Bean Culture Research Articles

THE INFLUENCE OF SYNTHETIC POLYSACCHARIDE ON BOTH EFFICIENCY OF SYMBIOSIS AND PEROXIDASE AND CATALASE ACTIVENESS OF PEA AND SOYA BEANS

The influence of synthetic polysaccharide MOD-19 on the effic¬iency of nitrogen fixation ofpea and soya plants as well as on ferment activity of the antioxidative defense system - peroxidase and catalase was investigated. It has been shown that the metabolic process intensifying is ob¬served in pea and soya plants grown from the seeds, wich had been tilled before sowing by nodule bacterium (pea - Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 263b and soya beans - Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b) and by nonspecific for these bean cultures polysaccharide MOD-19. This has been proved by morphological and functional haracteristics of these systems, the increasing of plant biomass and nodules quantiity on the roots. The active functioning period of nodules is elongating at the expense of secondary nodules formation on the side roots and their nitrogen activity increased. Rising of the oxidative ferment activity level for peroxydase and catalase was found in these plants.

DYNAMICS OF ABSORPTION OF SOME BIOGENICS SALTS AT TOMATO AND BEAN PLANT CULTIVATED IN SALINE MEDIUM

The study carried out on the mineral assimilation in saline environment by tomato and bean cultures allowed us to distinguish through the various studied stages, a specifi c assimilation of the mineral element Ca, Mg, K, Na. This study aimed at looking at how assimilation rate of the studied mineral element. The dry matter is in relation with the mineral composition of the plant organs.

Specific Features of the Photosynthetic System in the French Bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) in the Southern Moscow District

The main patterns of the functioning of the photosynthetic system of the French bean were established on the basis of comparative tests of eight cultivars and varieties. Some agrotechnical methods were developed which enhance the highest efficiency of the plant's photosynthetic activity. The data obtained are essential for the introduction of promising varieties of the bean cultures in the nonchernozem zone of Russia.

Ethics as Objectivity: A Necessary Oxymoron?

Long long ago, during the heyday of the so-called new criticism, I came across a contrarian article on Thoreau's Waiden that contended that the book could not be understood only in terms of its structural arrangements, as a kind of prose poem in which experiential narrative and descriptive detail were woven into a unified symbolic design: that its facticality, its intractably documentary charac ter, defies such abstraction. As proof positive, the author seized upon Thoreau's instruction on when and how to plant the white bush bean. (Plant the common small white bush bean about the first of June, in rows three feet by eighteen inches apart, and so forth.) Yes, this passage is about bean culture, not about beans as a symbol of something. Yes, a Waiden woodchuck really is a mimesis of a literal woodchuck; it's not a metaphor?not just a metaphor, anyhow. With far greater elegance, Satya Mohanty's Can Our Values Be Objective? argues for what ought to seem self-evident and someday may be, although as yet assuredly it is not. This is no stolid Johnsonian kick the-rock-and-refute-Bishop-Berkeley argument in the manner of the aforesaid Thoreauvian exegesis. Nor is Mohanty interested in objectivity conceived as documentary thickness. But here too the argument is striking for its aversion to critical holism, and for the conviction that the way we have been taught to think and say we think is not how a thinking person should think, indeed not how such a person in practice very likely does think. Mohanty's target is not formal holism, but the discursive holism of ethical antinormativity: more specifically, the view that an objective ethical judgment about a text is impossible because discourse of whatever sort is always prisoner to ideology. To this the essay replies that jettisoning the objectivity project because zero bias is unobtainable is itself a bias that entraps one within interpretative community tribalism on the one hand and, on the other hand, an evasive agnosticism about the views of those whom we take to be others. This insulates the critic pedagogue even when she or he seems to disclaim authority and distances cultural others in spite (or rather because) of the acknowledg ment of difference. We thereby deprive ourselves of the ability to

ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA EM COBERTURA PARA A CULTURA DO FEIJOEIRO EM SISTEMA DE PLANTIO DIRETO NA PALHA

Nos anos agrícolas de 1996/97 e 1997/98 foram conduzidos experimentos, a campo, na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa e na Fazenda do Colégio Agrícola de Palmeira, respectivamente, ambas com histórico de oito anos de plantio direto na palha, com o objetivo de estudar a adubação nitrogenada para a cultura do feijoeiro semeado no sistema de plantio direto na palha, avaliando o rendimento, seus componentes, as modificações morfológicas na planta e a matéria seca. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 kg de N.ha-1) e cinco repetições, utilizando-se como indicadora a variedade 'FT Nobre'. As parcelas experimentais tinham seis linhas de 6,00 m espaçadas de 0,45 m, no experimento conduzido em Ponta Grossa, e seis linhas espaçadas de 0,40 m no experimento conduzido em Palmeira. Foram separadas duas linhas com área útil de 4,50 m2 para o experimento conduzido em Ponta Grossa, e 4,80 m2 para o conduzido em Palmeira, com a finalidade de avaliar o rendimento. Em fileiras extraordinárias foram coletadas dez plantas, nos estádios de V2 a R9, onde no experimento conduzido em Ponta Grossa foi avaliada a matéria seca nos estádios V2 a R8 e no R9, além desta, as características morfológicas, componentes de rendimento e rendimento. No experimento de Palmeira nos estádios V2 a R8, matéria seca, características morfológicas e no estádio R9, além das já descritas, componentes de rendimento e rendimento. No experimento conduzido em Ponta Grossa, a melhor resposta foi para a dose de 100 kg de N.ha-1 com produtividade de 2.207 kg.ha-1 e a pior com 1.614 kg.ha-1 na parcela testemunha enquanto que no conduzido em Palmeira, a melhor resposta ocorreu para a dose de 40 kg.ha-1 de nitrogênio com 2.230 kg.ha-1 e a pior com 1.808 kg.ha-1 na dose de 20 kg.ha-1. Em ambos os experimentos não houve diferença estatística entre o melhor tratamento e a testemunha.

Bean tissue culture and genetic transformation with Agrobacterium

In this paper we report the establishment methods of a rapidly growing callus culture of Phaseolus vulgaris bean as well as the conditions required for a high level of transient gene expression using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A vector is containing both the lindan-resistance gene as a selectable marker, and GUS gene as a screenable marker. By using hypocotyl explant and vertical culture on B5 medium supplemented with 1 mg/1 kinetin- and 2,4-D 2 mg/1 and subcultured every 3-4 weeks, we can recommend to get a good and much callus from bean. This will help in introducing foreign DNA into callus cells. One strain of Agrobacterium carrying plasmid as vector for introducing foreign DNA into plant cells was used. At different concentrations of lindan; 3, 4 and 4.5 mg/I, the transformed Maxidor callus survived and grew over a period of 6 month and subcultured every 3-4 weeks, but the control callus died. Callus were assayed for GUS activity to confirm the expression of the GUS gene using the histochemical assay test. The GUS gene was also correctly expressed in callus cultures grown on 4mg/I lindan-selected medium, the typical blue colour in the histochemical assay using the X-gluc as substrate. But the control, non-transformed callus was not able to grow in the presence of lindan, neither showed a positive reaction in the in vitro assays.

Efeitos de épocas de capinas e da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura sobre os componentes de produção do feijoeiro: II - cultivo da "seca"

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura após a capina, realizada em diferentes épocas, sobre os componentes de produção de três cultivares de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), no cultivo da "seca". O número de vagens por hectare (NVHA) foi o componente primário de produção mais prejudicado pela competição de plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo de vida do 'Ouro'e do 'Ouro Negro'. Em todos os experimentos, os atrasos na capina proporcionaram aumento da cobertura real de plantas daninhas, o que causou diminuição da produtividade de grãos (PG) e do NVHA na presença de nitrogênio em cobertura. Nos três cultivares, o nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura promoveu aumentos de PG, NVHA e do peso de 100 grãos (P100G) e promoveu, também, aumento do número grãos por vagem no 'Novo Jalo'. O nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura imediatamente após a capina, realizada com atraso de dez dias, em relação ao período total de prevenção de interferência, que é de 30 dias para a cultura do feijão, não foi capaz de proporcionar recuperação total da capacidade produtiva dos feijoeiros.

Effects of sorghum (sorghum bicolor L.) root exudates on the cell cycle of the bean plant (phaseolus vulgaris L.) root

Two experiments were conducted to test the allelopathic effect of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) root exudates on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cell division. Research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Wistock Agricultural Research Institute of Minas Gerais State (EPAMIG) and in a laboratory of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA). Sorghum variety BR-601 and bean variety Carioca MG were used. The exudate, called sorgoleone (SGL), was obtained by methylene chloride and acetic acid extraction from sorghum roots seven days after sowing on Petri dishes, and refrigerated until use. Solutions of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mM were prepared using Johanson solution as the SGL solvent. Seven-day-old bean seedlings grown in vermiculite in a greenhouse were transplanted to the solution. Seven days after transplantation, the beans did not show any sign of phytotoxicity; however, cytogenetic observations showed that SGL reduced the number of cells in prophase, metaphase, and anaphase stages. Colchicine effects were observed among cells in metaphase on the third and fifth days after treatments and varied with SGL concentrations. By the seventh day, the colchicine effects were inversely proportional to concentration, which varied from 34.3% for 0.01 mM to 6.6% for 0.15 mM. SGL acts as a mitotic inhibitor. It probably depolymerizes the microtubular proteins and induces the formation of colchicine metaphases causing polyploid nuclei. A largest period of SGL treatment also induced chromosome breaks and bridge formation in anaphase and telophase. Although SGL cannot be used as a herbicide for bean cultures, its allelochemical effects on other cultures are the factors that will define the use of sorghum as a natural herbicide.

Effect of salt stress on polyamine metabolism in bean cell culture

The adaptive capacity of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) calluses (cultivare IAC‐carioca, JALO EEP‐558, BAT‐93 and IAPAR‐14) to salt stress (0‐ 80 mM) was verified to determine the existence of biochemical markers such as organic and inorganic compounds, and metabolism of polyamines. The results obtained demonstrate that salt (NaCl) interfered with all the parameters analyzed and its intensity ranged due to the salt concentration and the cultivars used.

Regeneration Possibilities of Bulgarian Bean Cultivars Plovdiv 11M and Dobrudjanski 7

ABSTRACTStudy was conducted with Bulgarian mutation cultivar Plovdiv 11M and Bulgarian bean standard Dobrudjanski 7. The effect of cytokinins BAP and TDZ in combination with NAA on different concentrations was tested. The regeneration capacity of explants—leaves, hypocotyls and cotyledons, isolated from mature and immature seeds was compared. The best regeneration ability demonstrated immature cotyledons on culture medium MS with addition of 10 μM BAP. The regeneration possibility of both cultivars was in strong dependence on genotype, concentration of the auxin: cytokinin ratio, physiological status and the type of the explants. Present study is the first report for a successful regeneration of Bulgarian dry bean cultures (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Competition and persistence of Rhizobium tropici and Rhizobium etli in tropical soil during successive bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultures

Strains of Rhizobium tropici IIB, CIAT899 and F98.5, both showing good N2 fixation, and a R. etli strain W16.3SB were introduced into a field which had no history of bean culture. Plant dilution estimates showed that in the presence of its host (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Carioca) during the cropping seasons and the subsequent fallow summer periods, the bean rhizobial populations increased from less than 30 to 103 g−1 dry soil after 1 year and to 104 g−1 dry soil after 2 years. In the 1st year crop, the inoculated strains occupied most of the nodules, which resulted in a higher nodulation and C2H2 reduction activity. Without reinoculation for the second and third crops, however, little R. tropici IIB was recovered from the nodules and the bean population consisted mainly of R. etli, R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, and R. tropici IIA. Reinoculation with our superior R. tropici IIB strains before the second crop resulted in R. tropici IIB occupying the main part of the nodules and a positive effect on nodulation and C2H2 reduction activity, but reintroduction of the inoculant strain in the third season did not have any effect.

Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Marigold Plants in the Greenhouse, 1992

Abstract Thirty-six ‘Yellow Boy’ marigold plants at a Michigan State University research greenhouse were used for this experiment. The plants were grown to a height of 10 inches in 6-inch diameter clay pots. They were watered with a drip irrigation system three times per week. On 8 Apr the plants were infested with twospotted spider mites raised from a bean culture in the laboratory by placing infested leaves on the test plants. The precounts were made on 29 Apr by collecting 4 leaves from each plant and counting the number of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. Plants were sprayed to runoff on 29 Apr with a R&D C02 sprayer with an 80° #3 nozzle at 50 psi. Postcounts were made on 5, 12, and 26 May in the same manner as the precounts.

Hydrogen oxidation in soil following rhizobial H2 production due to N2 fixation by a Vicia faba-Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiosis

The rate of H2 release from broad beans (Vicia faba) infected with Rhizobium leguminosarum Hup- was much faster than from beans infected with the Hup+ strain. Acetylene reduction and H2 release were abolished by cutting the plants down, by incubation in darkness, or after the addition of ammonium, indicating that the H2 was released by N2-fixing bacterial symbionts. In laboratory cultures using non-sterile soil, the bean plants released H2 until an equilibrium between H2 production and H2 oxidation was reached. The H2 equilibrium concentration was higher in Hup--infected bean cultures (about 3 ppm H2 in the gas phase) than in Hup+-infected cultures (0.3 ppm H2) because of the higher H2 production. The H2 release from Hup--infected bean cultures in sterile soil did not reach equilibrium. An equilibrium occurred, if Knallgas bacteria were added. However, the equilibrium value was higher (13 ppm H2) than in non-sterile soil, which seemed to be more efficient at H2 oxidation. The Knallgas bacteria exhibited a relatively high K m for H2 (> 1300 ppmv H2); this activity was observed in unplanted non-sterile soil, and in nonsterile soil planted with Hup+-infected beans or planted with Hup--infected beans which had been cut down before being assayed. All these soils also showed a second, low-K m (<50 ppm) level of H2 oxidation activity, which was presumably due to abiontic soil enzymes. In contrast, only one level of activity, which had an intermediate K m (about 200 ppm H2), was observed when the soil was planted with Hup--infected beans. The origin of this activity, which was only observed in the presence of intact, H2-producing beans, is still unknown.

Differential biochemical effects of elicitor preparations from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Polysaccharide containing elicitor preparations from the culture filtrate and cell walls of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum had broadly similar monosaccharide compositions. Both preparations induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase extractable activities in bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cell suspension cultures. However, although phytoalexin accumulation was observed in response to the two elicitors in bean endocarp tissue, the culture filtrate elicitor induced only phaseollin in bean cell suspension cultures whereas the cell wall elicitor induced both kievitonc and phaseollin, the latter to a concentration 70 times greater than that induced by the culture filtrate elicitor. Only the cell wall elicitor induced deposition of wall-bound phenolics in bean cultures, and differences were also observed in the effects of the two elicitor preparations on levels of free and esterified hydroxycinnamic acids. Induction of prolyl hydroxylase extractable activity was observed in response to both elicitors, although increased accumulation of hydroxyproline in the cell walls of suspension-cultured bean cells was only induced following treatment with cell wall elicitor. The results are discussed in terms of the coordination and regulation of induced resistance responses, and the possible need for more than one elicitor to induce such changes is considered.

L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Characterisation and differential induction of multiple forms from elicitor-treated cell suspension cultures.

L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) has been purified over 200-fold from cell cultures of bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.) exposed to elicitor heat-released from the cell walls of the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Four forms of the enzyme, with identical Mr but differing apparent pI values of 5.4, 5.2, 5.05 and 4.85, were observed following the final chromatofocussing stage of the purification. A preparation (purified 43-fold by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography) containing all four forms exhibited apparent negative rate cooperativity with respect to substrates. However, the individual forms displayed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with Km values of 0.077 mM, 0.122 mM, 0.256 mM and 0.302 mM in order of decreasing apparent pI value. A preparation purified 200-fold and containing all four forms was used to immunise rabbits for the production of anti-(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) serum. The antiserum was characterised by: immunotitration experiments; solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; comparison of immunoprecipitates of 35S-labelled phenylalanine ammonia-lyase subunits (synthesized both in vivo and in vitro) on both one-dimensional and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels after immunoprecipitation with the bean antiserum or antisera raised against pea and parsley phenylalanine ammonia-lyase preparations and immune blotting. SDS/polyacrylamide gels and SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immune blotting, indicated that the Mr of newly synthesized (in vivo and in vitro) bean phenylalanine ammonia-lyase subunits is 77000; a 70000-Mr form is readily generated as a partial degradation product during purification. Immunoprecipitates of bean phenylalanine ammonia-lyase synthesized both in vivo and in vitro showed the presence of multiple subunit types of identical Mr but differing in pI. Furthermore, treatment of bean cultures with Colletotrichum elicitor resulted in a 10-fold increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase extractable activity within 8 h, and chromatofocussing analysis indicated that this was associated with differential increased appearance of the high-pI, low-Km forms as compared to the two higher Km forms. This differential induction was further confirmed by immune blotting of crude extracts subjected to isoelectric focussing.

Subculture-induced protein synthesis in tissue cultures of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris

The effects of subculture of tissue cultures on the levels of certain mRNAs have been investigated, and the action of cytokinins on the disposition of certain mRNAs between possible non-translating and translating pools has been determined. mRNA preparations were assayed by cell free translation with message-dependent reticulocyte lysate and the in vitro products resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Subculture of the cells caused a rapid stimulation of polysome formation. It also increased the translatable levels of a small group of mRNAs, one of which was present in both bean and soybean cultures. Cytokinins caused a slight increase in polysome levels after subculture, but had no effect on the levels of particular mRNAs, nor on the distribution of mRNAs between a non-translating and translating pool, nor on polysome levels in the absence of subculture.

Some rapid effects of synthetic auxins on mRNA levels in cultured plant cells

When bean and soybean tissue culture cells were subcultured into fresh medium the translatable levels of a small group of mRNAs increased rapidly and then decreased to a low level 10 h after subculture. By starving the cells of auxin and then subculturing them into media with or without auxin, it was found that the increase in translatable mRNA for certain proteins was strongly dependent on auxins. The rapidity of this effect suggested that auxins can directly modulate the possible transcription of certain mRNA molecules.

Elicitor modulation of the turnover of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in French bean cell suspension cultures

1. (1) The mechanisms underlying the trasient increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity during phaseollin accumulation in cell suspension cultures of Dwarf French bean ( Phaseolus volgaris) have been investigated using density labelling with 2H from 2H 2O coupled with residual analysis of the equilibrium distribution of enzyme activity in high-resolution KBr denstiy gradients. 2. (2) The resolution achieved in this system is sufficient to allow quantitative analysis of the relative proportions of light, unlabelled, pre-existing enzynes and heavy, labelled, newly synthesised enzyme. 3. (3) Elicitor released by heat treatment of cell walls of Colletotrichum lindemuthainum, the causal agent of anthracnose disease of French bean, caused a marked but transient increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity concomitant with the onset of phaseolllin accumulation in the bean cultures. The induction of enzyme activity was highly dependent on elicitor concentration, with maximum induction occurring in two discrete concentration ranges; at an instermediate elicitor concentration, or at supra-optimal elicitor concentrations, no enzyme induction was observed. 4. (4) At low concentrations of elicitor the induction of enzyme was entirely a result of elicitor stimulation of the rate of de novo enzyme production. In contrast, at higher elicitor concentrations the increase in enzyme activity was accompanied by a marked apparent stabilization of the enzyme in vivo, and the rapid but transient increase in enzyme activity was achieved by a programme of reciprocal changes in the rate constant for de novo enzyme production and the rate constant for removal of enzyme activit. Such reciprocal control of the rates of enzyme production and removal may be crucial in determing the magnitude and duration of the phytoalexin defence response. 5. (5) Information on the specific activity of 2H label in the amino acid pools was obtained from analysis of the equilibrium distribution of residual, labelled activity. This showed directly that the turnover of the amino acids pools was fast relative to the turnover of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and, hence, the rate of enzyme labelling was not limited by the rate of labelling of the amino acid pools. Elicitor treatment had no effect on the specific activity of label in the amino acid pools from which phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is synthesised.

Changes in phenolic compounds associated with phaseollin production in cell suspension cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris

Cell suspension cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris produced the isoflavonoid phytoalexin phaseollin on treatment with autoclaved ribonuclease A, a concentration of 2·5 mg ribonuclease per g cells eliciting a 40-fold stimulation of phaseollin accumulation above control levels after 90 h. Analysis of phenolic components indicated only small amounts of soluble phenols in untreated cultures; proanthocyanidins were present at low levels, but hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols were not detected. The major changes observed in induced cultures were a rapid increase in insoluble, wall-bound phenolic material, and the appearance of compounds of isoflavonoid origin. In addition to phaseollin, coumestrol and several isoflavones also accumulated. Phaseollinisoflavan was present at low levels, but kievitone was not detected. It is concluded that the response of bean cultures to ribonuclease involves a specific stimulation of isoflavonoid and wall-bound phenolic synthesis.

Microorganisms associated with the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae

Microorganisms were isolated from samplings of Tetranychus urticae from a green-house bean culture. Twenty-five isolations were made over the period of 1 year; 4 organisms were found consistently, with a 5th isolated only occasionally. All bacteria occurring internally were also found externally. More than 30 generations of germ-free mites were reared on bean seedlings in the environment of an isolator with no apparent ill effects. Six common antibiotic materials were incorporated in a synthetic diet and fed to developing mite adults; none of the materials produced harmful effects when fed at 1000 ppm. Overall conclusions reached were that the microorganisms found in association with T. urticae are not essential to its well-being.