Beagle Bone Research Articles

Constrained Dynamic Matrix Control under International Electrotechnical Commission Standard 61499 and the Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture.

This paper focuses on the implementation of a constrained Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) approach within the level processes of the FESTO™ MPS-PA Compact Workstation plant in the context of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) paradigm. The goal is to develop an industrial control application with decentralized logic that optimizes the operation of the plant while adhering to specific constraints. The implementation is carried out using the IEC-61499 standard and the OPC-UA protocol, enabling seamless communication between devices and systems. The authors utilize the 4diac-IDE and 4diac-FORTE as the development and runtime environments, respectively, to enable the execution of the control application on low-cost devices. The Beagle Bone Black (BBB) card is used for data acquisition and actuator control. Three types of constraints are considered: control increment (Δu(k)), output (ym(k)), and control (u(k)) constraints, to prevent unnecessary stress on the actuator and avoid damage to the plant. The QP algorithm is employed to optimize the objective function and address these constraints effectively. By integrating advanced control strategies into industrial processes in the IIoT paradigm and implementing them on low-cost devices, this paper demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of improving system performance, resource utilization, and overall productivity while considering system limitations and constraints.

Alternating-Current Microgrid Testbed Built with Low-Cost Modular Hardware

With the growing popularity of microgrids for alternative energy management, there is demand for tools that allow us to study the effect of microgrids in distributed power systems. Popular methods involve software simulation and prototype validation with physical hardware. Simulations often do not capture the complex interactions, and combinations of software simulations with hardware testbeds promise to give a more accurate picture. These testbeds, however, usually aim at the validation of hardware for industrial-scale use, which makes them expensive and not readily accessible. To fill the gap between full-scale hardware and software simulation, we propose a modular lab-scale grid model at a 1:100 power scale over residential single-phase networks with 12 V AC and 60 Hz grid voltage. We present different modules-power sources, inverters, demanders, grid monitors, and grid-to-grid bridges-that can be assembled into distributed grids of almost arbitrary complexity. The model voltage poses no electrical hazards, and microgrids can readily be assembled with an open power line model. Unlike a prior DC-based grid testbed, the proposed AC model allows us to examine additional aspects, such as frequency, phase, active and apparent power, and reactive loads. Grid metrics, including the discretely sampled voltage and current waveforms, can be collected and sent to higher-tier grid management systems. We integrated the modules with Beagle Bone micro-PCs, which in turn connect any such microgrid with an emulation platform built on CORE (Common Open Research Emulator) and the Gridlab-D power simulator, thereby allowing hybrid software/hardware simulations. Our grid modules were shown to fully operate in this environment. Through the CORE system, multitiered control and even remote grid management is possible. However, we also found that the AC waveform poses design challenges that require us to balance accurate emulation (most notably with respect to harmonic distortion) with per-module costs.

Design and Development of a Wearable Assistive Device Integrating a Fuzzy Decision Support System for Blind and Visually Impaired People.

In this article, a new design of a wearable navigation support system for blind and visually impaired people (BVIP) is proposed. The proposed navigation system relies primarily on sensors, real-time processing boards, a fuzzy logic-based decision support system, and a user interface. It uses sensor data as inputs and provides the desired safety orientation to the BVIP. The user is informed about the decision based on a mixed voice–haptic interface. The navigation aid system contains two wearable obstacle detection systems managed by an embedded controller. The control system adopts the Robot Operating System (ROS) architecture supported by the Beagle Bone Black master board that meets the real-time constraints. The data acquisition and obstacle avoidance are carried out by several nodes managed by the ROS to finally deliver a mixed haptic–voice message for guidance of the BVIP. A fuzzy logic-based decision support system was implemented to help BVIP to choose a safe direction. The system has been applied to blindfolded persons and visually impaired persons. Both types of users found the system promising and pointed out its potential to become a good navigation aid in the future.

Analysis of Cascaded Multilevel Inverter with a Reduced Number of Switches for Reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion

Multilevel inverters (MLI) are aligned with lower harmonics and less commutation losses, which offer high power capacity. MLI is one of the best widespread converters due to its ability to eliminate the harmonic distortion without dropping the converter power output. The cascaded MLI is utilized for a reduced number of switches. In this topology, the switching angles at fundamental frequency are attained by solving the selective harmonic eliminations using sine cosine algorithm. This attains the desired output voltage with the elimination of certain lower order harmonics. In this paper, the analysis of seven-level cascaded MLI is presented with the scheme of carrier-based modulation techniques i.e. Phase-Disposition (PD), Phase-Opposition Disposition (POD) and Alternative Phase-Opposition Disposition (APOD). The Artificial intelligence (AI) is carried out for PD technique. These techniques are capable of defining the required switching angles to eliminate the preferred values of harmonics. The harmonic contents of output voltage in carrier-based modulation are observed with the indices, such as the modulation index with frequency modulation index and amplitude modulation index. The simulation results are obtained for seven-level inverter using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The hardware implementation is carried out using Main Power Management IC TPS65217C Beagle Bone Black Board for seven-level open loop control to justify the achievement of the suggested topology.

Design and evaluation of a digitally active drum

Despite the ever growing variety and popularity of commercially available electronic percussion (EP) instruments, there are still a significant number of active musicians who prefer to use acoustic drums. Digitally active drum (DAD) is an enhanced snare drum that provides sonic capabilities associated with digital musical instruments in the form of a traditional acoustic drum allowing full use of acoustic drumming gesture vocabulary. By using an in-built loud speaker and tactile sound transducers system, a Bela Cape and Beagle Bone Black, near field photoelectric sensors and a synthesis and effects patch built in Pure Data (PD), a prototype of a hybrid acoustic - electronic instrument has been made. This prototype has been evaluated by five expert drummers and two co-performers in both group and solo settings in order to determine its effectiveness and potential role in professional music making.

Real Time Automation of Agriculture for Detecting Plant Diseases

In agricultural land, there are lot of plants affected by number of diseases. Just like we can get sick, plants can get sick too and sometimes, the same type of things that make us sick can affect our green companions. A sick plant can even look under the weather. Its leaves may wilt or have holes in it. Early data on leaf well-being and sickness discovery can encourage the control of illnesses through legitimate administration techniques. If not treated, these plants may succumb to the disease and perish. Pathogens are any organism that makes plants ill, whether it be another animal such as an insect, or smaller organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Normally we have to check each and every plant to identify the plant disease. And we treat disease by various methods like MILK SPRAY, ELDER LEAF SPRAY, HORSERADISHSPRAY, BAKING SODA… etc. This proposed system solves these problems so that we can automatically detect plant diseases and can apply self-treatment. This paper presents a method for early detection of leaf diseases in plants based on some important features extracted from its leaf images. Here we use BEAGLE BONE BLACK DEVICE which stores healthy leaf images and compare it with current images which is called IMAGE PROCESSING. So after image processing, if the disease leaves are found, then it enables auto medicining. Medicine supply is enabled through Sprinkler or Drip irrigation method, climatic conditions. To avoid spreading the diseases, Temperature sensors and moisture sensors are used. These sensors control spreading diseases.

Safety and security measurement in industrial environment based on smart IOT technology based augmented data recognizing scheme

Safety and Environment assume a massive part of the industry to avoid accidental losses. In this manner, it is essential to screen the industrial condition routinely. The modern networking innovations have enhanced for Human-to-Human associations as opposed to Machine-to-Machine correspondence. Internet of things (IoT) means to extend the Internet to numerous gadgets by describing standard interoperable correspondence traditions. This work proposes a system design using wireless sensor network in augmented data recognizing (ADR) algorithm, in which each hub is containing the computational stage which wires particular mechanical parameters. The consider data has transmitted through WIFI to Central BEAGLEBK controller server which joins the data from various sensor network hubs, standard edge readings and sets the primary cautions if there should arise an occurrence of infringement of safety in masters. WIFI fills in as a spine for correspondence between beagle bone and the sensor hub. This work clears up entire hardware and programming parts of the structure which gives the like watching and announcing of the business safety association system using augmented data recognizing technique.

Using LabVIEW Linx for Creating 3d Objects

LabVIEW Linx is a LabVIEW add-on for programming applications on external board devices like Arduino, Beagle Bone, Raspberry, etc. Present paper presents a hard-soft application which acquires in real time a 3-axis accelerometer using an Arduino Uno board. The 3d movement generates in real time a virtual object whose moving follows the accelerometer.

Wireless Light-Weight IEC 61850 Based Loss of Mains Protection for Smart Grid

Abstract This paper presents a novel Loss of Mains (LoM) protection method based on IEC 61850 Manufacturing Messages Specification (MMS) protocol over wireless Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) based access point name (APN) mechanism. LoM or anti islanding protection is a key requirement in modern power distribution grids where there is significant amount of distributed energy resources (DER). The future Smart Grids are based on extensive communication capabilities and thus the communication based LoM approaches will also become dominant. The IEC 61850 standard based systems are gaining ground in the substation communication, and therefore, it is natural to expand this technology deeper into the distribution network. Using this standard for LoM protection, also enables some advanced approaches utilizing large variety of information available in the Smart Grid. There is a specific part of the standard, IEC 61850-7-420, which defines logical nodes (LNs) suitable for this purpose; but, there are no available devices applying this part of the standard yet. In this research, a light-weight implementation of IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices) is developed using a low-cost open microcontroller platform, Beagle Bone, and an open source software. Using this platform, a wireless LoM solution based on IEC 61850 MMS protocol has been developed and demonstrated. This paper introduces object modelling according to IEC 61850-7-420 defined LNs and an implementation applying direct client server MMS based communication between lightweight IEDs. The performance of the wireless application using the developed platform is demonstrated by measuring the message latencies. In this paper, a novel LoM protection concept is proposed based on the standardized communication solution brought by IEC 61850 and specific LNs for DERs defined in IEC 61850-7-420. A light-weight implementation of an IEC 61850 based IED is developed in order to reduce large overhead information and complexity of the standard. In addition to LoM function, the developed solution has the ability to monitor DERs status. The available monitoring information can be shared among various distribution management systems (DMS), enabling distributed decision approach for various purposes.

Bela: An embedded platform for low-latency feedback control of sound

Bela is an open-source embedded platform for audio and sensor processing. It uses a Beagle Bone Black single-board computer with a custom hard-real time audio environment based on Xenomai Linux, which is capable of submillisecond round-trip audio latencies (as low as 80 microseconds in certain configurations). The Bela hardware features stereo audio input and output, 8 channels each of 16-bit analog input and output, and 16 digital I/Os, all sampled at audio rates with nearly jitter-free alignment to the audio clock. This paper will present the hardware, software, and selected applications of Bela. Bela is suitable for creating digital musical instruments and interactive audio systems, and its low latency makes it especially well adapted for real-time feedback control over acoustic systems. It has been used in feedback control experiments with wind and string instruments and used as the basis for a study of the performer's experience of latency on percussion instruments.

Selection of Features for Emotion Recognition from Speech

Background/Objective: Speech is one of the modes for Human Computer Interface (HCI). Speech contains message to convey as well as the speaker characteristics such as speaker identity and emotional state of the speaker. Recently, researchers are taking more interest in the emotional parameters of speech signals which helps to improve the functionality of HCI. This research focus on selecting features which helps to identify the emotion of the speaker. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC), Linear Prediction Cepstrum Coefficient (LPCC) and Perceptual Linear Predictive (PLP) methods are used to extract the features. Each emotion is modeled as one Hidden Markov Model (HMM) using Hidden Markov Tool Kit (HTK tool kit). The Beagle Bone Black (BBB) board is chosen for the implementation because of the form factor. Findings: The results indicate that MFCC features gives 100% accuracy for surprise emotion, PLP features gives 100% accuracy for anger emotion and LPCC features give 100% accuracy for fear emotion. Conclusion/Improvement: A hybrid feature extraction method should be devised to detect all emotions with 100% accuracy.

Use of a biological reactor and platelet-rich plasma for the construction of tissue-engineered bone to repair articular cartilage defects.

Articular cartilage defects are a major clinical burden worldwide. Current methods to repair bone defects include bone autografts, allografts and external fixation. In recent years, the repair of bone defects by tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach. The present study aimed to assess a novel method using a biological reactor with platelet-rich plasma to construct tissue-engineered bone. Beagle bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated and differentiated into osteoblasts and chondroblasts using platelet-rich plasma and tricalcium phosphate scaffolds cultured in a bioreactor for 3 weeks. The cell scaffold composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and implanted into beagles with articular cartilage defects. The expression of osteogenic markers, alkaline phosphatase and bone γ-carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP) were assessed using polymerase chain reaction after 3 months. Articular cartilage specimens were observed histologically. Adhesion and distribution of BMSCs on the β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold were confirmed by SEM. Histological examination revealed that in vivo bone defects were largely repaired 12 weeks following implantation. The expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and BGLAP in the experimental groups were significantly elevated compared with the negative controls. BMSCs may be optimum seed cells for tissue engineering in bone repair. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) provides a rich source of cytokines to promote BMSC function. The β-TCP scaffold is advantageous for tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility and 3D structure that promotes cell adhesion, growth and differentiation. The tissue-engineered bone was constructed in a bioreactor using BMSCs, β-TCP scaffolds and PRP and displayed appropriate morphology and biological function. The present study provides an efficient method for the generation of tissue-engineered bone for cartilage repair, compared with previously used methods.

Design and Implementation of USB Driver and Firmware based on Usbtmc Protocol

Background/Objectives: USB is most common and fast protocol that is replacing all other wired communication protocol. Main aim of this project is to replace the GPIB pin of instruments with USB. Methods/Statistical analysis: Generally all the instruments use General purpose interface bus i.e. GPIB pin for transfer of data. But it is very bulky and also it is not fast. This project replaces the bulky GPIB pin with faster and smarter USB. We are using USBTMC protocol to design the driver as well as firmware. USBTMC is the test and measurement protocol which is based on USB 2.0 specifications. Findings: Here, Beagle bone black board is used as the device where we can write the firmware. Driver program is written and registered in Linux PC. The Output is shown in minicom. The data is transferred from PC to the device through USB cable using USBTMC protocol. This is verified by getting the output as the USBTMC device. Applications/Improvements: This protocol is very new. It can be used in various applications such as instruments used in medical, industries, security system, and home appliances.

In vitro cell proliferation evaluation of porous nano-zirconia scaffolds with different porosity for bone tissue engineering

The selection of scaffold materials and the optimization of scaffold morphological and mechanical properties are critical for successful bone tissue engineering. We fabricated porous scaffolds of nano-sized zirconia using a replication technique. The study aimed to explore the relationship between porosity, pore size, mechanical strength, cell adhesion, and cell proliferation in the zirconia scaffolds. Macro- and micro-structures and compressive strength were comparatively tested. Beagle bone marrow stromal cells were seeded onto the scaffolds to evaluate cell seeding efficiency and cell proliferation profile over 14 d of incubation. The zirconia scaffolds presented a complex porous structure with good interconnectivity of pores. By increasing the sinter cycles, the porosity and pore size of the scaffolds decreased, with mean values ranging from 92.7–68.0% and 830–577 μm, respectively, accompanied by increased compressive strengths of 0.6–4.4 MPa. Cell seeding efficiency and cell proliferation over the first 7 d of incubation increased when the porosity decreased, with cell viability highest in the scaffold with a porosity of 75.2%. After 7 d of incubation, the cell proliferation increased when the porosity increased, highest in the scaffolds with a porosity of 92.7%. These results showed that the zirconia scaffold with a porosity of 75.2% possesses favorable mechanical and biological properties for future applications in bone tissue engineering.

A Wireless Framework for Automotive Monitoring Systems

Background/Objectives: Sensors implementation in automobiles has become a prime factor in the growth of the automobile industry. The quality of an Automobile is determined by the number of sensors integrated and also the sensitivity of the sensors to deliver the nominal conditions of the surroundings of the automobile. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The impact of sensors in today’s automobile industry varies in multiple numbers of applications starting from the control of the automobile till the safety of the passengers in the automobile. Tilt sensor and Accelerometer function are utilized to analyze the car condition during a crash incident, where the change in tilt condition of the car or the accelerometer value can trigger a camera to capture the image and transmit the image to an authority of preference through mail client. Findings: The impact of sensors in today’s automobile industry varies in multiple numbers of applications starting from the control of the automobile till the safety of the passengers in the automobile. These results are obtained by the integration of numerous sensors and the combined data values obtained from them for calculating the complexity of the situation. The project involves the combination of sensor value details and to be able to monitor the values from a remote location by feeding them into a platform which utilizes the cloud storage. A web server is also designed where the sensor values are saved in the form of log files with time stamp for future reference. Conclusion/Improvements: The overall system is employed with the help of a Beagle Bone Black microcontroller which is an effective replacement of a computer performing all the desired functions as such as a computer does towards the understanding of the system development.

Real Time Vehicle Monitoring and Tracking System for School Bus via Beagle Bone

Real Time Vehicle Monitoring and Tracking System for School Bus via Beagle Bone

English

Situational awareness for industrial vehicles is crucial to ensure safety of personnel and equipment. While human drivers and onboard sensors are able to detect obstacles and pedestrians within line-of-sight, in complex environments, initially occluded or obscured dynamic objects can unpredictably enter the path of a vehicle. Right now the driver will continuously observe the pedestrian present while driving. If the driver is in drowsiness may leads to accidents. The main disadvantage in the existing method is driver will continuously observe the pedestrian through manually and the sensors will not give accurate information. The project aims at designing a system which automatically detects the presence of any pedestrians near to the vehicles and controls the vehicle motors and also alerts the pedestrians through buzzer alarm and also using ARM Cortex-A8 Beagle Bone Black processor with USB camera interfaced. We propose a system that integrates a vision-based off board pedestrian tracking subsystem with an onboard localization and navigation subsystem.

English

2 ABSTRACT: Currently, Automobiles are been get developed using various control parts for effective conditional operation. Normally, a vehicle is been built with a driver and vehicle interface to control over the features of pressure, temperature, speed, motion, LDR, etc., In many embedded based applications the communication fetches the important factor for sending the data's. It includes USB, USART, SPI, CAN, and I2C. This paper reveals I 2 C provides ease of communication without data losing comparing to others. It is simple in nature, cost effective and accurate than other serial communications. Here, their communications been carried over through the serial data (SDA) and serial clock (SCL). So the given method describes how the data been shared between the controllers using Proteus Software and can be implemented using Raspberry Pi and Beagle Bone developer board.

Moving Battery Models to Low-Cost Microcontrollers for Enabling Electric Transportation

Optimal performance of a proactive Battery Management System (BMS) needs real time knowledge of internal states of the battery such as Sate-of-Charge (SOC), State-of-Health (SOH) and battery power [1]. The effect of inaccurate state estimations may cause severe damage to the battery. The physics based battery models that could predict the internal states are inherently computationally challenging. This is difficult for implementation in dedicated microprocessors or microcontrollers with limited on-chip memory and low CPU clock. Efforts have been made in the past to come up with different low complexity and reformulated models which are capable of being implemented in microcontrollers for BMS operation [2-4].In this work, we propose reformulated physics-based electrochemical models which are highly computationally efficient to deploy in low cost microcontrollers (like 32-bit AVR or Beagle Bone) for accurate state estimation of batteries. This talk will particularly focus on numerical simulation techniques that enable real-time simulation and optimization in microcontroller environment. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge financial support provided by the US Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), under award number DE-AR0000275.

Proteomic analysis on effectors involved in BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of beagle bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

ObjectiveTo identify the protein regulation profile of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)-induced osteogenic differentiation in beagle bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs).MethodsBeagle BMSCs were isolated and cultured with or without rhBMP-2. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to determine the differences in protein expression in rhBMP-2-induced and non-induced BMSCs. Real-time PCR and western blotting analyses were used to verify the expression patterns of selected proteins.ResultsAfter the induction, the osteogenic differentiation of beagle BMSCs was activated successfully. Nine and 11 proteins were found to be down- and up-regulated by rhBMP-2, respectively. The increase in Lim and SH3 domain protein 1(LASP1) and the decrease in ferritin were verified by real-time PCR and western blotting analyses.ConclusionsAmong the 20 rhBMP-2-regulated factors, there is empirical evidence supporting the involvement of LASP1 and ferritin in osteogenic differentiation. LASP1 plays an important role in the regulation of the activity of the cytoskeleton, and ferritin is an important molecule in cellular iron homeostasis. Further studies focused on these 20 proteins will help elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) through which rhBMP-2 induces osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.