roughness on the kinetic energy dissipation have been studied. The experimental studies were conducted into energy dissipation a ramps with three different slopes (15, 22.5 and 30 degrees), three different roughness height (0.043, 2.2 and 3.2 cm), five roughness arrangements on the bed, and discharge rates of 5 to 30 lit/s. Results show that the energy dissipation in two models with a rough bed and different arrangements increased by 10–32% higher than the control model with a smooth bed. In addition, the energy dissipation of flow in all slopes increased with increasing roughness height. According to the results, a slope at a 30-degree angle had the maximum energy dissipation. Finally, an energy dissipation equation was developed to predict the energy dissipation in any rough model.

Pyrolysis of three waste biomass: Effect of biomass bed thickness and distance between successive beds on pyrolytic products yield and properties

In the present study, the effect of biomass bed thickness and distance between successive beds on pyrolytic products yield were carried out. Sawdust of pine wood and sal wood, as well as husk of areca nut, were used as a biomass feedstock. To achieve maximum liquid yield, 500 °C temperature, 80 °C min−1 heating rate, 0.5 mm particle size and 100 mL min−1 gas flow rate was selected as optimum conditions. An equal amount of biomass was placed in six different bed arrangements while dividing the amount of biomass equally among the number of beds as well as keeping an equal distance between the successive beds. Further, the entire reactor was fitted inside the furnace so as to distribute the heat uniformly throughout the rector which also signified that each biomass bed has the same thermal profile at any time. It was found that liquid properties were better (lower viscosity, higher heating value) at fourth bed arrangement than in other bed arrangements. FTIR and GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of aromatic, phenol, ester, ether, alcohol, acid, and amide groups. Gas chromatography also confirmed that with increasing temperature, the amount of hydrogen and hydrocarbons increased significantly while the formation of CO2 was reduced.

Some prospects of growing and use of china aster for space greening in Podillia zone

Annual aster, also called China aster (Callistepsus chinensis (L.) Nees) is one of the priority ornamental flower plants for the introduction both in Ukraine and throughout the world. Domestic and foreign scientists are diverse in the study of this plant. Most of the works published during the last decades are devoted to the study and search for the most favorable agrotechnical techniques for aster cultivation under different conditions. The research was being carried out during 2016‑2017 on the territory of the Bio-stationary of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University with partial subsequent data processing at Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University. The purpose of the study was to identify the most adapted and resistant samples among the collection cultivars of China aster for their further breeding and greening of various objects of Vinnytsia region. The methods of field and laboratory research were applied in accordance with the basic methodological requirements. The prospects of growing cultivars of China aster (Callistepsus chinensis) in the green space of Vinnytsia region were analyzed. The demand for new cultivars of different groups of annual aster in ornamental gardening and the need to develop decorative cultivars resistant to diseases and adapted to the environment was proved. For the first time, biomorphological features of Chinese asters (Callistepsus chinensis), methods of reproduction and the most promising cultivars for their growing under conditions of Vinnytsia region and their further use in landscaping of various objects were investigated. A collection of cultivars of different groups of Chinese aster on the territory of the collection site of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University was produced and unified. Due to high ornamental qualities, economic and biological qualities of the studied cultivars, all of them are evaluated as well adapted to the edaphic and climatic conditions of Podillya and they are recommended as objects intended for the replenishment of the assortment of plants for greening, collection and exhibition funds as well as breeding activities. A diversity of colours and forms of inflorescence, various shapes and height of the bush enable to use China aster widely in the single linear plantations, group plantations, for the arrangement of mixborders and plant beds, on the rocky landscapes and borders, to create groups and flower beds.