BC In China Research Articles

Institutions of Higher Education from the Beginnings of Civilization to 600 A.D.

The human being tried, in one way or another, to satisfy his thirst for knowledge and look for ways to acquire, expand or generate it. In this sense, there are records of formal organizations dedicated to higher education (HE) since 1000 BC in China, and since 800 BC in India. Many of them functioned in monasteries dedicated mainly to religious studies, but without ceasing to impart knowledge about other disciplinary branches such as Medicine, Mathematics or Grammar. Other institutions, such as the Imperial Chinese Academy or the Great Taehak School in Korea, were oriented to the training of future workers in the imperial administration, with a marked pragmatic and Confucian cut. An advantage among HE centers in antiquity was the ease of allowing the migration of students and, therefore, of knowledge; because they did not yet have political or religious restrictions. Among its amazing characteristics, its organization with academic bodies, curricula, certificates of completion of studies and its own facilities stands out. The only distinction between HE establishments in antiquity and proper universities developed in the european middle ages was the legal autonomy of the latter, which allowed them to grant academic degrees.

Formation of the foundations of ancient Chinese international law in the Zhou period

This article is a comprehensive study of the formation and development of international law in ancient China. The article states that at the turn of the II and I millennia BC. The Zhou Empire pursued an active foreign policy, as a result of which certain customs began to emerge in this area. In the VII-VI centuries BC in China there were seven large state entities, as well as a significant number of small and smallest. The authors emphasize that by the middle of the first millennium BC relations were formed that were not just foreign policy, but international law. The practice of international negotiations was widespread, sometimes involving up to a dozen or more states. They can be considered the forerunners of international conferences.
 History has preserved to this day examples of treaties concluded between subjects of international law at the time. In general, the practice of ancient Chinese treaties was quite diverse: peace treaties of mutual assistance, treaties on territorial issues, especially neutralization of territories, non-damage to territories, especially rivers, agreements on collective retaliation and sanctions against violators, marriage contracts, export or import agreements. etc. In most cases, the treaties concluded between the ancient Chinese states did not have a single defined object, but covered several (sometimes up to ten) issues that needed legal settlement.
 Gradually, due to customary norms, the law of war was formed, although in practice in ancient China there were numerous deviations from the officially declared behavior - mass killings of prisoners, sale of captured people into slavery, sacrificing them to the gods. The authors conclude that on the one hand, in ancient China there are significant steps towards the development of international law. First of all, this manifested itself in the gradual formation at that time of the basis for the further formation of basic institutions of international law. On the other hand, it is not necessary to idealize the interstate relations of this era. After all, true international law is established on the basis of equality of states, respect for the citizens of other countries, and this was not to be expected in ancient times, especially after the unification of China by the first emperor of the Qin dynasty in 221 BC.

Identification of Three Novel HIV-1 Second-Generation Recombinant Forms (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC) Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Baoding, Hebei, China.

The number of the second-generation recombinants originated from these two subtypes is significantly increasing due to co-circulating of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC in China, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). In this study, we reported three new unique recombinant forms (URFs) among MSM in Baoding, China. Phylogenetic and recombinant analyses based on the near full-length genome revealed these three URFs were the second-generation recombinant strains originated from CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC. Nowadays, the MSM has become a main route that causes the viral recombination. Therefore, the further epidemiological surveillance should be conducted in the MSM population to strengthen our knowledge of HIV-1 evolution and genetic diversity.

Enhanced Transmissibility and Decreased Virulence of HIV-1 CRF07_BC May Explain Its Rapid Expansion in China.

ABSTRACTHIV-1 CRF07_BC is one of the most common circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) in China and is becoming increasingly prevalent especially in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). The reason why this strain expanded so quickly in China remains to be defined. We previously observed that individuals infected with HIV-1 CRF07_BC showed slower disease progression than those infected with HIV-1 subtype B or CRF01_AE. CRF07_BC viruses carry two unique mutations in the p6Gag protein: insertion of PTAPPE sequences downstream of the original Tsg101 binding domain, and deletion of a seven-amino-acid sequence (30PIDKELY36) that partially overlaps with the Alix binding domain. In this study, we confirmed the enhanced transmission capability of CRF07_BC over HIV-1 subtype B or CRF01_AE by constructing HIV-1 transmission networks to quantitatively evaluate the growth rate of transmission clusters of different HIV-1 genotypes. We further determined lower virus infectivity and slower replication of CRF07_BC with aforementioned PTAPPE insertion (insPTAP) and/or PIDKELY deletion (Δ7) in the p6Gag protein, which in turn may increase the pool of people infected with CRF07_BC and the risk of HIV-1 transmission. These new features of CRF07_BC may explain its quick spread and will help adjust prevention strategy of HIV-1 epidemic.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 CRF07_BC is one of the most common circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) in China. The question is why and how CRF07_BC expanded so rapidly remains unknown. To address the question, we explored the transmission capability of CRF07_BC by constructing HIV-1 transmission networks to quantitatively evaluate the growth rate of transmission clusters of different HIV-1 genotypes. We further characterized the role of two unique mutations in CRF07_BC, PTAPPE insertion (insPTAP) and/or PIDKELY deletion (Δ7) in the p6Gag in virus replication. Our results help define the molecular mechanism regarding the association between the unique mutations and the slower disease progression of CRF07_BC as well as the quick spread of CRF07_BC in China.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of CRF07_BC in China: A Population-Based Study of the HIV Strain With the Highest Infection Rates.

The prevalence of CRF07_BC is 39.7% and has become the most infectious HIV strain in China. To study the transmission and diffusion trajectory of CRF07_BC in China and to prevent further expansion of its transmission. A total of 16,635 sequences of the CRF07_BC pol gene were collected from 1997-2020. We characterized the gene subtypes according to a phylogenetic tree analysis. A 0.50% molecular network was constructed to analyze the transmission relationship among different provinces for CRF07_BC and its two epidemic clusters. Spatial and temporal propagation characteristics were analyzed according to phylogeographic analysis. Finally, we evaluated the differences in transmission of CRF07_BC-O, and CRF07_BC-N. Our dataset included 8,816 sequences of CRF07_BC-N and 7,819 sequences of CRF07_BC-O. There were 7,132 CRF07_BC sequences in the molecular network, and the rate of clustered was 42.9%. Compared to CRF07_BC-O, CRF07_BC-N showed significantly (P<0.001) higher transmission-specific rates. CRF07_BC originated among injecting drug users (IDUs), and spread to men who have sex with men (MSMs) and heterosexual individuals (HETs), while MSMs also transmitted directly to HETs. CRF07_BC-O and CRF07_BC-N were prevalent in Xinjiang and Sichuan, respectively, before spreading interprovincially. In modern China, CRF07_BC-N occurs in five of the major economic zones. The CRF07_BC strain, which has contributed to the highest number of HIV infections in China, is divided into two epidemic clusters. Compared with CRF07_BC-O, risk of transmission is much greater in CRF07_BC-N, which is predominantly prevalent in economically developed provinces, and both MSMs and IDUs have transmitted this epidemic cluster to HETs. High-resolution, large-scale monitoring is a useful tool in assessing the trend and spread of the HIV epidemic. The rapidly developing economy of China requires an equally rapid response to the prevention and control of infectious diseases.

Case report on bilateral cleft palate with protuded premaxilla

Cleft palate (ICD 10-Q 35.9) with Protruding of premaxilla is common feature in patient with bilateral cleft lip and palate it is due to the under trained growth at anterior nasal septal and vomero-premaxillary suture without lateral continuities. Hippocrates (400BC) AND Galen(150AD) mansion cleft lip, but not cleft palate in their writing, Cleft palate –Fanco.(1556), Repair of cleft lip –as early as 255-206 BC in CHINA. The first successful closure of a soft palate defect was reported in 1764 by LEMONNIERa French dentist.

Genetic Characterization of a Novel HIV-1 Second-Generation Recombinant Form (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC) Identified in Yan'an City, China.

Owing to co-epidemic of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC in China, increasing numbers of the second-generation recombinants between them have been identified especially among sexual population. In this study, we identified a unique CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC recombinants from a male HIV-1 positive individual (18YA004) infected by heterosexual contact in Yan'an city, Shaanxi province. The near full-length genome analyses showed 18YA004 was divided into six fragments by five breakpoints located in the pol, vpr, vpu, and nef gene, respectively. Three CRF01_AE segments (segments I, III, and V) were all clustered within the cluster 4a lineage, exclusively circulating among MSM in the northern China. Coupled with our previous finding of CRF01_AE/C recombinant in Yan'an city, the emergence of CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC strain further suggested coexistence of multiple HIV-1 genotypes here. Therefore, it is necessary to continue monitoring the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 among high-risk groups to obtain a better understanding of the genetic complexity and transmission of HIV-1 in this region.

Retrievals of fine mode light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols from POLDER/PARASOL observations over East and South Asia

A new aerosol component approach that infers aerosol species fractions from satellite observations was developed and incorporated by Li et al. (2019) into Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties (GRASP) algorithm. In the current work we employ this aerosol component approach for derivation and analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of black and brown carbon (BC and BrC) concentrations in East and South Asia using POLDER/PARASOL satellite observations during 2005–2013. The inter-comparison of the satellite retrieved and in situ measured BC in China shows a reasonably good agreement for both monthly averaged and daily values. The distribution of light-absorbing carbon (BC and BrC) shows a significant temporal variation cycle with increases matching the months known for strong biomass burning or fossil fuels combustion emissions. The main concentrations of BC are found near the fire or anthropogenic emission regions, while concentrations of BrC are predominantly distanced from the emission sources. Seasonal means of BC/(BC + BrC) ratio in East and South Asia are also presented. High ratios (above 0.5) in Northeast India and North China during December, January, and February can be attributed to fossil fuels combustion and anthropogenic emissions. Medium ratios (around 0.2–0.3) over the Indo-China Peninsula and Northeast China during March, April, and May are associated with the biomass burning (e.g., forest fires, agriculture waste burning). The provided observationally-based retrievals of BC, BrC, and BC/(BC + BrC) are believed to be of high importance for constraining the aerosol modeling and reducing the uncertainties of the model estimations.

Characteristics of MERRA-2 Black Carbon in Eight Key Climatic Regions across China from 2007 to 2018

The spatial distribution, temporal variations and trend changes of surface black carbon concentrations in eight key climatic regions across China were analyzed from 2007 to 2018, based on the Modern-era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) black carbon dataset. The mass concentration of BC in China shows an “East-High and West-Low” pattern, with multi-year averaged BC ranging from 154 ng/m3 to 3857 ng/m3. Pronounced seasonal variations were found, with the highest value in winter and the lowest in summer. Most of regions in central and eastern China share similar diurnal pattern with a single-peak at early morning and a valley at noon. Obvious downward trend in most regions of China were identified from 2007 to 2018, especially in southern central China and southwestern part of eastern China, with the highest decline rate of -8.349 ng/m3 per month, which confirming that the great endeavors and effective enforcement of environmental protection measures implemented in China for the last decade.

HIV-1 CRF07_BC with a Seven Amino Acid Deletion in the gag p6 Region Dominates in HIV-1-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men in China.

We examined sequence variation in the HIV-1 gag p6 region from 27 individuals infected with HIV-1 CRF07_BC. An additional 269 gag p6 sequences of CRF07_BC from the Los Alamos National Laboratory database were also analyzed. A unique deletion of seven amino acid (aa) (p6Δ7) (aa 30-36, PIDKELY, in the HXB2 genome) was observed to exist exclusively in CRF07_BC. Indeed, 54.1% (160/296) of the CRF07_BC sequences contained the p6Δ7 mutation. The prevalence of the p6Δ7 mutation was 37.2% (29/78) and 92.3% (48/52) in CRF07_BC-infected intravenous drug users and men who have sex with men (MSM), respectively. Our results demonstrate that the p6Δ7 mutation dominates in MSM infected by HIV-1 CRF07_BC in China and suggests that this deletion could serve as a useful marker for monitoring HIV-1 evolution and epidemic. In future studies, it will be of interest to determine whether such genotypic variation influences viral replication capacity and disease progression.

Natural philosophy and the development of mechanics and engineering from the 5th century B. C. to Middle-Ages

Development of logic into a science served as an instrument for the progress in natural philosophy and the scientific method in the 6th and 5th Centuries BC in China, India, and the Arabian world, the Middle East, the Ancient Greece and Rome. Rapid advancements in natural sciences were followed by systematic attempts to organize knowledge in the 4th to 1st Centuries BC in the Greek and the Hellenistic world, reaching maturity in the Roman Empire after the 2nd Century AD. Parallel development of philosophy, science and technology can be traced in the East too. The essentially random growth of machines and mechanisms driven by the pressure of necessity was followed by the development of complicated machines using design rules and concepts in a systematic way, and not arrived at empirically through a process of long evolution, were investigated very early in history. The influence of natural philosophy in classical times to the development of mechanics and engineering as a science from the 5th century B.C. to the Middle-Ages is discussed here.

Does Pythagoreanism Really Belong to Greek?

Pythagoras of Samos was the founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism and also well known Philosopher and mathematician. We have very little reliable information about Pythagoras from the secondary sources because he personally wrote nothing though hecould inspire legends. That is why Aristotle also often referred to the Pythagoreans but not to Pythagoras as such. Historically Pythagoras is being treated as the first mathematician, the first philosopher and the first metempsychosist. But there are certain doubts on the authorship of Pythagoreanism. Is it really proposed by Pythagoras? Some believes that he was not the author of Pythagoreanism because the Pythagorean principle was very much present in 10^th century BC in China and 9^th century BB in India. This paper examines the evidences and tries to analyze the authorship of Pythagoreanism.

Alterations in HIV-1 gp120 V3 region are necessary but not sufficient for coreceptor switching in CRF07_BC in China.

The most predominant HIV-1 strains in China's current epidemic is the Circulating Recombinant Form 07_BC (CRF07_BC). CRF07_BC is mainly considered as a CCR5-tropic (R5) virus, since CXCR4-tropic (X4) viruses have thus far not been found in this subtype, and the molecular determinants of coreceptor switching remain unknown. To investigate the mechanisms underlying coreceptor requirement in CRF07_BC viruses, we characterized a panel of pNL4-3-based chimeric viruses with mutated V3 loop regions derived from an HIV-1 CRF07_BC infectious clone pXJDC13. Among 17 chimeric viruses, seven were dual-tropic and induced syncytium formation in MT-2 cells. Two amino acid insertions between positions 13 and 14, as well as arginine substitution at position 11 or 16 (IG insertion and P16R mutation or MG insertion and S11R mutation), conferred the chimeric viruses CXCR4-tropic features, which were same as subtype C X4 viruses. Next, to construct CRF07_BC X4 variants, mutated V3 loops were cloned into the CRF07_BC infectious clone pXJDC13. These V3 loops, which in the pNL4-3 backbone conferred chimeric viruses with CXCR4-using ability, abrogated infectivity completely in the CRF07_BC pXJDC13 genetic background. Similarly, IG insertion or MG insertion and S11R mutation dramatically diminished or completely abolished viral infectivity in other envelopes of subtype C or CRF07_BC. These results suggest that the effects of IG insertion and P16R mutation or MG insertion and S11R mutation on CXCR4 usage are context dependent, and additional mutations elsewhere in the envelope are needed to compensate for these fitness-reducing alterations.

Taste Active Components in Thai Foods: A Review of Thai Traditional Seasonings

The cooking culture around the world is diverse depending parts of the world. Each region has used own traditional seasonings to add rich tastes and flavors for dishes. The fermented soy beans and fish sauce, garum, were used since 200 BC in China and ancient Rome, respectively, to impart the umami taste. In early 1900s, the umami taste, a pleasant savory taste imparted by substances such as glutamate, inosinate and guanylate, was recognized globally as the fifth basic taste which is independent and different from the other basic tastes. Past several years, besides the taste, glutamate-rich ingredients have also an ability to enhance sensory properties. Fermented products from fish, shellfish and soybean are rich in umami taste substances and have a long history, continuing today, in Southeast Asian countries including Thailand. Wide use of umami in daily dishes in every region of Thailand including north, northeast, central and south, by adding these fermented products as indispensable seasonings is common, despite of different methods. These suggest that umami taste compounds have generally presented in Thai foods and are important key taste active compounds for universal deliciousness.

A New Migration Map of HIV-1 CRF07_BC in China: Analysis of Sequences from 12 Provinces over a Decade

BackgroundAs one of prevalence HIV-1 strains in IDUs in Asia, the origination and full transmission map of CRF07_BC is of great interested and remains unclear. In the study, we collected 769 CRF07_BC derived sequences (including 45 sequences generated in our laboratory) from 12 provinces in China for reconstructing transmission map. Meanwhile, ample historic epidemic evidences were also reviewed to assist sequences analysis.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn the study, we collected 769 CRF07_BC derived sequences and identified 138 independent sequences from 12 provinces in China for subsequent phylogeographic tree analysis, Bayes Factor test and the estimation of state tMRCA. The analyses demonstrated that CRF07_BC was originated in 1993 in IDU in Yunnan province and then initially spread to Guangxi (eastern neighbor to Yunnan) in 1994, to Xinjiang (northwest) in 1995 and to Sichuan (northern neighbor to Yunnan) in 1996. The subsequent transmissions occurred from Yunnan to Liaoning (northeast) in 1997 and to Jiangsu in 1998. Interestingly, after the early introduction of CRF07_BC into Guangxi, Xinjiang and Sichuan, these three regions served as secondary epicenters for further spreading into Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Beijing and Hunan during 1999–2001. These analyzed results are in accordance with early epidemic investigations.Conclusions/SignificanceOur data not just reconstructed the migration map of CRF07_BC, but also firstly revealed the active roles of these secondary epicenters in the dynamic migration of CRF07_BC in China.

A new transmission map of HIV-1 CRF07_BC in China: analysis of sequences from 12 provinces over a decade

A new transmission map of HIV-1 CRF07_BC in China: analysis of sequences from 12 provinces over a decade

Discovery of Beeswax as binding agent on a 6th-century BC Chinese Turquoise-inlaid Bronze sword

Recent archaeological field surveys and excavations at Qiaojiayuan, a platform 40 km west of the Yun County in present-day northwestern Hubei Province (central China), revealed four tombs (M3, M4, M5 and M6) dating back to around 6th to 5th century BC. The grave's layout, artifact assemblages and burial practice indicate that the owners of these four graves were aristocrats of the Chu state. Five turquoise-inlaid bronze artifacts (two swords and three dagger-axes) were excavated. The sword from M4, imbedded with pieces of well-cut and finely-polished turquoise on its handle, was in a very bad state of preservation and underwent conservation treatment. Some sticky, whitish pastes were exposed when the inlaid turquoises dropped off. The pastes were supposed to be residues of unknown binding agents. Samples of the pastes were collected for FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analyses to determine the chemical component(s). The results revealed that the pastes were composed of almost pure beeswax. This indicated that beeswax was used as binding agent in turquoise-inlaid bronzes as early as the 6th to 5th century BC in China. Review of recent technical studies suggested that beeswax was used in early China in several different regions (mostly southern part of China) for at least two different purposes (binding agent and lightening).

Was Pythagoras Chinese- Revisiting an Old Debate

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionTwo of the great ancient civilizations were those of the Greeks and the Chinese. Many great works of art, architecture, philosophy and literature have been produced by both of these civilizations. When it comes to mathematics in the Western World, the Greeks have also been credited with many contributions to the field, especially geometry. Anyone who has completed a standard high school mathematical curriculum has been introduced to the names of Pythagoras, Euclid and Archimedes and their methods. Not as widely credited in the Western world are the mathematical contributions of the ancient Chinese civilization. An examination into Chinese mathematics reveals their deep understanding of mathematics, in some areas at a level greater than that of the Greeks. The Chinese civilization had their own mathematical greats, Liu Hui and Zu Chongzhi who were every bit as genius as their Greek counterparts. The purpose for mathematics and the techniques utilized by the two civilizations may differ, but the knowledge of the two civilizations is remarkably similar. This paper provides the reader a summary of the two civilizations works and mathematical philosophies and a comparison of the techniques used to determine π, proof of the right triangle theory, and the famous works of each civilization and the application of the civilizations mathematical knowledge in the science of land surveying.Chinese Mathematical HistoryThe origins of Chinese mathematics are steeped in legend. It is said that the Yellow Emperor, who ruled sometime around 2698-2598 BC charged one of his subjects named Li Shou to create arithmetic. (Li, 1987) The creation of a mathematical system cannot be credited to one individual, but the legend does give evidence of a mathematical system present in the 26th century BC in China. Evidence from the Shang Dynasty gives the first physical evidence of mathematical application in Chinese culture. The Shang Dynasty was a well developed agricultural society from the 16th to 11th century BC. Remains of large cylindrical grain bins have been discovered, along with bronze coins, evidence of a monetary system. Additional bone artifacts, known as plastrons, have the first known writing system of China. Including in the writing are numerals of a sexagesimal system (Li, 1987).The Zhoubi suanjing is the oldest known Chinese mathematical work. The Zhoubi suanjing is also known as Chou Pei Suan Ching or Chou Pi Suan Ching in some historical references (Dauben 2007). The author of the compilation is unknown, though it is believed to be composed sometime between 100 BC and 100 AD. However, the contents were likely from a much earlier period (Li 1987). The Zhoubi is a work focused on astronomy, but the mathematics and measuring methods discussed were also applicable to land surveying and construction. The Zhoubi was divided into two sections, the first dealing with mathematics and the second part with astronomy. The mathematics in section one is necessary for the explanations of astronomy in the second portion.Particularly of interest is its discussion of the right triangle theory in section one. While commonly referred to as the Pythagoras theorem in the Western World, it is known as the gou-gu theorem in ancient Chinese literature. The text concerning the gou-gu theorem is written as a dialogue between a teacher Chen Zi and a student Rong Fang, both of whom nothing is known historically(Dauben, 2007). After being asked be Rong Fang, Chen Zi explains how using the shadow cast by the sun at midday it is possible to determine the distance between the sun and the Earth. In this explanation first appears a statement of the gou-gu theorem. Commentary added to the work by subsequent authors has been argued to be proofs of the theorem, though again it is difficult to determine the exact time period the commentary was added (Dauben, 2007).The Zhoubi references the Emperor Yu being able to rule the country because of the Gougu theorem. …

RecDraw: A Software Package for the Representation of HIV-1 Recombinant Structures

The crucial role of recombination in HIV-1 biology is being increasingly recognized. In vitro studies have shown that up to 30 strand-transfer events may occur per viral replication cycle. Thus, recombination may surpass mutation as a major mechanism driving HIV-1 evolution. Currently, recombinant strains comprise 37% of the full-genome HIV-1 sequence database, including sequences representing 47 Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs) and more than 250 different Unique Recombinant Forms (URFs). Mapping of recombination breakpoints helps establish relationships among strains that are related by descent, such as CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC in China, and sheds light on their origin and epidemic spread. Additionally, unrelated recombinants sharing common breakpoints may reflect recombination hotspots within the viral genome. Here we present a software tool, RecDraw, for the graphical representation and efficient comparison of recombinant HIV-1 structures and breakpoints. RecDraw is a platform-flexible, Java stand-alone application available through http://www.hivresearch.org/research.php?ServiceID = 5&SubServiceID = 6 .

Exploration of Chinese humor: Historical review, empirical findings, and critical reflections

AbstractHumor was first documented around 2,500 BC in China when the first Chinese poetry and literary books appeared. Zhuangzi, a co-founder of Taoism, is recognized as the very first humorist in China. Chinese humor has been mostly characterized by joke-telling and funny show-performing. Humor has been traditionally given little respect in Chinese culture mainly due to the Confucian emphasis on keeping proper manners of social interactions. Confucius once ordered to execute humorists for having “improper performance” before dignitaries in 500 BC. The term humor was translated by Mr. Lin Yu-tang in 1920s and it has been increasingly popular in China. During the “Cultural Revolution” (1966–1976), however, humorists of various kinds were all criticized and even prosecuted. Since 1980s, humor got rehabilitated as an important element of creativity, personal charisma and social harmony. Important as it is, humor has rarely been studied in China. Of the few studies conducted, it was shown that (1) humor was not valued by the Chinese even though they all enjoyed it; (2) humor was often considered the least important factor in ration to creativity, and ideal Chinese personality.