Bay Leaf Extract Research Articles

The effect of bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum) on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 (PECAM-1) expression in acute coronary syndrome.

Aim To investigate effect of bay leaf extract in endothelial integrity, observed by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level, VEGF and CD31 expression. Methods Thirty-two acute coronary syndrome surgery-induced Wistar Rats (Rattus novergicus) were divided into 16 bay leaf extract (treatment) groups and 16 control groups, sacrificed on day 1, 4, 7, and 14 after the induction. Serum VEGF level was determined by ELISA and expression of VEGFR-2 and CD31 were detected on immunohistochemistry. Results This study showed increased expression of serum VEGF level, and VEGFR-2 expression was found significantly on day 7 and 14 in the treatment group compared to the control group. CD31 expression was significantly different compared to the control groups on day 4, 7, and 14 of administration. Conclusion The potential effect of bay leaf extract on angiogenesis in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as adjuvant for the treatment. Bay leaf extract has been shown to support angiogenesis and maintain endothelial integrity that leads to better prognosis for reperfusion on ischemic tissue.

FORMULASI DAN UJI FISIK GEL EKSTRAK DAUN SALAM (Syzygium poliyantum (Wight) Walp) DENGAN GELLING AGENT HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose)

Nowdays, medical plants have been widely used for overcome health problem. One of the nutritious plants is Bay Plant (Syzygium poliyantum (Wight) Walp) which contains flavonoid active compound, saponin which contains flavonoid compounds, saponins, which are used as antibacterial. This study aims to determine the gel formulation and evaluation as well as the effect of differences in the concentration of HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose) on the physical properties og the gel. In this study used variations in the HPMC concentrations of 4%, 5% and 6% with bay leaf extract concentrations of 5%. Bay leaves extracted by maceration for 7 days, then will be remacerated for 2 days to find the compouds that were still left with 70% ethanol solvent. Gel evaluation includes organoleptic, spread power, adhesion, pH, homogeneity, and protection. The evaluation result showed that at a concentration of HPMC 4%, 5% and 6% each had a distinctive odor of bay leaf extract and brown colored in an organoleptic test, produced homogeneus preparations, had a pH value of 6,16; 5,82; and 5,73; spread power 6,2 cm; 5,8 cm; and 5,1 cm; Stickness 5,75 sec; 7,46 sec; and 9.35 sec; and protective power 6,57 sec; 6,87 sec; 6.89 sec. The results of pH test, spreadability, and stickness using Kruskal Wallis showed an Asymp.Sig < 0.05% that is 0.000, which indicates that there are significant difference between the concentration of HPMC with ph test, spreadability and stickness. The result of protective power test showed an Asymp.Sig > 0.05 that is 0.497 and there is no significant difference between the concentration of HPMC with the protective power. The result of testing all three formulas meet the requirements except for protective power.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Tablet Nanopartikel Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium Polyanthum) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Na Alginat dan Avicel PH 102

The use of traditional medicines is an alternative treatment which is considered safer in terms of side effects and toxicity. One of the herbal plants that have properties that can reduce blood pressure is bay leaf (Syzigium polyanthum) because it contains essential oils (citral, eugenol), tannin, and flavonoids. Ethanol extract of bay leaves (Syzigium polyanthum) with antihypertensive potential needs to be made into dosage forms. This study aimed to determine the optimal formula of the preparation of bay leaf (Syzigium polyanthum) nanoparticles tablet with variations in the concentration of Na alginate and Avicel PH 102. Salam leaf extract was made using maceration method using ethanol 96%, followed by evaporation until thick extract was formed. Colloidal nanoparticles were prepared by mixing bay leaf extract into technical ethanol 96% and aquadest, chitosan solution in acetic acid and NaTTP solution. Further, it was measured using PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) to determine the particle size. Tablets were prepared using 4 formulas with variations in the concentration of sodium alginate and avicel PH 102 using the direct pressing method. The results of this study indicate that variations in the concentration of Na alginate and Avicel PH 102 affect the physical properties of tablets. The addition of Avicel PH 102 can increase the hardness and disintegration time of the tablet. While the addition of Na alginate can increase the fragility of tablets. Based on the evaluation results, the optimum formulation of tablet formulas is formula 4.

Anti-Diabetic Activity of Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems from Bay Leaves (Eugenia polyantha Wight) with Virgin Coconut Oil as A Carrier

Insulin resistance is caused by the inability of target tissues to respond to insulin. Bay leaf (Eugenia polyantha Wight) extract has been used for the treatment of insulin-resistant type-2 diabetes mellitus (IRDM), but it has low solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these problems, chloroform extract of bay leaves was formulated into a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) using virgin coconut oil (VCO) as a carrier oil. This study aims to produce a micro-herbal medicine and to determine the effect of a micro-herbal preparation derived from bay leaves as an anti-IRDM agent. Homogeneous formulations were evaluated for extract loading, emulsification time, size, size distribution, and the polydispersion index of the droplet nanoemulsion, and their anti-IRDM activitieswereinvestigated on insulin-resistant rats using extracts, SMEDDS, metformin, negative control, and normal groups. Each group consisted of three randomly selected male Wistar rats. Blood cholesterol levels were checked at 0, 80, and 95days and analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that the optimum SMEDDS formula was tween 80:PEG 400:virgin coconut oil (48%:32%:20%) in a total volume of 5 mL. It has an emulsification time ofless than 1 minute with an average of droplet size of 141.4µm and a polydispersion index value of 0.254. Morphological observation showed that the microemulsion particles were spherical and stable in varied pH media. The hypoglycemic effects of single- dose metformin, SMEDDS, and the combination of ahalf dose of SMEEDS with metformin were 28.3%, 15.6%, and 34.6%, respectively.

Prospect of Bay Leaf (Syzygium Polyanthum) Extract in Reducing Ischemia and Inflammation in Animal Model of Myocardial Infarction: An Experimental Study

Introduction: Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) was thought to have potential to treat cardiovascular disease traditionally. Myocardial Infarction (MI) characterised by sudden blockage of coronary artery due to atherosclerosis rupture and following MI, several changes could happen such as expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) 1α, immune cell infiltration, cytokine release, and fibrosis. Aim: To study the effect of bay leaf extract on HIF-1α, immune cell infiltration, IL-10 level, and fibrosis in animal model of MI. Materials and Methods: An Experimental study using animal model of MI was conducted in December 2019. Thirty two Wistar rats were surgically manipulated to have MI. Rats were then divided into two groups: treatment group (with bay leaf extract administration) and control group. Neutrophil and macrophage distribution, collagen (fibrosis) distribution, and HIF-1αexpression were examined in infarcted muscle. Additionally, serum was taken to measure IL-10 level. Observation was conducted on day 1, day 4, day 7, day 14 after MI episode. Independent t-test was used to compare serum IL-10 level between groups. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Lower HIF-1α expression was seen in treatment group since day 1, showing better response to ischemia. As for inflammation, decreased neutrophil distribution, increased macrophage distribution was observed in treatment group. Significant increases in IL-10 level were also noticed since day 1 in treatment group (p<0.05 in all observation day). Lower fibrosis was also noticed from day 1 in treatment group. All these effects were further seen in day 4, day 7, and day 14. Conclusion: Bay leaf extract has potential in reducing ischemia, inflammation, and cardiac fibrosis in animal model of MI.

COMPARISON BAY LEAF (SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM (WIGHT) WALP) EXTRACT WITH 400 MG AND 600MG DOSE ON NITRIT OXIDE CONCENTRATION IN DYSLIPIDEMIC PATIENTS

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia is known to trigger damage to endothelial blood vessels so that the disruption of nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide in blood vessels acts as an antiaterosclerotic agent, vasodilator, and prevents platelet aggression. Bay leaf extract is reported to be efficacious in reducing cholesterol, triglyceride levels and can increase levels of nitric oxide. This study aims to compare the effects of bay leaf extract at a dose of 400 mg and 600 mg on nitric oxide levels in dyslipidemic patients. Method: Clinical trial research with a prospective design. The first group (n = 15) was given therapy with dose of 400mg and the second group (n = 15) was given 600mg which was chosen randomly selected randomly in double disguised. Before and after 30 days of treatment, lipid profile and nitric oxide were examined. Data were analyzed by T-dependent statistical test and Wilcoxon test using SPSS. Significant difference when p <0.05. Result: Nitric oxide levels before drug administration compared with after treatment. The results of the study found a decrease in group I (41.71 vs 46.62) mmol / L; p = 0.233) and group II ((39.89 vs 52.62) mmol / L; p = 0.006), statistically significant in group II. Increased levels of nitric oxide in group II were greater than group I (∆4.91 vs ∆12.73), and statistically significant; p = 0.001). Conclusion: The used of bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum) 600 mg for 30 days increases nitric oxide levels greater than 400 mg, and is statistically significant.

Difference inhibitory power between extract of Guava Leaves and Bay Leaves against Escherichia coli Bacterial growth

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacteria that has a natural habitat in the human digestive tract. This bacteria is a normal flora but have a potency to be pathogenic. Escherichia coli is the most common cause of diarrhea. Guava leaves and bay leaves contain essential oils, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins which have antimicrobial effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the effectiveness of inhibition between ethanol extract of guava leaves and bay leaves on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. This research was an experimental laboratory study. The inhibitory test was carried out by measuring the clear zone around the paper disc using calipers. The results of data analysis using one way ANOVA showed that there were significant differences between groups of extracts with F output = 49.83 and p = 0.00 (p≤ 0,05). Guava leaf extract concentration of 10%, 30% was significantly different from bay leaf extract concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, with a p-value ≤ 0.05. The conclusion of this study is Ethanol extract of guava leaves has a higher inhibitory ability than the ethanol extract of bay leaves.

MORFOMETRYC PERCENTAGE OF GIBLET MOJOSARI ALABIO DUCK THAT GIVEN SALAM LEAF EXTRAC (SYZIGIUM POLIANTUM) IN DRINKING WATER

Mojosari x Alabio (MA) ducks have several advantages including higher egg productivity, early age of egg laying, faster growth, better production consistency, compared to its parents. The bay plant is scientifically named Latin Eugenia polyantha Wight. Bay leaves contain phenolic compounds, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids. This study aims to determine the effect of giving bay leaf extract in drinking water on the percentage of giblet and mojosari alabio duck digestive apparatus. The research was carried out in the cages of the Animal Husbandry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Djuanda, Bogor, from March to May 2019. The cattle used in this study were 100 mojosari alabio (MA) ducks aged 1 day which were kept until one week old (adaptation period). This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 replications and each repetition consists of 5 ducks. The treatments in this study consisted of 4 treatments: R0 = 0% bay leaf extract (control), R1 = 4% bay leaf extract, R2 = 8% bay leaf extract, R3 = 12% bay leaf extract. The data obtained were analyzed using the Analysis of variance (ANOVA), the results data were significantly different (P <0.05) followed by the Duncan test. The variables observed in this study were: giblet weight and digestive organ weight. The results showed that giving of bay leaf extract had no significant effect (P <0.05) on the observation variables. The conclusion of this study is the provision of bay leaf extract in drinking water up to the level of 12% has an impact on the percentage of gizzard and pancreas at the age of 6 weeks. At the age of 8 weeks no effect on the percentage of giblets and the percentage of digestive organs of mojosari alabio ducks. It is recommended to give bay leaves in the form of flour with a level higher than 12%.Keywords: bay leaf extract, mojosari alabio duck, giblet percentage, digestive organ percentage.

Uji Daya Hambat Beberapa Ekstrak Bahan Alami Terhadap Pertumbuhan Cendawan Pyricularia grisea

Pyricularia grisea is a pathogenic fungus which causing rice blast disease that affected leaf, stems and rice panicles of rice plant. A possible option to reduce the use of synthetic chemical fungicide in managing the blast disease is by using plant natural active ingredients to inhibit the mycelial growth of Pyricularia grisea. This research evaluated the potential uses of bay leaf, tropical almond leaf, and kaffir lime leaf extract in inhibiting pathogenic fungus Pyricularia grisea. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications and 4 treatments were used in this research. Work procedures included leaf extracts preparation, pathogenic fungi rejuvenation, growth media preparation and isolates plantation on PDA media. The parameter in this study was the diameter of the Pyricularia grisea inhibition zone. Data was analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence interval with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level (α = 0.05) as post hoc test if significant differences between treatments were detected using SPSS 16.0. The results of this study indicated that the highest concentration (100%) of each plant leaf extract was able to inhibit the mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungus Pyricularia grisea. The zone of inhibition of bay leaf extract was 1.77 mm, tropical almond leaf extract was 2.33 mm and lime leaf extract was 1.52 mm. The largest diameter of the inhibition zone was found on media with tropical almond leaf extract.

Combination treatment of vildagliptin and bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) extract increased pancreatic beta cells number but have no effect toward glycated albumin levels in diabetic male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a complex and progressive disease which often lead to several debilitating complications that partly caused by by free radicals which can be overcome with antioxidants. Bay leaves contain essential oils, tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids which have considerable antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect combination treatment of vildagliptin and bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) extract toward pancreatic beta cells density and glycated albumin levels in diabetic male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).
 Methods: An experimental posttest only control group study was conducted using 36 albino male rats, aged 2-3 months, weighing 180-200 grams. The rats were divided into 2 groups (n= 18) with control group treated with 1.8mg/200g body weight vildagliptin and 2cc placebo (aquabidest) while the treatment group received 1.8mg/200g BW vildagliptin and 250 mg/200g BW bay leaves extract. All treatment lasted for 21 days.
 Results: The results showed that pancreatic beta cell counts in the treatment group was significantly higher than the control group (109.07 ± 20.47 cells/field of view vs 90.87 ± 13.91 cells/field of view; p<0.01). However, the levels of Glycated albumin between two groups were not significantly different (treatment vs control: 17.33 ± 4.51 vs 20.18 ± 4.57; p=0.068).
 Conclusion: This study suggested that combination treatment of vildagliptin and bay leaf extract increased pancreatic beta cells but did not reduce glycated albumin levels in diabetic male Wistar rats.

The Quality and Antioxidant Content of Salted Eggs Made By Addition of Bay Leave Crude Extract on the Salting Media

This research aims to produce salted eggs with antioxidant content from bay leave extract. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) in which there were 3 treatments, namely, control with 0% bay leaf extract, treatment 1 with adding 25% crude extract of bay leaves, and treatment 2 with a 50% addition of crude bay leaf extract. All treatments were pressed for 14 days before testing. The parameters observed in the study were the antioxidant capacity, albumin index, yolk index, and Haugh unit. The results show that the sated eggs with the different concentration of bay leave extract contain antioxidant 4.445%, 30.853%, and 44.32% respectively, albumin index of treated eggs was lower than control, while Haugh unit of treated eggs was higher than control, and no differentiation of yolk index between the treatments. To conclude, the addition of bay leave crude extract can increase the value of salted eggs without disturbing the quality.

The effect of bay leaf extract Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. on C-reactive protein (CRP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) level in the heart of rat model of myocardial infarction.

Aim To study the anti-inflammatory effect of bay leaf on C-reactive protein (CRP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) level in the heart of rat model with myocardial infarction. Methods In the first phase, results of pathological examination and biochemical assay were compared between rats with and without induction of myocardial infarction. In the second phase, the effect of bay leaf extract on CRP and MPO of rats with myocardial infarction was studied. Results C-reactive protein and MPO were higher in rats which had myocardial infarction. Administration of bay leaf extract reduced levels of CRP and MPO in the rats started from day 4 after the induction of myocardial infarction. Conclusion Anti-inflammatory effect of bay leaf is confirmed, reflected by decreasing of CRP and MPO levels of rat model with myocardial infarction.

TOXICITY TEST OF BAY LEAF EXTRACT ON BHK-21 FIBROBLAST CELLS IN VITRO

Background: Denture stomatitis is an inflammatory reaction in the oral mucosa that support the denture. This lesion is caused by the fungus Candida albicans and can be avoided by always maintain the cleanliness of denture. Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) has flavonoid as the highest content which has antifungal and antioxidant properties so that bay leaf can be used as alternative ingredient for denture cleanser. Toxicity test needs to be done to determine the safety of this material. Objective: to analyze the toxicity of bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum) to BHK-21 fibroblast cells using the MTT assay method. Method: This study is a true experimental study, which using posttest-only with control group design. The group, treated with bay leaf extract, were 25%, 20%, 15%, 10% and 5% concentrations including 2 control groups which were media control and cell control. Absorbance was read using ELISA reader and cell viability was calculated. Results: The percentage of living cells in all groups which treated with bay leaf extract was 100%. The parametric analysis of One Way Annova showed that there was no significant difference. Conclusion: Bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum) does not have any toxic effect to BHK-21 fibroblast cell using the MTT assay method because cell viability in all treatment groups was ≥ 60%.

Experimental Determination of the Qualitative Composition of Chladone Extracts of Bay Leaf

The features of the use of laurel leaf extracts in food production are considered. The characteristics of the main substances contained in the leaves of the Noble laurel are listed. The chemical composition of Noble laurel proves the prospect of using extracts in food production. The extraction and environmental advantages of extraction with liquefied gases were analyzed, traditional methods of extracting vegetable oil, as well as their comparative characteristics were given. The stages of the technological process of extraction of laurel oil using liquefied chladone are shown, the organoleptic characteristics of the final product are evaluated. In the process of chemical analysis of the refrigerant extract, it was determined that the use of the modern method of chladone extraction with liquefied gases allows extracting the extract with a significantly larger amount of aroma-forming substances. The obtained values of the number of aroma are compared with the indicators of aqueous-alcoholic extract, which exceed the latter several times. Studies of extracts by gas chromatography have been described, as a result of which more than 50 components have been identified, among which fatty acids and ether derivatives are of particular interest. It was revealed that the chladone extract of laurel leaves retains the color, smell and taste of the original plant materials. The results of gas chromatography were compared with literature data on the qualitative composition of bay leaf extracts obtained by microwave extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, as a result of which it was established that chladone extract of bay leaf has the same dominant compound 1,8-cineole. Of particular value are eugenol derivatives, which can act as antioxidant supplements in the treatment of cancer.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Zobo and Bay Leaf Extracts on Enteropathogenic Bacteria

Aim: The antibacterial activity of Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) and Zobo leaf (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts on enteropathogenic bacteria was investigated.
 Study Design: The study utilized well in agar diffusion to investigate the antimicrobial properties of the extracts.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University and the study was carried out in August, 2018 to October, 2018.
 Methodology: Faecal samples were collected from a medical laboratory and inoculated on eosin methylene blue and mannitol salt agar plates for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates were subjected to biochemical and molecular (PCR) identification so as to ascertain the distinctiveness of the isolates. Hot water and absolute alcohol were used as the extracting solvents. Concentrations of the extracted solvents was tested against E. coli and S. aureus using the well in agar method.
 Results: The result showed that both hot aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Bay leaf showed no sensitivity against the tested bacteria, whereas the extracts of hot dry aqueous and alcohol of Zobo leaf showed remarkable zones of inhibition against the tested bacteria. The zones of inhibition in the dry hot aqueous extract of zobo leaf with concentrations of 0.25 µg/mL, 0.125 µg/mL and 0.063 µg/mL were 31.3±0.1, 25.6±1.2 and 10.0±0.0, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the dry hot aqueous of zobo extract was observed at 0.063 µg/mL for E. coli, while zones of inhibition of 33.3±0.0, 30.1±0.3, 17.2±1.0 and 15.0±0.1 mm were recorded from the dry alcoholic extract of zobo leaf on E. coli given similar concentrations and the MIC was observed at the 0.031 µg/mL concentration. The result also showed that out of the four concentrations of the dry hot aqueous extract, only the 0.25 µg/mL concentration was able to show 14.2±0.0 mm inhibition on S. aureus, while the concentrations of 0.25 µg/ml and 0.125 µg/mL were the only two concentrations of the dry alcohol that showed levels of sensitivity with zone diameters of 29.3±1.0 and 25.2±0.0, respectively.
 Conclusion: The plant extracts of zobo leaves which displayed remarkable activity at fairly-low concentrations could be recommended for use against similar bacteria. Thus, investigation and adoption of plant extracts in modern medicine should be encouraged as this may be the break through needed to combat the ever-increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics.

Description of Protozoan Parasites Parasitizing Gold Fishes and Their Possible Control by Herbal Extracts

Disease outbreak due to infection by protozoan parasites is a limiting factor behind successful aquaculture. A parasitological survey of most economically important Carassius auratus ornamental fish farms of West Bengal, India, revealed the invasion of different ectoparasites belonging to the group myxozoa and ciliophora. During the study, parasites like Myxobolus sp., Thelohanellus sp., Trichodina sp. and Tripartiella sp. were found at the body surface, tail fin and gill regions of the fish. The parasitic infections were prevalent mostly during the post-monsoon season. Use of a wide variety of drugs and chemicals not only makes the environment unfavourable for aquaculture but also renders the pathogen resistance towards them over time. Hence, alternative therapeutic strategies for controlling the parasitic ciliates were made in this study by using herbal extracts of Swietenia mahagoni (Mahogany) and Cinnamomum tamala (bay leaf). After determining its toxicity level (LC50 value—11.39 g for mahogany and 15.05 g for bay leaf), 8 g/Kg extract of Swietenia mahagoni was found to reduce the trichodinid ciliates burden of ornamental fish significantly (P < 0.01) within only 5 days, whereas bay leaf extract takes 15 days, which is too time-consuming. This study clearly demonstrated that the mahogany plant extracts show strong antiprotozoan activities.

PENETAPAN PARAMETER NON SPESIFIK DAN SPESIFIK EKSTRAK DAUN SALAM (Syzgium polyanthum)

Bay leaf extract is one of the traditional medicinal ingredients which is efficacious as an antihyperlipid. The quality of the extract is a parameter to guarantee the optimal therapeutic effect. Determination of non-specific and specific parameters of bay leaf extract (EDS) is needed to ensure the quality of raw materials used in hyperlipid therapy. The bay leaf extract was obtained from Bantul, Yogyakarta and macerated using 70% ethanol. EDS tested the parameters of ash content, water content, soluble ethanol extract content, water soluble extract content, acid insoluble ash content, quantitative qualitative analysis, total plate number analysis, analysis of yeast mold number, specific gravity, qualitative analysis. This study was obtained by EDS meeting the standardization of non-specific and specific parameters according to Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polyanthum) DAN UJI BILANGAN PEROKSIDA-NYA TERHADAP MINYAK GORENG CURAH

Cooking oil is a necessity of the people of Indonesia that is always needed. Based on the stages of manufacture, oil is divided into two, namely branded oil and bulk oil. Until now, branded oil is still the main choice even though it is economically more expensive than bulk oil. This is related to the tendency of bulk oil to experience rancidity due to oxidation reactions. The quality of bulk oil can be scientifically improved by the addition of antioxidants. Commonly used antioxidants are synthetic antioxidants such as TBHQ. Natural antioxidants are less popular because they have only stalled in the study but have not been compared significantly with synthetic antioxidants. In this study, a research is used to find out the stability of bulk oil with the addition of bay leaf ethyl acetate fraction and as a comparison of the use of TBHQ. Analysis of antioxidant activity of DPPH method was also used to find out determine the relationship between the power of antioxidant activity with the quality of bulk cooking oil. The evaluation was performed on the addition of bay leaf extract with various concentrations treated on bulk oil by heating for 20 minutes using 90˚C temperature. The results showed that the bay leave ethyl acetate fraction has IC50 value of 19.473 ppm, so it can effectively reduce the number of peroxide. The smallest peroxide number was obtained at treatment P6 (1%) that is 5,304 meqO2 / kg, where TBHQ (0,2%) as comparison have value equal to 4,147 meqO2 / kg. This shows that the antioxidant activity is very strong in bay leaf significantly affect the inhibition of bulk oil destruction. Natural antioxidant from bay leaf can prevent bulk oil from oxidation as well as synthetic antioxidants, but safer than synthetic antioxidants.

Oxidative and microbiological stability of raw ground pork during chilled storage as affected by Plant extracts

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the quality changes of raw ground pork with the addition of allspice, bay leaf, black seed, caraway, cardamom, cloves or nutmeg extract and stored at 4°C. Lipid oxidation was evaluated by the peroxide value (POV), conjugated diene (CD) content, oxidation induction period (IP) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and hexanal content; whereas protein oxidation by the thiol group content. Moreover, total viable aerobic bacteria count (TVC), Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria growths, pH and finally color of all samples were determined. POV, CD, TBARS and thiol group content were found to be highly correlated. Clove extract showed the highest antioxidant activity (1443 μM/g) and total phenolic content (TPC = 167 mg/g) and was the most effective antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in raw ground pork (TBARS = 0.31 mg/kg, POV = 5.1 meq O2/kg, thiol group content = 49 nmol/mg, IP = 68 min, TVC = 6.74). Cardamom and caraway also increased the oxidative stability of raw pork significantly (TBARS were equal to 0.3 and 0.28 mg/kg, POVs to 4.9 and 4.5 and thiol group content to 48 and 49 nmol/mg, respectively), despite their low antioxidant activities (72 and 300-fold lower than for cloves, respectively) and TPCs (1.2 and 2.4 mg/g). The results suggested that the application of natural antioxidants like spice extracts could enhance the stability and safety of raw ground pork, thus increasing its shelf-life.

New active antioxidant multilayer food packaging films containing Algerian Sage and Bay leaves extracts and their application for oxidative stability of fried potatoes

The antioxidant activity of Sage leaf (SL) and Bay leaf (BL) extracts was studied. Both plants were extracted using water and ethanol at different concentration, and the antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS [2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical cation scavenging and reducing power (RP) methods. In both cases 60% and 80% ethanolic extracts of Sage and Bay leaves showed the highest activity and were incorporated into multilayer films. The initial concentration for 60% ethanolic extracts of Sage and Bay leaves to scavenge 50% of free radical ABTS were 5.67 ± 0.26 μg × mL−1 and 18.68 ± 0.16 μg × mL−1 respectively, whereas for 80% ethanolic extracts the concentrations were 7.96 ± 0.02 and 14.65 ± 0.59 μg × mL−1 respectively. The initial concentrations of ethanolic 60% extracts of Sage and Bay leaves to allow absorbance 0.5 for reducing power were 35.38 ± 0.19 μg × mL−1 and 91.43 ± 2.84 μg × mL−1 respectively, while for 80% ethanolic extracts of Bay and Sage leaves were 46.01 ± 1.21 μg × mL−1 and 85.47 ± 0.9 μg × mL−1 respectively. Then, the multilayer films were exposed to a gas stream enriched with free radicals to evaluate the free radicals scavenging. The new packaging with 60% ethanolic Sage extract exhibited the highest activity with low percentage of hydroxylation (69.64 ± 6.86%) followed by that with 80% ethanolic extract for both Bay (85.49 ± 5.3%) and Sage (87.09 ± 3.93%) leaves extracts. The ability of two active packaging built with 60% ethanolic Sage extract and 80% ethanolic Bay extract to inhibit lipid oxidation of fried potatoes was studied by measuring secondary lipid oxidation products using thiobarituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Significant lower value of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was obtained for fried potatoes stored in active packaging built with ethanolic 60% extract of Sage and 80% ethanolic extract of Bay leaves (0.342 ± 0.01 and 0.392 ± 0.02 μg MDA × g−1 respectively) at 40 °C for 20 days compared to the control (0.568 ± 0.03 μg MDA × g−1). Lipid oxidation decreased 40% and 31% for packaging with 60% Sage and 80% Bay ethanolic extracts respectively. The UPLC–MS–QTOF analysis of Sage and Bay leaves extracts revealed the presence of phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Migration tests from active materials demonstrated the absence of migration.