Battery Source Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF HETEROJUNCTION TUNNELING ARCHITECTURES FOR ULTRA LOW POWER APPLICATIONS

Ponte Academic JournalOct 2017, Volume 73, Issue 10 ANALYSIS OF HETEROJUNCTION TUNNELING ARCHITECTURES FOR ULTRA LOW POWER APPLICATIONSAuthor(s): B V V SATYANARAYANA ,M.Durga PrakashJ. Ponte - Oct 2017 - Volume 73 - Issue 10 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2017.10.9 Abstract:Tremendous revolutionary changes lead the electronic industry from the past eight decades. Nowadays, portable electronic systems play a major role in the human life. These systems consist of adders, multiplexers, registers, memories etc. But memories are more power consuming components in embedded applications. In general, embedded systems are equipped with large battery sources in order to avoid frequent charging of batteries. The capacity of the battery depends on the power consumption of the system. Higher the power consumption can higher the battery capacity and hence the size which is unacceptable for portable embedded systems. So we need effective low power VLSI techniques for better performance of integrated systems. Many authors propose low power techniques for design and implementation of systems; the most effective energy saving method is low voltage operation. Heterojunction tunneling structures operated in the low subthreshold region of the transistor. This work presents the analysis of different types of heterojunction tunneling architectures for low power as well as ultra low power applications. A comparative analysis of heterojunction architectures can be done with reference to ION / IOFF ratio, leakage current, subthreshold swing (SS) and materials used for manufacturing and it needs a trade-off among these parameters. So, we proposed an architecture that addresses High ION / IOFF ratio, steeper subthreshold swing and improved Miller capacitance with less leakage current. These structures give a great compromise between power consumption and performance (speed and power trade-off) and hence improving the performance of heterojunction architectures. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

Digital energy monitor: design, simulations and prototype

This paper demonstrates the design and implementation of a GSM based digital energy monitoring device. Firstly fuzzy based model is developed to replicate the characteristic of current and voltage sensors. The entire system is also studied and simulated in terms of utility side supply, load, microcontroller digitization and GSM communication. A virtual data sharing technic is also studied for the proposed system using state flow logic. A prototype system is verified real-time with its test and verification phase results. In this work, remote monitoring of electricity has been made easier for the utility. Demand side management is also presented as customers can instantly get their electricity consumptions when requested. Further, an effective overcurrent monitoring system has been embedded along with a backup battery source. Results obtained from the experiments prove that with this emerging technology it is possible to move towards a smarter grid at a rapid and cost effective way.

주행거리 확장을 위한 하이브리드형친환경UTV 차량 시스템 개발

An advantage of electric vehicles is that they are environmentally sustainable because they do not emit exhaust gases, such as CO2 or Nox. A disadvantage is the low power performance of the motor and battery source, necessitating a reduction in the weight of the vehicle to increase efficiency. Another disadvantage is that the rechargeable battery enables an electric vehicle to only run for a limited number of miles before requiring electric charging. To solve these problems, the hybrid vehicle has been developed by combining environmental sustainability with the high performance of a conventional internal combustion engine. In this study, an electric UTV (Utility Terrain Vehicle) was transformed into a hybrid vehicle system by outfitting the vehicle with a drive auxiliary power system including a 125 cc internal combustion engine. This modification enabled us to extend the range of the hybrid UTV from 50km to 100km per one electric charging.

Regenerative Braking Modeling, Control, and Simulation of a Hybrid Energy Storage System for an Electric Vehicle in Extreme Conditions

This paper will present the regenerative braking quantification, design control, and simulation of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for an electric vehicle (EV) in extreme conditions. The EV is driven by two 30-kW permanent magnet synchronous motors. The HESS contains a Li-Ion battery and ultracapacitor (UC) storage element sources as well as a dissipative resistor. The UC will be mainly involved in braking and traction modes. The role of the resistor is to protect the dc bus and the battery according to the voltage and current constraints. The sizing of the elements takes into consideration the extreme braking conditions of the vehicle while respecting the Economic Commission for Europe Regulation No. 13 Harmonized. Controllers are being used in order to regulate the various electrical variables of the overall system. A sequential logic controller is also being introduced. The role of the sequential logic controller is to activate the different existing regulation controllers and to ensure the switching between the storage elements depending on the system states. Simulation tests will be performed covering a wide operation range for variable braking load, according to vehicle speed and road type, and extreme braking conditions.

PWM-based Controller of Output Voltage for Wind- Driven Individual Self-Excited Induction Generator

Background/Objectives: The objective of this research owes to propose a fixed voltage controller for wind energy based individual Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). The ideology is that simple as to exploit the use of a voltage source inverter, employing with the fundamental principle of PWM technique that in corporate an individual battery source for the smooth operation. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The incidence of depressed voltage regulation because of the unexpected alteration in the speed and the load is one of the main demerits of the SEIG. In order to overcome this complicated situation, a modification of phase shift in the sinusoidal PWM is introduced, which standardizes the voltage of SEIG, when it is subjected to unexpected alteration in the load. Findings: It is likely to attain a fixed value of voltage when the load is altered from empty load to the complete load. The simulation of the presented scheme has been carried out by MATLAB/SIMULINK modeling. The consistency of the proposed model is determined by the outcomes of the prototype testing. Application/Improvements: By varying the modulating index of the voltage source inverter, the stabilization of output voltage for SEIG has been achieved. One of its major advantages is that by simply checking the dc link voltage, the characteristics of the current state can be predictable.

A Self-adaptive Duty Cycle Receiver Reservation MAC Protocol for Power Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks

Objectives: In Wireless Sensor Networks nodes are deployed into hazardous environments with limited battery source. The nodes must operate with utmost power efficiency to continue performing critical tasks. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In order to be power efficient, the underlying MAC protocol of the network has to be designed to expend minimal energy during the functioning of the nodes. Most of the MAC protocols achieve energy efficiency by controlling the duty cycle. Selfadaptive duty cycle along with receiver reservation provides a viable means to reduce energy expenditure of the nodes. Findings: In this paper, we propose a receiver reservation MAC protocol that utilizes self-adaptive duty cycling which bring better power efficiency in WSN. The sleep interval of the nodes is regulated based on the self-adaptive factor. This factor is determined based on the packets received at the node in current and previous transmission cycles. Application/ Improvements: Receiver reservation helps the network to avoid collisions and back offs. The self-adaptive nature of the MAC protocol enables the nodes to tune their duty cycle based on the data transmitted in the network.

A LOW TEMPERATURE INCREASE TRANSCUTANEOUS BATTERY CHARGER FOR IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICES

Many medical groups have used wireless battery charging technology for rechargeable batteries used in implantable devices. During charging, battery heat is lost from the battery and other heat sources within an implantable device, which may be harmful to patients’ tissues. Therefore, charging batteries with minimum discomfort to patients while replenishing battery capacity as much as possible is a challenge. In this paper, a constant voltage with a different limiting current strategy for a lithium-ion polymer battery is proposed, thereby modulating the limiting current rate that reduces battery temperature increase. Experiments show that better safety charging performance for 260, 600, and 1000[Formula: see text]mAh lithium-ion polymer batteries can be obtained by the proposed current-limiting method. Compared with conventional constant-current–constant-voltage charging strategies, the maximum battery temperature increase is improved.

Prolonging the Network Lifetime using Fuzzy logic in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks include deployment of large number of sensor nodes to sense, process and communicate the data to the sink. The small sized sensor nodes are cheap and can be easily deployed in harsh physical environments but the low battery source for the nodes act as a major limitation for the sensor networks to operate efficiently. The protocols have been proposed in recent times to make optimum use of the energy. Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) has been considered as an efficient approach as compared to the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). In this paper, a new approach for selecting the leader of the chain has been proposed using Fuzzy Logic in which residual energy and proximity to the base station has been taken as two parameters and combining these two parameters the leader is selected which aggregates and communicates the data further to the sink. The simulation results have shown that this proposed work has improved the performance metrics of the network and thus extended the lifetime of network. General Terms Prolonged Network lifetime in Wireless Sensor Network

Development of a Microcontroller Based Low Distortion Modified Push-Pull Power Inverter

Abstract— Some measures of merit of an inverter system are the total harmonic distortion and the efficiency figures. On one hand, we have square wave and modified square wave inverters that have high efficiency and total harmonic distortion (THD) figures. On the other hand, there are the true sine wave inverters that have low THDs and relatively low efficiency figures at high output power levels. In this work, a five level waveform that can be synthesized efficiently was analysed for low distortion figures, and a THD figure of 1.25% was obtained. A microcontroller-based inverter circuit was designed to synthesize this waveform from a 12 volts d.c source. The microcontroller firmware and hardware were developed using MicroC® and Proteus® softwares respectively. The developed circuit generated a 50 Hz sinusoidal output waveform from a 12 volts battery source after filtering with an LC low pass filter.

EVALUATION OF LIGHT SUPPLY IN THE PUBLIC UNDERGROUND SAFE SPACES BY USING OF COPRAS-SWARA METHODS

One of the most significant issues in the safe underground spaces is the supply of light during the conditions in which there is no possibility to use national electricity network in crisis. Hence, attention to the source management of light supply possesses worthy importance. Light is one of the important issues in underground safe spaces which must be noticed with particular obligations. In the research, in order to evaluate variety of light supply methods in underground safe spaces, a questionnaire was set in order to weigh affective indexes up and score each method. To determine the best index among different indexes, SWARA method was applied; then COPRAS method was used in order to analyze data of the questionnaire that the best choice among various strategies could be chosen. Results represented that the choice of light supply by the lamp with battery source to provide light for city shelters is the best. According to results gotten from this method, choices of light supply by the fossil fuel light, light supply by the urban power source lamp, light supply by the mirror and light supply by fiber optics have been ranked in second, third, fourth and fifth positions, respectively.

Power reduction optimization with swarm based technique in electric power assist steering system

Energy management in electric vehicle technology is very important as the energy source of all its system operations are solely relying on the battery. Efforts are being made to reduce the energy consumed as much as possible in electric vehicle system. As one of the auxiliary elements of the system, the electric power assist steering system can be controlled or manipulated in such a way that minimum energy from the battery source is being drawn during operation. This unique feature enables the system to be tuned with the optimal performance setting so that less power is needed for its optimum operation. The research's aim is to apply the swarm optimization technique; Particle Swarm Optimization and Ant Colony Optimization to improve the controller's performance. The investigation covers an analysis of power consumption for the system in simulation and experimental setup. Both simulation and experimental tests are conducted to validate the proposed controller performance in optimizing power reduction. It is proven that the ant colony optimization tuned controller outperform the controller tuning using particle swarm optimization for power minimization.

A High-Gain Three-Port Power Converter with Fuel Cell, Battery Sources and Stacked Output for Hybrid Electric Vehicles and DC-Microgrids

This paper proposes a novel high-gain three-port power converter with fuel cell (FC), battery sources and stacked output for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) connected to a dc-microgrid. In the proposed power converter, the load power can be flexibly distributed between the input sources. Moreover, the charging or discharging of the battery storage device can be controlled effectively using the FC source. The proposed converter has several outputs in series to achieve a high-voltage output, which makes it suitable for interfacing with the HEV and dc-microgrid. On the basis of the charging and discharging states of the battery storage device, two power operation modes are defined. The proposed power converter comprises only one boost inductor integrated with a flyback transformer; the boost and flyback circuit output terminals are stacked to increase the output voltage gain and reduce the voltage stress on the power devices. This paper presents the circuit configuration, operating principle, and steady-state analysis of the proposed converter, and experiments conducted on a laboratory prototype are presented to verify its effectiveness.

A distributed decision framework for building clusters with different heterogeneity settings

In the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted to develop operation and control strategy for smart buildings with the purpose of reducing energy consumption. Besides studying on single building, it is envisioned that the next generation buildings can freely connect with one another to share energy and exchange information in the context of smart grid. It was demonstrated that a network of connected buildings (aka building clusters) can significantly reduce primary energy consumption, improve environmental sustainability and building’s resilience capability. However, an analytic tool to determine which type of buildings should form a cluster and what is the impact of building clusters’ heterogeneity based on energy profile to the energy performance of building clusters is missing. To bridge these research gaps, we propose a self-organizing map clustering algorithm to divide multiple buildings to different clusters based on their energy profiles, and a homogeneity index to evaluate the heterogeneity of different building clusters configurations. In addition, a bi-level distributed decision model is developed to study the energy sharing in the building clusters. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed clustering algorithm and decision model, we employ a dataset including monthly energy consumption data for 30 buildings where the data is collected every 15min. It is demonstrated that the proposed decision model can achieve at least 13% cost savings for building clusters. The results show that the heterogeneity of energy profile is an important factor to select battery and renewable energy source for building clusters, and the shared battery and renewable energy are preferred for more heterogeneous building clusters.

Incorporated Operation Control of DC Microgrid and Electric Vehicle

This paper presents the establishment and operation control of a dc microgrid incorporating with electric vehicle (EV) as movable energy storage. The developed microgrid consists of a wind permanent-magnet synchronous generator ac source and a dc source, a battery/supercapacitor (SC)/flywheel hybrid energy storage system, and a grid-connected bidirectional single-phase three-wire (1P3W) load inverter. Various harvested ac and dc sources can be plugged into the microgrid via the developed interfaced power converters. In addition to good microgrid operation performance, the microgrid-to-grid and grid-to-microgrid operations can be successfully conducted with good power quality. As to the developed EV interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor drive, the SC auxiliary storage is equipped to assist the main battery source in intermittent energy conversion. Satisfactory acceleration/deceleration/reversible and regenerative braking operation characteristics are obtained via the developed power stages and control schemes. Moreover, the successful microgrid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-microgrid interconnected operations of EV and microgrid are achieved. In addition, the vehicle-to-grid/grid-to-vehicle operations can be also performed via the developed 1P3W inverter.

Novel High-Performance Stand-Alone Solar PV System With High-Gain High-Efficiency DC–DC Converter Power Stages

This paper proposes a novel 3 $\phi$ stand-alone solar photovoltaic (PV) system configuration that uses high-gain high-efficiency $(\approx\! 96\%)$ dc–dc converters both in the forward power stage and the bidirectional battery interface. The high-voltage-gain converters enable the use of low-voltage PV and battery sources. This results in minimization of partial shading and parasitic capacitance effects on the PV source. Series connection of a large number of battery modules is obviated, preventing the overcharging and deep discharging issues that reduce the battery life. In addition, the proposed configuration facilitates “required power tracking (RPT)” of the PV source as per the load requirements, eliminating the use of expensive and “difficult to manage” dump loads. High-performance inverter operation is achieved through $abc$ to $dq$ reference frame transformation, which helps in generating precise information about the load's active power component for RPT, regulation of ac output voltage, and minimization of control complexity. Inverter output voltage is regulated by controlling the modulation index of sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation, resulting in a stable and reliable system operation. The active power demand is controlled by regulating the dc link voltage. All the analytical, simulation, and experimental results of this work are presented.

Gateway Based Multi-Hop Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network consists of application oriented and cheap micro-devices called sensors nodes having potential of connecting the physical world with virtual world by their sensing abilities. These sensor nodes are having restrained battery sources. Efficient energy management is current area of research in wireless sensor networks. Here we advice one such energy aware multi-hop protocol (G-DEEC) for two level heterogeneous networks. In G-DEEC, the Base Station is placed out of sensing area and rechargeable gateway nodes are placed inside field with other randomly deployed sensor nodes. Simulation shows the proposed protocol G-DEEC is better than single-hop DEEC in terms of number of half dead nodes, alive nodes and dead nodes; thereby showing improvement in network lifetime and stability.

Analysis of Active-Network Converter With Coupled Inductors

High step-up voltage gain dc-dc converters are widely applied in fuel cell stacks, photovoltaic arrays, battery sources, and high intensity discharge lamps power systems. Active-network converters with coupled inductors (CL-ANC) are derived from switched inductor active-network converters (SL-ANC). The proposed converter contains two coupled inductors which can be integrated into one magnetic core and two power switches. The converter can provide a relatively high voltage conversion ratio with a small duty cycle; the voltage and current stress of power switches are low which is helpful to reduce the losses. This paper shows the key waveforms of the CL-ANC and detailed derivation of the steady-state operation principle. The voltage conversion ratio and the effect of the leakage inductance on voltage gain are discussed. The voltage stress and current stress on the power devices are illustrated and the comparison between the proposed converter and SL-ANC are given. Finally, the prototype has been established in the lab with 200 V and 400 V output under different turn ratios. Experimental results are given to verify the correctness of the analysis.

A Reliable Routing Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of tiny and miniaturized electronic devices which are known as sensors. Sensors can sense, compute, store, transmit and receive data of interests from the environment in which they are deployed. Due to small size of sensors, a big size battery source cannot be embedded into them therefore sensors need efficient mechanism for energy utilization. Many of the existing hierarchical routing protocols do not guarantee the optimum choice of cluster heads because of the lack of comprehensive consideration of the remaining energy of the nodes, the distribution within a cluster and the distribution among the clusters in the process of choosing the cluster heads. In addition, the single-hop communication among clusters head to a serious imbalance in the energy of the cluster heads. This paper combines the improved particle swarm clustering algorithm and the interclustering algorithm to form an Adaptive Energy Efficient Clustering routing Protocol (AECRP).Simulations results show that this protocol not only balances the energy consumption of the overall network, delays death time of the nodes, but also provides more reliable data delivery.

PRT Embedded Microheaters for Optimum Temperature Distribution of Air-Suspended Structures for Gas Sensor Applications

Presently, a lot of research effort has been directed toward the development of small dimensional gas sensing devices, based on metal oxides, for practical applications ranging from toxic gas detection to pollution monitoring in the air ambience. The demand for better environmental control and safety has increased research activities of microgas sensors and their development. For this purpose, MEMS-based sensors in the form of thin or thick films seem to be more promising. Metal oxide-based sensors work on the principle of electrical conduction variation and for this purpose a predetermined temperature is crucial for the sensing films for best sensitivity values. Creating correct temperature and the proper temperature distribution is of paramount importance for these sensors. Creating thin film platforms for this purpose is crucial and practically limits the yield. This paper presents the results obtained for thick air-suspended platform, using ANSYS, for a PRT (platinum resistance thermometer) embedded microheater that is suitable to operate by a dc battery source. Both the microheater and PRT were defined in a single photolithography step and are realized on an oxidized silicon substrates (SiO2/Si). Realistic values are used to simulate the data and to obtain the optimum temperature distribution, of the order of 400 °C, over an area of 5 mm × 4 mm of air-suspended platform. These studies help greatly to visualize the microheater design to help in understanding the heat distribution on the membrane, where the sensing layer will be placed and also to get the optimum sensing properties of microgas sensors. Using embedded PRT, it is easy to confirm and control the required temperature necessary for the sensing layer. This approach simplifies the process to achieve a simple and practical device.

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF SHIFTING 'ZERO' IN OUTPUT MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION ON FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER OF THE ROV USING MICRO-BOX INTERFACING

This paper investigates the study on the effect of shifting ‘zero’ membership function on Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) design of underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for depth control using Micro-box 2000/2000C interfacing based on thruster system. The issues occurred with a ROV design is where the thruster system can easily drain up current from the supply (e.g. battery source or power bank) and this will limit time to using the ROV. FLC do not have a rigid approach to tune it and may cause the process of tuning will be highly time costing. Therefore, a simple method by a study on the effect of shifting zero membership function will act as a one technique to tune the FLC for future references. The ROV Trainer will be developed to test the proposed control method using Micro-box 2000/2000C. The ROV Trainer consists of aluminum box, thrusters, drivers, interface connector, and etc and interfacing with Micro-box act as microcontroller. Fuzzy logic toolbox in MATLAB will be used to study the shifting zero membership function so that the effect of the adjustment can be investigated. The result of this project shows that, by shifting zero membership function of the fuzzy logic controller, the performance of the fuzzy logic controller is normally improved.