In vitro cell proliferation evaluation of porous nano-zirconia scaffolds with different porosity for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

The selection of scaffold materials and the optimization of scaffold morphological and mechanical properties are critical for successful bone tissue engineering. We fabricated porous scaffolds of nano-sized zirconia using a replication technique. The study aimed to explore the relationship between porosity, pore size, mechanical strength, cell adhesion, and cell proliferation in the zirconia scaffolds. Macro- and micro-structures and compressive strength were comparatively tested. Beagle bone marrow stromal cells were seeded onto the scaffolds to evaluate cell seeding efficiency and cell proliferation profile over 14 d of incubation. The zirconia scaffolds presented a complex porous structure with good interconnectivity of pores. By increasing the sinter cycles, the porosity and pore size of the scaffolds decreased, with mean values ranging from 92.7–68.0% and 830–577 μm, respectively, accompanied by increased compressive strengths of 0.6–4.4 MPa. Cell seeding efficiency and cell proliferation over the first 7 d of incubation increased when the porosity decreased, with cell viability highest in the scaffold with a porosity of 75.2%. After 7 d of incubation, the cell proliferation increased when the porosity increased, highest in the scaffolds with a porosity of 92.7%. These results showed that the zirconia scaffold with a porosity of 75.2% possesses favorable mechanical and biological properties for future applications in bone tissue engineering.