Types Of Batteries Research Articles

A Comprehensive Review of Aging Models in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries degrade over time with usage, and it's improbable that the effects of aging-related deterioration can be entirely eradicated. The processes responsible for the aging of these batteries are intricate and varied, closely linked to a range of interacting factors such as battery types, chemical reactions, and operational circumstances. Elements like charge level, charging and discharging speed, cycles, and temperature have a direct impact on degradation, underscoring the significance of operational conditions and stressors. The challenge of battery aging presents a substantial area of research, influencing the energy and power capacity of batteries as time progresses. This piece presents a comprehensive examination of various methods for simulating battery aging and investigations carried out on this subject, with a specific emphasis on indicators employed to gauge the well-being of batteries. The objective of this review is to succinctly outline the outcomes of prediction techniques for the aging of lithium-ion batteries in diverse applications. Given the extensive array of studies focused on battery aging, a wealth of knowledge is available in this domain, and consequently, this article offers an overview of these varied approaches.

(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Impedance Analysis of Three-Electrode Cell with Solid Electrolyte/Liquid Electrolyte Interface

Mechanical contact loss at the solid electrolyte/electrode interface in all-solid-state batteries, a type of next-generation battery, has been reported as a major issue for ion transport in all-solid-state batteries[1]. To improve this contact problem, it has been proposed to add a small amount of liquid electrolyte to the solid electrolyte/electrode interface[2]. However, the reported ion transport analysis at the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface is limited in semi-solid-state system using symmetrical cells with lithium metal as the working electrode[3]. In this study, charge transfer reactions at the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface were analyzed by impedance (EIS) measurements in a three-electrode cell with a solid/liquid electrolyte interface using a composite electrode containing a cathode active material as the working electrode.A composite electrode prepared by mixing LiCoO2:acetylene black:polyvinylidene fluoride in a weight ratio of 8:1:1, coating Al foil, drying and pressing was used as the working electrode, while lithium metal was used as the counter and reference electrodes. A NASICON-type solid electrolyte Li1+x+y Al x (Ti2−y Ge y )P3−z Si z O12 was constructed between the working electrode and the counter electrode, and a three-electrode cell prepared by filling the liquid electrolyte 1 M LiClO4/PC between the solid electrolyte and both electrodes. The reference electrode was placed between the solid electrolyte and the counter electrode, as the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface charge transfer is not observed in EIS measurements when the reference electrode is placed between the working electrode and the solid electrolyte. After two cycles of constant current charge/discharge measurements (current rate: 0.1 C rate, cut-off potential: 3.2 V - 4.2 V vs. Li/Li+), the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface charge transfer was analyzed by performing EIS measurements. To identify the semicircle associated with the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface resistance, measurements were also performed in a cell without a solid electrolyte and the resistance components corresponding to each semicircle were assigned.The temperature dependence of the observed semicircles was analyzed. A comparison of the activation energies calculated from the slopes of the Arrhenius plots confirmed a particularly large activation barrier at the solid electrolyte/liquid electrolyte interface and the working electrode/liquid electrolyte interface charge transfer.[1] R. Koerver, I. Aygun, T. Leichtweiss, C. Dietrich, W. Zhang, J.O. Binder, P. Hartmann, W.G. Zeier and J. Janek, Chem. Mater., 29, 5574-5582 (2017).[2] C. Wanga, Q. Suna, Y. Liua, Y. Zhaoa, X. Lia, X. Lina, M.N. Banisa, M. Lia, W. Lia, K.R. Adaira, D. Wanga, J. Lianga, R. Lia, L. Zhangb, R. Yangb, S. Lub and X. Suna, Nano Energy, 48, 35-43 (2018).[3] T. Abe, H. Fukuda, Y. Iriyama, Z. Ogumi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A1120-A1123 (2004).

High-Voltage Graphite//LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Full Cell with Bis(fluorosulfonyl)Imide and bis(trifluoromethyl)Sulfonylimide Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are a promising type of lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrolyte owing to their wide electrochemical stability windows, high thermal stability, non-volatility, and environmental friendliness. Particularly, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−)-based ILs are appealing due to their high ionic conductivity, low viscosity, and excellent anode compatibility. Nevertheless, the strong corrosivity of FSI− toward the Al current collector at high operating potential is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Three strategies have been adopted in this work to overcome this limitation. The effects of IL composition on the electrochemical properties of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode and graphite anode are investigated. First, Li+ fractions are modulated in the N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium−FSI (PMP−FSI) IL. We find that simply increasing the LiFSI concentration (even to 3.2 m) in the PMP−FSI IL electrolyte cannot effectively inhibit Al corrosion, leading to a low charge-discharge Coulombic efficiency (CE) of the LNMO electrode. Second, increasing the bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylimide (TFSI−)/FSI− molar ratio leads to a reduced rate capability of the LNMO cathode and a unsatisfactory compatibility with the graphite anode. Finally, we propose a Li+/TFSI−/FSI− modulation concept to optimize the IL electrolyte. The optimal 2.4 m LiTFSI/PMP−FSI IL electrolyte minimizes the corrosion current of the Al substrate at 5 V. Moreover, the relatively high Li+ and FSI− content ensures superior charge-discharge properties of both the LNMO and graphite electrodes. A high reversible capacity of approximately 135 mAh g–1 at 0.1 C based on LNMO is verified for a graphite//LNMO full cell. This cell is able to retain ~85% of its initial capacity after 200 cycles. The obtained experimental results can guide the development of IL electrolytes for high-reliability LIBs.

High-Performance Organic Electrode Materials

Organic electrode materials (OEMs) are one of next-generation of electrode materials, allowing the wide range of application in metal ions batteries (MIBs) like lithium-ions batteries, sodium-ions batteries, zinc ions batteries, aluminium-ions batteries, and so on. OEMs are attractive because of their molecular adjustability, flexible nature, green resources, and low-environmental footprint. However, the nature of electronic insulation and solubility in organic electrolytes degrade the battery performance of OEMs. In order to address these challenges, we have concluded and applied useful strategies (i.e., molecular and morphological engineering) to achieve fast ionic/electronic conductivity and stability in the cycling process. Molecular engineering includes mitigating the number and kinds of redox-active centres to enhance the specific capacity, grafting electron-withdrawing/donating groups to adjust the working voltage, increasing the degree of polymerization to decrease the solubility, extending the conjugated structure to enhance the electronic conductivity, and so on. Morphological engineering is regarding to conceive 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D OEMs for optimizing the ionic and electronic conducting pathway. In a word, through molecular and morphological engineering, OEMs could be promising electrode materials for high performance MIBs. Figure caption: The chemical molecular structure, morphology, and the types of OEM-based batteries with the illustration of molecular and morphological engineering strategies. Figure 1

Rechargeable Zn−MnO2 Batteries: Progress, Challenges, Rational Design, and Perspectives

AbstractAs a new type of secondary ion battery, aqueous zinc‐ion battery has a broad application prospect in the field of large‐scale energy storage due to its characteristics of low cost, high safety, environmental friendliness, and high‐power density. In recent years, manganese dioxide (MnO2)‐based materials have been extensively explored as cathodes for Zn‐ion batteries. Based on the research experiences of our group in the field of aqueous zinc ion batteries and combining with the latest literature of system, we systematically summarize the research progress of Zn−MnO2 batteries. This article first reviews the current research progress and reaction mechanism of Zn−MnO2 batteries, and then respectively expounds the optimization of MnO2 cathode, Zn anodes, and diverse electrolytes and their effects on battery performance. Additionally, primary challenges related to different components and their respective strategies for mitigating them are discussed, with the ultimate objective of offering comprehensive guidance for the design and fabrication of high‐performance Zn−MnO2 batteries. Finally, the future research and development direction of aqueous Zn−MnO2 batteries with high energy density, high safety and long life is envisioned.

Development and Testing of Innovative Carbon Nanotubes/ Copper Composite Foils, Towards Lighter and Mechanically Improved Anode Current Collector for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Up to now, copper is an essential material for lithium-ion battery industry as preferential candidate for anode current collectors due to its high conductivity, low price, and electrochemical stability in the working potential range of the anodic electroactive material. However, such component, accounting for 8.1% of the battery total weight, does not participate in any energy storage processes. [1] Thus, the trend is in this industry is to decrease the weight as well as the thickness of the collector foil to optimize the gravimetric energy of the whole lithium-ion battery system. It is therefore of interest to explore the development of lighter current collectors with equal/improved mechanical and electrical properties.Nanocarbon materials such as Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) display a combination of performances, namely high electrical conductivity, low density and high mechanical stability, of a high interests to be combined with copper as innovative lightweight current collectors. Such nanocarbon/copper composite represents a valid alternative to foster the rapid change the battery technology is undergoing.In 2013, Subramaniam et al. [2] reported the fabrication of a Copper /Carbon nanotubes (Cu-CNTs) composites with a similar specific conductivity than that of copper and an ampacity increased by two orders of magnitude. Moreover, Arai et al. have shown, by Electrochemical impedance analysis, that MWCNTs additive in a copper matrix can serve as preferential electron conduction pathway inside a Lithium-ion battery anode. [3]Recently, a new promising and scalable way to fabricate nanocarbon/copper composite has been demonstrated by our team. The process involved the coating of MWCNTs by a dispersing agent, namely the Polydopamine biopolymer, their spraying, and finally the electrochemical plating of metallic copper inside the porosity of the MWCNTs network.[4]Following similar approach, the present work exhibits the fabrication of a free standing MWCNTs/ Copper composite current collector foil of a thickness of 9 µm, a value reaching the industrial standards required by the Lithium-ion battery market players for the next generation cells.[5] Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Microscopy have been used to investigate the interaction between the copper matrix and the carbonaceous reinforcement additive. Figure 1. displays a cross section of nanocarbon/copper composite obtain via Focused Ion Beam slicing, where homogeneous mixing of copper and carbon phases down to nanoscale is highlighted. Such experiments contribute to the understanding of the copper nucleation mode on modified MWCNTs which remains insufficiently controlled to this day.Nanoindentation technique and electromechanical tensile testing bench were combined to study the mechanical properties of such material to be used under mechanical stress as battery collector. In contrary to conventional indentation technique where the mechanical properties of micro-size area are probed, indentation at nanoscale allow the probing of the local mechanical heterogeneity of a composite material. Using such technique, the fabricated self-standing nanocarbon/copper composite was shown to display average hardness and Young modulus close to those of pure carbon (3.5 GPa and 152 GPa respectively).Electrochemical performances of the composite as anode battery collector are under test into pouch and coin-cells battery architecture. The adhesion strength between the electrode slurry and the nanocomposite substrate material is expected to be reinforced by the addition of a nanocarbon. A focus was made on the impact of the use of this new collector material on the cycling stability of typical Lithium-ion battery commercial mixture. Preliminary results indicate that the Cu/MWCNT composite is a promising current collector material to withstand the expansion/contraction imposed by the working cycles of a rechargeable Lithium-ion battery.[1] Zhu, P. Gastol, D. Marshall, J. Sommerville, R. Goodship, V. Kendrick, E. J Power Sources, 485, 229321 (2021)[2] Subramaniam, C. Yamada, T. Kobashi, K. Sekiguchi, A. Futaba, Yumura, D. N. Hata, K. Nat Commun,4, 2202 (2013).[3] Shimizu, M. Ohnuki, T. Ogasawara, T. Banno, Arai, S., RSC Advances, 9(38), 21939-21945 (2019)[4] Duhain, A. Guillot, J. Lamblin, G. Lenoble, D., RSC Advances,11(63), 40159-40172 (2020)[5] Copper Foil Market, Straits Research, 9.5.2.3.(2022)Figure 1. Scanning Electron Microscopy imaging of the cross section of MWCNTs/Copper composite with a thickness lower than 3 µm – 7kV acceleration, 45° tilt.. Figure 1

(Invited) Sensor Integration in Lithium-Ion Cells from a Systems Perspective

The cell temperature is a critical factor that impacts performance, safety and longevity of batteries. For the optimum operating strategy, therefore, maximum and minimum cell temperature must be available to the BMS at all times. This is a challenge, however, because typical automotive batteries use more than a hundred cells and the cells themselves do not exhibit a homogeneous temperature.For this reason, it was and is particularly important in the development of lithium-ion batteries to measure the temperatures at the relevant points - and thus often also inside the cells themselves.In the first part, an overview of the current state of research on cell-internal temperature measurement will be given and the efforts to transfer these approaches into application will be further discussed. In particular, the technical requirements at the system level will be discussed, but also the difficulties of industrialization.In addition to the integration of sensors, the determination of temperature from already existing variables such as cell voltage and current has already been described in many approaches. In particular, the application of impedance spectroscopy has reached a level that can be described as ready for industrialization. After an overview of the current state of research, the requirements for application in the target system will be addressed and the necessary further research is discussed.

Understanding the Role of the Binder on the Microstructure and Properties of PTFE-Based Solvent-Free Electrodes

Solvent-free processing, also known as dry-processing refers to a group of manufacturing methods which avoid the use of solvents in the production of electrodes for energy storage applications. This concept has been around for more than a decade, although its popularity has increased dramatically over the last couple of years after the purchase of Maxwell technologies by Tesla. Maxwell patented a novel processing route which involves dry mixing the active material powder with a PTFE binder to form an electrode without the use of any solvent. Solvent-free processes have significant advantages in terms of sustainability, safety and cost over conventional slurry casting.A detailed analysis of the slurry casting process showed that around a quarter of the total manufacturing cost of the battery pack originated from solvent associated steps. Avoiding the use of toxic and flammable solvents such as N-methyl Pyrrolidone (NMP) also naturally leads to an improvement in the safety of the manufacturing environment. More importantly, it was reported that the manufacturing steps associated with solvent removal accounted for half of the embodied energy of a typical Li-ion battery. The embodied energy of a Li-ion battery is a crucial figure of merit in terms of sustainability which is too often neglected. To put things into perspective, Volvo has recently published a carbon footprint report for their fully electric Volvo C40 Recharge and compared it to their internal combustion engine (ICE) equivalent, the XC40. They reported that the production of the electric version generated 26 tonnes of CO2-equivalents compared to 16 tonnes for the ICE model, representing a large increase of almost 70% in the embodied energy of the car. Novel and more sustainable manufacturing processes are urgently needed to reduce as much as possible the embodied energy of Li-ion batteries and make them more sustainable to enable a durable green energy transition.Although the concept of solvent-free processing seems attractive, most of its current development is happening behind closed doors in industry. However, an in-depth characterisation of this new type of electrodes and a comparison with conventional slurry cast electrodes would be beneficial to understand the challenges and opportunities brought by these new systems and help accelerate their development on a larger scale. Within the family of solvent-free processes, three main techniques have emerged: dry painting, powder injection molding and PTFE-fibrillation. Studies dedicated to electrodes based on PTFE-fibrillation are rare and often focused on solid-state systems. In order to dispel some of the mystery surrounding the novel microstructures obtained through the PTFE-fibrillation process and their performance, this work focuses on the characterisation of these new electrodes and investigate the role of the PTFE binder on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of solvent-free electrodes. Our results highlight the crucial importance of the PTFE binder on the mechanical properties of the solvent-free electrodes and reveal how the peculiar mechanical behavior of these composite electrodes during the manufacturing process influences the final microstructure of the electrodes and their electrochemical performance. This work presents a deep insight into PTFE-based solvent-free electrodes by investigating their microstructure, mechanical and electrochemical properties using advanced characterization techniques including High Resolution Analytical Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Computed Tomography, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and mechanical testing.

Influence of Cyclic Alkyl Carbonate Ring-Opening Processes on Electrode/Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Li-Ion Batteries

Cyclic alkyl carbonates, such as ethylene and vinylene carbonate (EC and VC), form solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) suppressing continuous solvent reduction at the graphite anode. There is a consensus that the choice of carbonate clearly affects SEI performance. VC has been observed to polymerize, forming poly(VC), but also to release major amounts of CO2,1,2 which are two seemingly contradictory processes. In this work, we present a detailed study of reaction pathways of EC and VC in typical Li-ion battery electrolytes. The rate of the decomposition reactions of these carbonates in presence of hydroxide is monitored using an injection cell coupled mass spectrometer at varying temperatures ranging from 30°C to 60°C. The activation energies from the Arrhenius relationship between the CO2 evolution rate and the cell temperature confirms that VC hydrolysis is autocatalytic rather than stoichiometric. Direct quantifications and comparisons of the solubilized reaction products will be done over varying times and temperatures with the help of in-situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Raman spectroscopy that will help in clarifying the individual steps in the reaction process. The kinetic studies of EC and VC hydrolysis in model systems like this is an important step towards improving our understanding towards carbonates as there is always some trace amounts of hydroxides present in the cells. The complex interconversions and equilibria of these organic alkyl carbonates and oxides investigated herein, will add to the knowledge of interphase formation processes, and support the tailoring of electrolyte formulations in order to enhance performance of future Li-ion batteries.

Comparing the Evolution of Lithium-Ion Cells across Energy, Power, Lifetime, and Temperature with the Enpolite Plot

In the field of solar technologies, NREL has tracked the evolution of various technologies on the Best Research Cell Efficiency Chart for decades. This allows for a "sanity check" of a new technology, as there is a clear guideline for the entire solar field when a new technology has a significant advantage, even if it is small. In the battery field, however, many "wonder batteries" are presented that focus on only one indicator of battery performance, such as fast charging capability, while neglecting others such as energy density, cycle life, or operating temperature. This makes it difficult for even experts to evaluate new technologies.On the other hand, with new efforts by the battery community to create an open and shared battery data ecosystem, a whole new set of data can be leveraged to create better and more holistic comparisons of new technologies to the state of the art. In addition to the previous publication of the ENPOLITE plot (doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00743) and on the website https://enpolite.org/, in this paper we show our extension of the work on the plot to include a time scale.The ENPOLITE plot is a highly informative tool for comparing the evolution of battery technology. At a glance, it provides crucial details such as capacity, cell format, cell chemistry, aging test duration, measurement temperature, specific power, energy density and achieved lifetime for each cell. In addition, the battery life coefficient derived from this plot allows comparison of lithium-ion batteries of different weights or volumes, capacities and cell chemistries.The ENPOLITE Plot combines multiple parameters to facilitate a thorough comparison of various battery degradations, making it an incredibly useful tool for battery researchers and developers. It not only displays cell-specific parameters during cycling, but also includes information on specific stored energy and storage temperature in a calendar format. This comprehensive approach allows researchers to identify trends and patterns in battery performance, helping to develop more efficient and durable battery technology.We hope to provide the battery community with a better tool for evaluating and ranking new technologies and improvements to existing battery types. Figure 1

Battery Electrode-Based Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Brines

Driven by the electrification of transport sector the demand of lithium for battery application is increasing exponentially. The major sources for lithium are continental brines and hard minerals where the production comes along with consumptive water requirements and energy intensive processing and extraction. Therefore, it is of tremendous importance to consider alternative, non-conventional, sources and to develop more efficient and environmentally benign Li extraction methods. Geothermal brines can have significant Li concentrations (150–240 mgLi+ L−1)[1] and could represent an attractive sustainable lithium source. Implementing electrochemical methods for lithium extraction offers further advantages of high Li-selectivity, minimal waste production and low water consumption.[2] Here, we present a dual-ion battery type setup for the selective electrochemical Li-adsorption and desorption from geothermal brines. The chloride concentration in brines is a thousand times higher than that of Li+, hence, both species can be captured at opposite electrode sides. In the dual-ion setup presented in this work, Li+ are stored in a Li-selective LiFePO4(LFP) battery electrode and Cl− are stored using bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) as counter electrode that has shown excellent Cl− storage capabilities and chemical stability in chloride-ion batteries and desalination batteries.[3] In the second step, both ions are released in a recovery solution to yield a Li-rich solution that could be further processed into battery-grade lithium hydroxide or carbonate. The stability of LFP in aqueous solutions and high Li -selectivity makes it a favored candidate for the electrochemical recovery of Li from natural solutions, where a diverse mixture of cations and anion is present.[4] Therefore, we examined the stability of the electrodes in brine solutions by XRD, indicating good reversibility and no intercalation of competitor ions. In addition, the Li-selectivity in extraction/recovery experiments was analyzed by ICP-OES and influences of different process parameters (e.g. current density, pH, temperature) were investigated. The results demonstrate that the LFP/BiOCl dual-ion battery setup is a feasible and promising low cost method for environmentally friendly Li extraction from geothermal brines.

Improved Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Performance through a Pulsating Electrolyte Flow Regime

The increase in emissions of greenhouse gases and their environmental impact lead to a transition from primarily fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable and eco-friendly ones, such as solar panels and wind turbines. However, these sources are intermittent, resulting in fluctuating energy production levels that require buffering, which poses significant challenges in matching production-consumption profiles. [1,2] In order to stabilise the grid and reduce dependency on fossil fuels, integrating electrical energy carriers into a smart grid to store excess energy produced during peak periods and employ it during periods of low production is a potential solution. Redox flow batteries hold promise in this regard, as the storage capacity can be decoupled from the battery size, enabling capacity to be scaled independently of power output by increasing the volume of the electrolyte. [3] In contrast to conventional secondary battery types, such as lead-acid or lithium-ion batteries, the electrolyte in a redox flow battery is non-stationary, inducing convective mass transport effects that are critical for achieving a high power output.In this work we introduced pulsations to the electrolyte flow of an all-vanadium redox flow battery, leading to a reduced stagnant boundary layer attributed to shear forces. Previously, Pérez-Gallent et al. demonstrated that the conversion can be increased by a factor of two while selectivity gains of 15-20% can be made in a electrolyser by introducing a pulsating flow. [4] Furthermore, Vranckaert et al. studied a pulsating flow combined with pillar field electrodes, using the well-known ferri-ferrocyanide redox couple, and concluded that the average limiting current density can be increased fourfold compared to working with a conventional steady state flow regime. [5] Overall, a pulsating flow behaviour yields an enhanced mass transfer of electroactive species by increasing the local velocity through pulsations. The net residence time of the reactants remains unchanged since the pulsating flow has no influence on the overall flow velocity. However, the resulting improvement of mass transfer leads to an increase in conversion. As it is clear that mass transfer enhancement strategies open the door for more efficient systems, our work will for the first time focus on the influence of a pulsating electrolyte flow on the redox flow battery performance. The results show a significant improvement: the discharge capacity at 100 mA/cm2 increased by 38.7% when applying a pulse with pulse amplitude (PA) 0.4ml and pulse frequency (PF) 2.4 Hz at a flow rate of 5 ml/min (Figure 1 A). Furthermore, this 38.7% increase in discharge capacity surpassed the performance achieved at a constant steady-state flow of 25 ml/min. Therefore, a fivefold reduction of the net flow rate is possible without performance losses, decreasing necessary pumping costs. When regarding the stability of an all-vanadium redox flow battery operated with a pulsating electrolyte flow initial fluctuations of the current efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE) and energy efficiency (EE) were recorded. However, the efficiencies became stable at 98.4%, 70.5% and 69.4% respectively, showing no decline over time (Figure 1 B). This novel and improved redox flow battery system allows to take the next step towards integrating electrical energy carriers into a smart grid suitable for renewable and green energy sources.[1] P. D. Lund, J. Lindgren, J. Mikkola, J. Salpakari, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 45, 785–807.[2] H. Kondziella, T. Bruckner, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 53, 10–22.[3] E. Sánchez-Díez, E. Ventosa, M. Guarnieri, A. Trovò, C. Flox, R. Marcilla, F. Soavi, P. Mazur, E. Aranzabe, R. Ferret, J. Power Sources 2021, 481, 228804.[4] E. Pérez-Gallent, C. Sánchez-Martínez, L. F. G. Geers, S. Turk, R. Latsuzbaia, E. L. V. Goetheer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2020, 59, 5648–5656.[5] M. Vranckaert, H. P. L. Gemoets, R. Dangreau, K. Van Aken, T. Breugelmans, J. Hereijgers, Electrochim. Acta 2022, 436, 141435. Figure 1

Real time lithium metal calendar aging in common battery electrolytes

Li metal anodes are highly sought after for high energy density applications in both primary commercial batteries and next-generation rechargeable batteries. In this research, Li metal electrodes are aged in coin cells for a year with electrolytes relevant to both types of batteries. The aging response is monitored via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Li electrodes are characterized post-mortem. It was found that the carbonate-based electrolytes exhibit the most severe aging effects, despite the use of LiBF4-based carbonate electrolytes in Li/CFx Li primary batteries. Highly concentrated LiFSI electrolytes exhibit the most minimal aging effects, with only a small impedance increase with time. This is likely due to the concentrated nature of the electrolyte causing fewer solvent molecules available to react with the electrode surface. LiI-based electrolytes also show improved aging behavior both on their own and as an additive, with a similar impedance response with time as the concentrated LiFSI electrolytes. Since I− is in its most reduced state, it likely prevents further reaction and may help protect the Li electrode surface with a primarily organic solid electrolyte interphase.

Proposed optimized energy plan for the largest island of South Korea based on full renewable energy resources

The current study's objective is to evaluate wind and solar energy and select the finest kind of energy systems having minimum levelized of energy systems by using Home Pro software for Jeju Island, the largest island in South Korea. Using Weibull and mean wind speed diagrams, the wind conditions in the initial section of this study are explained. To assess the wind potential of every area, size and form criteria are offered. It was found that two main wind directions were southeast or southwest, with southwest being more common. Finally, based on the wind conditions at each site and IEC recommendations, a set of five wind turbines that were best suited for each location were shortlisted. Each wind turbine's performance was assessed using technical criteria, that is, monthly energy production, annual energy production, and capacity factors. Similar to this, economic considerations such as the levelized cost of electricity, internal rate of return, payback period, and net present value were also made. A Hanjin model HJWT 87/2000 is best suitable for Jeju Island in the event of an off-shore wind farm, according to the findings. To explore the implications of modifying the hub height of the turbines on the economics of wind generating, a thorough economic sensitivity analysis is also included. The second section explains the solar potential of the Island. The average solar energy potential of Jeju Island is estimated to be 13.775 Mj·m2·day−1. To cover the energy demand and supply gap for Jaju Island, various types of local electricity generators and batteries have been studied for finding the optimal energy system for the island.

A Novel Method for State of Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Deep Learning Neural Network and Transfer Learning

Accurate state of health (SOH) estimation of lithium-ion batteries is critical for maintaining reliable and safe working conditions for electric vehicles (EVs). The machine learning-based method with health features (HFs) is encouraging for health prognostics. However, the machine learning method assumes that the training and testing data have the same distribution, which restricts its application for different types of batteries. Thus, in this paper, a deep learning neural network and fine-tuning-based transfer learning strategy are proposed for accurate and robust SOH estimation toward different types of batteries. First, a universal HF extraction strategy is proposed to obtain four highly related HFs. Second, a deep learning neural network consisting of long short-term memory (LSTM) and fully connected layers is established to model the relationship between the HFs and SOH. Third, the fine-tuning-based transfer learning strategy is exploited for SOH estimation of various types of batteries. The proposed methods are comprehensively verified using three open-source datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed deep learning neural network with the HFs can estimate the SOH accurately in a single dataset without using the transfer learning strategy where the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are constrained to 1.21% and 1.83%. For the transfer learning between different aging datasets, the overall MAE and RMSE are limited to 1.09% and 1.41%, demonstrating the reliability of the fine-tuning strategy.

Effect of varying percentages of Co3O4 Nanoparticles on the Behavior of (ORR/OER) Bifunctional Co3O4/α-MnO2 Electrocatalyst

Among all type of batteries, Lithium Air Batteries (LAB) are considered to be the most effective due to their highest energy density of around 11900 Wh/kg but there are some major issues are being faced by LAB such as large overpotential, poor cycle life, low current density, and decreased energy efficiency. The solution to these issues is primarily dependent on the proper selection of an electrocatalyst. A new approach for using a bi-functional electrocatalyst produced excellent results. Here, Co3O4/α-MnO2 composite has been considered as a bifunctional catalyst because cobalt oxide performed well in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) process while manganese oxide performed well in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) process. A simple two-step hydrothermal process is used in this work to synthesize Co3O4/α-MnO2. This work focuses on the behavior of the composite electrocatalyst when varying percentages of Cobalt oxide (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) are deposited on the alpha-Manganese Oxide nanorods. The primary characteristics of each sample with different percentages of Cobalt Oxide are examined, and the performance of each sample is compared to one another. Several testing techniques like Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) are performed on the samples. The combination of cobalt oxide and manganese oxide showed a synergistic effect and work as a bifunctional electrocatalyst. As the percentage of Co3O4 deposited on the α-MnO2 nanorod increased, it behaves more like an OER electrocatalyst leading to a decrease in charging potential. This work will help in finding an optimum amount of Co3O4 that should be deposited on α-MnO2 nanorods to get an efficient (ORR/OER) bifunctional electrocatalyst.

Identification Method and Quantification Analysis of the Critical Aging Speed Interval for Battery Knee Points

The identification of knee points in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is crucial for predicting the battery life, designing battery products, and managing battery health. Knee points (KPs) refer to the transition points in the aging speed and aging trajectory of Li-ion batteries. KPs can be identified using a wealth of aging data and various regression-based methods. However, KP identification relies on a large amount of aging data, which is exceedingly time-consuming and resource-intensive. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel method based on KP characteristics to identify the KPs and critical aging speed. Firstly, we extract the main aging trajectory using curve-fitting techniques. Secondly, we calculate the aging speed at each cycle to identify the KPs. We then explore the relationship between the KPs and cycle life and develop a knee point identification algorithm. The correlation coefficient between the KPs and cycle life provides a valuable indicator of the critical aging speed, enabling accurate identification of KPs. To validate our approach, we apply it to the Li(NiCoMn)O2, LiFePO4, and LiCoO2 cell datasets. Our results demonstrate a strong correlation between the KPs and cycle life for these battery types. By employing our proposed method, KPs can be identified for battery life prediction, product design, and health management. Moreover, we summarize a critical degradation speed of −0.03%/cycle can serve as an empirical threshold for warning against capacity diving and KPs. The statistical transition speed threshold can eliminate the dependence on extensive aging data throughout the entire battery’s lifecycle for identifying capacity knee points.

A novel method to determine the multi-phase ejection parameters of high-density battery thermal runaway

The growing demands on high-performance energy systems for emerging technologies drive the advancement of high-density batteries. However, the issue of thermal runaway (TR), particularly in high-density battery, remains a major challenge worldwide. One of the primary hazards associated with TR is the emission of combustible ejections. Therefore, elucidating the TR ejection parameters holds significant meaning. In this study, we propose a novel method to determine the ejection parameters. Based on the principles of momentum conservation, the proposed method is applicable to high-density battery types. For the 52 A h ternary battery, our results indicate the following: 1) the ejection velocity reaches a peak of 210 m/s, a maximum mass loss rate of 0.041 kg/s and a maximum total pressure of 112.325 kPa; 2) the temperature of the particles is 200 °C higher than that of the gas. Furthermore, we have derived empirical formulas that encompass the ejection dynamics, thereby facilitating the modeling of TR degassing and ventilation within a battery pack. This approach overcomes the challenges associated with measuring the ejection parameters in high-density battery TR, such as the extreme temperature, flammability, and multiphase composition. Consequently, this method exhibits great potential to bolster the fire safety and structural design of battery packs.

New energy electric vehicle battery health state prediction based on vibration signal characterization and clustering

The health status of the battery of new energy electric vehicles is related to the quality of vehicle use, so it is of high practical application value to predict the health status of the battery of electric vehicles. In order to predict the health status of lithium battery, this study proposes to optimize the empirical modal decomposition method and obtain the ensemble empirical modal decomposition algorithm, and use this algorithm to collect the vibration signal of the battery, then use wavelet transform to pre-process the collected signal, and finally combine K-mean clustering and particle swarm algorithm to cluster the signal types to complete the prediction of battery State of Health. The experimental results show that the ensemble empirical modal decomposition algorithm proposed in this study can effectively perform signal acquisition for different state types of batteries, and the K-mean clustering-particle swarm algorithm predicts a 63 % decrease in the health state of the battery at 600 cycles, with a prediction error of 2.6 %. Therefore, the algorithm proposed in this study is feasible in predicting the battery health state.

Energy storage device sizing and energy management in building‐applied photovoltaic systems considering battery degradation

AbstractThis study aims to develop an optimization strategy for determining the optimal type and capacity of batteries in a building‐applied photovoltaic system, taking into account battery degradation, consumption profiles, and regional solar irradiation. Key performance indicators such as peak shaving, savings, net present value, self‐consumption, return on investment, and payback period are examined. The best trade‐off among these indicators is determined using the fuzzy decision‐making method. A study was conducted using real data from Kpenergy Company, focusing on a building with a 50 kW photovoltaic system located in Stockholm. Three cases were examined in MATLAB software, each categorized based on the type of contract between the utility (Vattenfall Company) and the subscriber. The results of these case studies highlight the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach. Using the proposed approach, optimal batteries are determined, minimizing subscriber costs while maximizing profit.