Sprouting Research Articles

The effect of the liquid plant growth stimulant seaweed seychelles on the germination of seeds of microgreens of coral radish (Raphanus sativus var. Sativus)

The article presents the results of a model experiment to study the effect of a liquid plant growth stimulant Seaweed Seychelles on the germination of seeds of microgreen of coral radish (Raphanus sativus var. Sativus). Seaweed is a source of natural plant growth hormones. Each of them is an important biostimulant of health. Auxin is known for its positive effect on the roots. It is used in synthetic hormones for rooting. Seaweed contains more than 60 trace elements and nutrients. First of all, it is potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, iodine, manganese, molybdenum and boron. In the course of this study, it was found that the liquid plant growth stimulant Seaweed Seychelles significantly increases the germination of seeds of coral radish (Raphanus sativus var. Sativus). Seed germination was 98%. The phosphorus content increased by 14.5%, and the nitrogen content by 30%, the pH remained neutral. Seaweed Seychelles liquid stimulant actively affects radish sprouts and contributes to an increase in growth rate and quality.

Produtividade e atividade antioxidante de brotos de feijão (Vigna radiata L.) mediada por alguns elicitores

ABSTRACT: The production of bioactive food is one of the goals of agriculture. Sprouts used for human consumption are an efficient way to increase the intake of essential nutrients, such as minerals, vitamins, and other bioactive compounds. The use of elicitors can increase the nutritional value of these products. Biomass production, phenolic compound content, and antioxidant activity of mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata L.) after elicitation were examined in this study. Mung bean sprouts were treated with salicylic acid (SA), ascorbic acid (AA), and tocopherol (TOC) at different concentrations and numbers of applications. Shoot and root lengths and dry mass were measured on five-day-old sprouts. Total phenol content and antioxidant activity were determined using the DPPH assay on dried ethanolic extracts. Total soluble protein content and superoxide dismutase activity were measured in frozen hypocotyls. All elicitors stimulated the antioxidant functions of sprouts and, at the highest concentrations, reduced the biometric parameters; therefore, lower concentrations were better. For the first time, a balance between elicitor concentration and application in instalments was achieved to maintain the production of sprouts with enhanced nutritional characteristics.

Results of germination of winter wheat, oats and mung bean using new energized fertilizer (GVG)

A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the effect of a new complex energized fertilizer (GVG) based on natural raw materials - alkaline salts of naphthenic acids on germination and germination energy, seeds of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) of Tanya variety, oats (Avena sativa L.) of Valdin765 variety and legume mung bean (Vigna radiata) of Tajiksky 1 variety. On the seventh day of germination of winter wheat in the experimental variant, the length of the seedlings exceeded the control variant by 28.0%. In oats, the length of sprouts in the experimental variant is 23.6% longer than in the control variant. In the experimental group, mung bean sprouts were 13.4% longer than the control. Due to the fact that the new energized fertilizers (GVG) include a large number of microelements necessary for the full development of plants (Na, Cu, Mg, Ca, Zn, Al, Si, Ti, Pb, Sn, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni), seeds of these crops treated with GVG solution showed better results compared to the control. This study allows us to assert that it is advisable to use the new energized fertilizer in production in the pre-sowing treatment of seeds of various crops in order to increase their yield.

Comparative Insights into Four Major Legume Sprouts Efficacies for Diabetes Management and Its Complications: Untargeted versus Targeted NMR Biochemometrics Approach.

Interest in the consumption of seed sprouts is gradually increasing as functional foods in the modern Western diet owing to their several nutritional and health benefits. The present study aims to investigate four major legume sprouts derived from faba bean (Vicia faba L.), lentil (Lens esculenta L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-greacum L.) for their antidiabetic activity and mitigation of associated complications, i.e., oxidative stress, liver dysfunction, and lipid metabolism, compared with glibenclamide. Biochemical results presented herein further showed that the four sprouts exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects (p < 0.05), with improvement in decreasing of blood glucose levels at different degrees and with faba bean sprout most active at 348% improvement, compared to 364.3% for glibenclamide. Further biochemometric analysis based on a comparison between targeted versus untargeted partial least square (PLS) and regression analyses revealed that faba bean sprouts’ richness in flavonoids was a determinant key factor for such efficacy. In addition, correlation with previously investigated NMR fingerprinting aided in pinpointing other active agents, such as betaine and L-DOPA. Furthermore, the effect on serum liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase; oxidative stress markers; and lipid profiles showed significant improvement, especially in the case of faba bean sprout. The study revealed the potential health benefits of legume sprouts in the treatment of diabetes and its associated complications, as well as the potential role of biochemometrics in active agents’ identification in such a complex matrix to be considered for other functional foods investigation.

Comparative metabolomics of flavonoids in twenty vegetables reveal their nutritional diversity and potential health benefits

Vegetables are rich in flavonoids and are widely consumed in our daily life. However, comprehensive information on flavonoids components in vegetable varieties and the distribution of flavonoids with health-promoting effects in different vegetables are rarely investigated. Here, we analyzed the constitution of flavonoids among 20 vegetables by widely-targeted metabolome analysis. A total of 403 flavonoids were detected and classified as flavonoid, flavonols, anthocyanins, isoflavones, flavonoid carbonoside, dihydroflavone, chalcones, flavanols, dihydroflavonol, tannin, proanthocyanidins, and other flavonoids. Interestingly, we found that the content and types of flavonoids in bean sprouts and hot pepper were relatively abundant, whereas those were lower in carrot, lettuce, and Zizania latifolia. Then, we characterized the representative flavonoids including flavonoid, flavonols, chalcones, and isoflavones, and related them to the health-promoting effects of vegetables. Finally, we examined the relevance of the flavonoids to antioxidant capacity. Both bean sprouts and hot pepper possessed higher antioxidant enzyme activity, which were responsible for their great antioxidant capacity. Our study established a database of major flavonoids components in vegetables and further provides a new hint for the selection and breeding of vegetables based on their health-promoting effects.

Correction to: Effect of light quality on polyphenol biosynthesis in three varieties of mung bean sprouts with different color seed coats

Correction to: Effect of light quality on polyphenol biosynthesis in three varieties of mung bean sprouts with different color seed coats

The effect of mung bean seedlings juice (&lt;i&gt;Vigna radiata (L.&lt;/i&gt;) Wilczek.) on growth processes and protection against phytopathogens of spring wheat (&lt;I&gt;Triticum aestivum L.&lt;/I&gt;) at early stages of organogenesis

Relevance. Mung bean is a new culture of versatile use for the Middle Volga region; it has a complex of valuable economic and biological properties. When studying seeds, seedlings and mung bean plants as raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, it was revealed that this culture also has a biocidal effect on phytopathogens. The purpose of our research is to study the biological activity of the juice from the sprouts of mung bean on the seedlings of spring soft wheat for the subsequent creation of theoretical foundations for the development and use of mung bean as a growth stimulant and protection of wheat seedlings from phytopathogenic organisms.Methods. To obtain juice, three-day seedlings of mung bean of the Saltan variety were taken. Three varieties of spring soft wheat created at the Volga Research Institute of Breeding and Seed Production named after P.N. Konstantinov were used in the experiments — Kinelskaya 2020, Kinelskaya jubilee, Kinelskaya Zvezda.Results. The effect of juice from green and etiolated mung bean seedlings on phytopathogens and the growth of spring wheat seeds in the early stages of organogenesis was studied. It was found that the juice of green seedlings has a pronounced biocidal and stimulating activity. Thus, in the tested variants, the formation of primary roots exceeded the control by 15–26%, the length of primary roots exceeded the control by 248– 297% and the length of sprouts — by 337–403%. There were no signs of damage in all tested variants. In the juice of etiolated seedlings, such activity is less pronounced. Only at a concentration of cell juice of 1% in the studied wheat varieties, an excess over the control was observed: the formation of primary roots — by106–112%, the length of primary roots — by109–127% and the length of sprouts 108–125%. In other versions of this experiment, the results were ambiguous. The defeat of phytopathogens manifested itself, but the number of affected wheat seeds decreased as the concentration of cell juice solutions increased.

Antioxidant capacity, phytochemical profiles, and phenolic metabolomics of selected edible seeds and their sprouts.

Sprouts are recognized as nutritional and functional vegetables. In this study, 17 selected seeds were germinated simultaneously. The antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content (TPC) were determined for seeds and sprouts of all species. Both seed and sprout of white radish, with the highest antioxidant capacity, and TPC among all the 17 species, were further determined for phenolic metabolomics. Four phenolic classes with 316 phenolic metabolites were identified. 198 significantly different metabolites with 146 up-regulated and 52 down-regulated were confirmed, and high amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids were found to be accumulated in the sprout. Several metabolism and biosynthesis, including phenylpropanoid, favone and flavonol, phenylalanine, and various secondary metabolites, were significantly activated. Significant correlations were found among FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, TPC, and phenolic profiles. Therefore, white radish sprout could be served as antioxidant and could be a good source of dietary polyphenols.

Toxicity Test of Copper (Cu) and Chromium (Cr) on the Growth of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Sprouts

Industries that are growing rapidly contribute a big role in environmental pollution, one of which is the production of heavy metal waste. One example of heavy metals that are toxic when present in large quantities is Copper (Cu) and Chromium (Cr). The purpose of this experiment is to test the toxicity of the two types of heavy metals Cu and Cr against the seed growth of the Vigna radiata L. plant, find out the type of metal that gives the highest percentage of inhibition to the growth of V. radiata L., and find out the relationship between the two types of heavy metals. The method to determine the level of toxicity and the relationship between the two metals can be known by toxicity tests which include preliminary tests, actual tests and mixed tests on the seeds of V. radiata L. while data analysis is carried out by linear regression and the data is presented in the form of tables and graphs. Preliminary test to determine the ideal range of toxicity concentrations to be continued with the actual test with the addition of Cu and Cr metal toxins to the seeds of V. radiata L. The results of the study on the actual test showed that the IC50 of Cu metal was 127.4 ppm while the IC50 of Cr metal was 615.23 ppm with Cu metal having a more significant negative impact than Cr. In the mixed test, it showed that Cu metal IC50 was 247.5 ppm while Cr metal IC50 was 579.85 ppm with the highest inhibition value at Cu:Cr concentration of 90:10. The toxicant relationship of Cu and Cr based on the additive index is the additive (value S = 0).

Stable strontium isotope fractionation in hydroponically grown mung and soy bean sprouts

This study investigated whether stable strontium isotope (88Sr/86Sr) fractionation occurs during nutrient uptake by bean plants. Mung and soy beans were cultivated hydroponically using two nutrient solutions with different strontium (Sr) isotope compositions. The Sr and calcium (Ca) concentrations, 87Sr/86Sr ratios and δ88/86Sr values of the seeds, organs, initial nutrient solutions, and residual nutrient solutions were measured. The triple Sr isotope plot illustrates that bean sprout organs deviated considerably from the binary end-member mixing lines between intact bean seeds and the initial nutrient solutions, indicating fractionation of δ88/86Sr. In addition, the residual nutrient solutions had heavier δ88/86Sr values than the initial nutrient solutions, further supporting preferential uptake of lighter Sr isotopes by bean sprouts. This study indicates that stable Sr isotope fractionation occurs during nutrient uptake by bean plants, and that controlled hydroponic experiments are highly effective for observing this process.

The effect of fermentation time and different raw materials on N and P content as nutrient sources of Caulerpa sp. organic

Caulerpa sp. seaweed. is one of the seaweeds being developed because it has great potential in addition to being consumed by humans but in the cultivation of Caulerpa sp. Fertilizer is needed as a source of nutrients for growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the length of time and raw materials containing the highest nitrogen and phosphate that can be used as fertilizer as a source of nutrients Caulerpa sp. The design used is a factorial pattern design with a completely randomized basic design. As for what was tested, factor A was the length of fermentation time (14, 16, and 18 days) and the second factor was raw materials (bean sprouts, Gracillaria sp. seaweed, and banana weevil). The results showed that different treatments for fermentation time and raw materials had a significant effect (p<0.005) on Nitrogen and Phosphate content.153,398ppm and 25,585ppm.

VIABILITAS DAN VIGOR BERBAGAI VARIETAS TRUE SHALLOT SEED DENGAN PERENDAMAN JENIS ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH (ZPT) ALAMI

One of the keys to successful shallot cultivation with True Seed of Shallot (TSS) is determined by viability and vigor at the nursery. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of varieties and types of natural Plant Growth Regulatory (PGR) on germination and TSS vigor index. The study was conducted at the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Agricultural Development Polytechnic of Yogyakarta Magelang in July 2021 using a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor is shallot variety (V) consisting of 3 levels: V1 = Sanren, V2 = Maserati, and V3 = Lokananta. The second factor is Types of Natural plant Growth Regulators (Z) consisting of 4 types: Z0 = aquadest, Z1 = Shallot Extract, Z2 = bean sprout extract, and Z3 = young coconut water. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Parameters observed were germination, growth speed and vigor index. Data analysis was carried out using a variance test (F test) and Duncan's multiple distance test (DMRT) with a level of 0.05. The results showed that the TSS variety significantly affected germination and growth speed. The type of natural PGR did not significantly affect the germination, but it did affect the growth speed. TSS varieties and natural PGR types significantly interacted with the vigor index parameter. The best vigor index was achieved when the Lokananta variety was treated with distilled water. Keywords: Shallot, bean sprouts, coconut water, germination, vigor.

PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH DAN LINGKAR PERUT PENDERITA DIABETES MELITUS TIPE-2 MENGGUNAKAN YOGURT KECAMBAH KACANG TOLO (Vigna unguiculata)

This study aims to determine the effect of giving Cowpea bean sprouts yogurt (CowpeaS-Yo) on blood glucose levels and abdominal circumference of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This experimental study used a pretest-posttest control group design, with 18 female subjects with T2DM, randomly divided into 2 groups, 9 people each. Group I was given CowpeaS-Yo, while group II was given a placebo as a control, 200 ml/day, for 2 months. Before and after 2 months of intervention, the subjects were measured for their abdominal circumference, and 1 mL of their blood sample was taken, to be checked for blood glucose levels. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test. After two months of intervention, blood sugar levels decreased significantly from 259.33 mg/dl to 231.78 mg/dl (P=0.013) in the group consuming CowpeaS-Yo, as well as abdominal circumference decreased from 95.00 cm to 91 cm. .67 cm (P=0.008), compared to the control group. In conclusion, yocamcalo consumption was able to prevent the development of T2DM with central obesity, by reducing fasting blood glucose levels and abdominal circumference of patients.&#x0D;

Aggregation-induced emission active salicylaldehyde hydrazone with multipurpose sensing applications

In this manuscript, the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behaviour of a Schiff base salicylaldehyde hydrazone (SH) was investigated in DMSO-HEPES mixed solvents. The non-fluorescent SH in pure DMSO becomes a highly yellow-luminescent SH upon increasing the HEPES fraction ≥ 70 % in DMSO. The results of UV–vis, DLS, and SEM investigations supported the formation of SH self-aggregates, which inhibited the intramolecular rotation of SHand activated the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism toemit a bright yellow fluorescence at 535 nm. The AIEgen SH was applied for the sensing of cations, aldehydes, and nitroaromatics in HEPES buffer (5 % DMSO, 10 mM, pH 7.4) medium. The fluorescence of AIEgen SH was quenched by Cu2+, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde, and para-nitrophenol with a limit of detection of 3.74, 0.76, and 1.52 µM, respectively, among the other tested metal ions, aldehydes, and nitroaromatics. The cotton buds coated with the AIEgen SH were designed for the qualitative visual detection of Cu2+. The AIEgen SH was also employed for the detection of Cu2+ in mung bean sprouts. Moreover, the AIEgen SH was used to quantify the selectiveanalytes in a real environmental water sample. Additionally, the AIEgen SH was employed to make yellow fluorescent gel and to visualize latent fingerprints (LFPs) on a non-porous glass slide.

Effect of light quality on polyphenol biosynthesis in three varieties of mung bean sprouts with different color seed coats.

We investigated the mechanism of the effect of different light qualities on the synthesis and regulation of mung bean sprouts. Light quality acts as a signal molecule, strongly enhancing polyphenol biosynthesis in sprouts. Mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts are a popular sprouting vegetable all over the world and are an excellent source of polyphenols with high antioxidant activity. This study investigated the effects of light qualities on the kinetic changes and metabolic regulation mechanism of light signal-mediating polyphenols in three mung bean sprout cultivars. Experimental results showed that three light qualities significantly enhanced the contents of caffeic acid, rutin, vitexin,genistin and delphinidin 3-glucoside. Interestingly, ferulic acid and vitexin responded selectively to blue light and red light, severally. Most genes involved in polyphenol biosynthesis were activated under different light quality conditions, resulting in an overaccumulation of phenylpropanoids. Pearson correlation analysis showed that PAL, F3H, F3'H and F3'5'H expression correlated highly with rutin, whereas ANS expression paralleled anthocyanin biosynthesis. Moreover, MYB111, MYB3, MYB4, MYB1 and MYC2 were critical regulators of polyphenol biosynthesis in mung bean sprouts. These changes were likely due to the changes in theexpression of the photoreceptor genes CRY-D, PHOT2, PHYE and light response genes (PIF3 and HY5). Our results provide insights into polyphenol biosynthesis in sprouts and microgreens.

The conjugative transfer of plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, to Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Escherichia coli O104:H4 in nutrient broth and in mung bean sprouts.

The emergence of mobile colistin resistant gene (mcr-1) in Enterobacteriaceae has become a global public health concern. Dissemination of the mcr-1 gene through conjugation of bacteria associated with food may occur. This research investigated the transfer frequency of the mcr-1 gene among Escherichia coli in liquid media and during growth of mung bean sprouts. The donor strain E. coli NCTC 13846 (mcr-1 positive) and recipient strains of E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli O104:H4 were used. Mating experiments in vitro were conducted at 4, 25, and 37 °C for up to 36 h. The in vivo mating experiments (growing sprouts) were conducted in a sprout growth chamber with irrigation of 1 min/h over 6 days following inoculation of mung bean seeds with the donor and a recipient. The highest transfer frequencies in TSB media, 2.86E-07 and 3.24E-07, occurred at 37 °C after mating for 24 h for E. coli O104:H4 and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Transconjugants were not detected in liquid media at 4 °C. Moreover, transfer frequency (5.68E-05 per recipient) of mcr-1 was greater during mung bean sprout growth for E. coli O104:H4 compared to E. coli O157:H7 (1.02E-05 per recipient) Day 3 to Day 6. This study indicates that the transfer of antibiotic resistant gene(s) among bacteria during mung bean sprout production may facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment and to humans.

Insight into catalytic activation of bisulfite for lomefloxacin degradation by simple composite of calcinated red mud.

Antibiotic was detected in many environments, and it had posed a serious threat to human health. The advanced oxidation process has been considered an effective way to treat antibiotics. In this work, using industrial waste red mud (RM) as raw material, a series of modified RM (MRM-T; T donates the calcination temperature) was obtained via a facile calcination method and applied to activate sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) for the lomefloxacin (LOM) degradation. Among all MRM-T, MRM-700 exhibited superior catalytic activity, and approximately 89% of LOM (10mg/L) was degraded at 30min through the activation of NaHSO3 ([NaHSO3] = 0.5g/L) by MRM-700 ([MRM-700] = 0.9g/L). Moreover, the kinetic constant of LOM removal in the MRM-700/NaHSO3 system (0.082min-1) was 16.4 times higher than that of the RM-raw/NaHSO3 system (0.005min-1). The as-synthesized product of MRM-700 was characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectra. The result indicated that the catalyst possessed excellent pore structure, high specific area, and abundant Fe3+ sites, and the lattice of Fe2O3 was doped after calcination, both of which were favorable for the activation of NaHSO3. The quenching experiment proved that •SO4- and •OH- active species were produced in MRM-700/NaHSO3 system, and •SO4- played a dominant role in LOM removal. In addition, the potential LOM degradation pathway was analyzed via UPLC-MS technology and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, and the toxicity of the treated LOM solution was tested by the culture of mung bean sprouts. This study not only provided a feasible strategy for the valuable use of RM to activate NaHSO3 but also offered a cost-effective catalyst for the efficient removal of pollutants in wastewater.

Effect of LF-microwave hybrid plasma treatment on radish seed germination and sprout growth

The atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma generated by low-frequency (LF)-microwave hybrid discharge has been employed to investigate the effects of plasma treatment on the germination and growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprout seeds. The plasma generated with admixture discharge gas of Ar-O2 was adopted for the irradiation of seeds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were performed to elucidate the physical and chemical state changes of seed surfaces after plasma treatment. The reactive species produced in the plasma were investigated using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and chemical indicator (CI). The results demonstrate that higher reactive oxygen species were generated from the LF-microwave hybrid plasma compared to conventional LF plasma jet. Moreover, the higher germination percentage and shorter germination time were obtained with the LF-microwave hybrid plasma compared to LF plasma jet and control group. It is considered that reactive species produced in the LF-microwave hybrid plasma are related to the germination time of the radish sprout seed.

Variation in health-promoting compounds and antioxidant activities in mustard (Brassica juncea) sprouts

Mustard has nutritional benefits to human health and come in diverse flavors, while the edible sprouts have a short cycle, high nutrition, and hygienic characteristics. This study was designed to investigate the differences in chlorophyll, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activities, and glucosinolates in the sprouts of three mustard types (root, stem, and leaf mustards) from a core collection of 41 cultivars. The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids was only slightly different among the three types. Root mustard cultivars had considerable phenolic compound content (17.31 mg g − 1) and antioxidant activities. In addition, twelve glucosinolates were identified in the mustard sprout cultivars, and the stem mustard and nearly half of the root mustard had the highest averages (140.38 μmol g − 1 and 159.98 μmol g − 1, respectively), while the lowest average was detected in leaf mustard (78.00 μmol g − 1). Root mustard sprouts are suitable for pickling and processing, stem mustard sprouts contribute to mustard-flavored condiments, and leaf mustard sprouts are widely used for fresh eating or making mild mustard condiments based on the glucosinolates content. S1, L4, and R11 would be useful as functional cultivars or elite crossbreeding germplasms due to their excellent carotenoids, antioxidant activity, and glucosinolates traits, respectively. In conclusion, mustard sprouts were assigned nutritional characteristics and can be diversely popularized and utilized for their edible value.

Effect of Germination and Illumination on Melatonin and Its Metabolites, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity in Mung Bean Sprouts.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) sprouts are increasingly consumed and have become part of a healthy diet. The sprouts are composed of proteins, carbohydrates, and biochemical compounds. During germination, the phytochemical compounds are significantly elevated, especially under stress conditions such as salinity, drought, extreme temperature, and illumination. The present study examined the effects of light and germination time on the bioactive compounds in mung bean sprout extracts. Mung bean seeds were sprouted under different light exposure conditions, and the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of sprout extracts were determined compared to seeds. The results show that tryptophan sharply decreased during germination. On the contrary, melatonin, polyphenols, and total phenolic content (TPC) were elevated with increased germination time, correlated with increased antioxidant activity. Sprouts germinated in the dark presented higher levels of melatonin and TPC compared with those germinated under 12 h light exposure (3.6- and 1.5-fold, respectively). In conclusion, germination can enhance valuable phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of mung bean sprouts. Mung bean sprouts may be a good alternative functional food for promoting human health.