Battery Source Research Articles

Analysis of Energy Management Using PI Logic Controller Technique for Supercapacitor Applications

Batteries are the primary energy storage for electric vehicles. Often the power of the battery cannot be adequate to satisfy the demands of heavy loads. Simultaneously with the battery source, secondary capacity, such as a super-capacitor, can be used to fulfil the power demand where ultra-capacitors meet the high-frequency specifications. Ultracapacitor can be used to inhibit the recycling of the high-current transient battery. In the course of the battery recycling impacts battery life, charging device with high current. This paper is focused on a PI control system for electric vehicle management and the selected MATLAB / Simulink simulation framework. The result from the energy management system that is using shows that with PI controller, the voltage and current more stable compared to the design without using PI controller.

Analysis of shielding effectiveness by optimizing aperture dimensions of a rectangular enclosure with genetic algorithm

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has now become a substantial challenge more than any other time sincethe number of electric vehicles (EV) increased rapidly. The electric driving system in an EV consists of power electroniccomponents supplied by high voltage battery source. They are both source and victim of potential electromagneticinterference (EMI) since fast switching process occurs inside them. Electromagnetic shielding provides a significantprotection against EMI for any electrical and electronic components inside the vehicle. In this paper, analysis of shieldingeffectiveness (SE) by optimizing aperture dimensions of a rectangular enclosure is investigated. Realistic dimensions of theshielding enclosure of an inverter component are employed. An optimization methodology based on genetic algorithm(GA) is carried out and applied to an SE analytical model. It is aimed to keep the total aperture area as large aspossible inside a particular dimension range while improving SE of the enclosure compared with the reference level.Obtained optimization results are presented by indicating optimum aperture length and width which satisfy both EMCand dimension requirements. Finally, it is concluded that through the optimization methodology designed in this study,the SE of the enclosure is raised from a poor level to an average one while providing larger aperture area.

WITHDRAWN: A high gain multi-port bidirectional converter with reduced voltage stress

Abstract The energy storage becomes an essential part to exploit the intermittent form of renewable resources more effectively. Further it is mandate for a battery source to have a built in port for charging and discharging phenomena. A novel idea on multi port non-isolated bidirectional converter (M-NIBC) is proposed and experimented for improved voltage gain and reduced voltage stress in this paper. M-NIBC topology is devised with four electronic switches with a freewheeling diode across each and moreover two inductors and three capacitors certainly make the passive circuitry operation. Energy derived from the regenerative braking is sufficient to charge the battery and it can be done through the feedback control of bidirectional power flow. The voltage is shared in the respective module and thereby the stress across the switch is minimized to an extent. The successive reduction in voltage stress controls the ON state resistance of the semiconductor device eventually. Voltage gain of the proposed M-NIBC is comparatively lower than the conventional cascaded bidirectional converter (CBC) during the charging cycle whereas it is relatively higher in discharging cycle. The proposed M-NIBC is configured in a simpler way to control and this approach is tested in the simulation laboratory for validating its novel performance under the charging and discharging cycles respectively.

Design of Adaptive DC Power Supply with Microcontroller Based Cuk Converter Circuit

Nowadays, the need for equipment sourced from DC power supplies is increasing. One of the DC–DC converter topology that can be DC source isCukConverter. Currently, we need an adaptive power supply that can generate current and voltage according to the power required by the load automatically. In this research, the Cuk-Converter circuit is driven through the Arduinonano as a pulse generator and circuit control system. The microcontroller has set a minimum current of 520mA to charge the battery. The test was carried out with a 12 Volt DC battery source, the output of the Cuk-Converter was a 3.7 Volt battery with a capacity of 50,000 mAh and 3Ah, and a 12 Volt 3 Ah accumulator. The output of the Cuk Converter is set in the range 2-19 Volt DC. The results show that the Cuk-Converter can charge the test battery with a minimum current of 520 mAh and a duty cycle in the range of 27-50%. This result performed the average error of the circuit and calculation was 13.9%.

Electric Vehicle Charging with Battery Scheduling and Multicriteria Optimization using Genetic Algorithm

The existing charging infrastructure needs expansion and upgrade with the growing fleet of electric vehicles (EV). The electric grids are largely affected by the uncontrolled charging cycles. To overcome this drawback, the hybrid charging stations are incorporated with battery storage and renewable energy sources. The power necessary from the grid can be buffered using a battery and renewable source attached to the charging station thereby avoiding the grid constraints and peaks. It has been a challenge to trace the origin of the battery’s energy till date. The battery energy storage and a simple photovoltaic system is incorporated in a hybrid EV charging station. Uncontrolled EV charging and its adverse effects can be overcome by this technology by accurately calculating the share of renewable energy derived from the battery. Multi-attribute utility theory is used for optimizing the EV charging level and scheduling the battery charging and discharging. Minimizing battery degradation and charging cost while maximizing the renewable energy from the battery and PV sources are the major criteria of optimization. Multicriteria optimization function is used along with the genetic algorithm optimization scheme to address the optimization issues. Optimal capacity of the battery and optimization strategy is affected by the preferences in decision making.

Ionic-activated semiconducting gas sensors operated by piezoelectric generators at room temperature

Semiconducting gas sensors that operated at room-temperature (around 25 °C) have been studied to monitor target gases. Furthermore, a self-powered gas sensor with no reliance on a battery or external power source was highly demanded to effectively reduce the power consumption and apply for practical environments. In this study, we designed the self-powered gas sensors by connecting ionic-activated semiconducting sensors, a promising candidate for room-temperature operation, with an oval-shaped piezoelectric generator, and light-emitting diode alarm. The effect of the divided voltage from the energy generator to the sensor on the sensing performance was analyzed. The self-powered sensor has an extremely low detection limit (4.32 ppb NO2) with rapid and constant recovery (6 s) regardless of the NO2 concentration. Additionally, the practical applicability was confirmed by the light-emitting diode alarms according to the NO2 concentration in the atmosphere.

Flexible Operation of Hybrid Distributed Energy System Based on Reliability Redundancy

This paper establishes a reliable-economic power sharing scheme of distributed energy system (DES) consists of Li-ion storage battery and photovoltaic (PV) source connected to the utility grid through a distribution feeder. The system is intended to supply a vehicle charging station that requires dense energy production for efficient and short time charging process. Therefore, the issue of battery state-of-charge (SOC) optimal scheduling and power routing among the sources are considered as a technical-economic problem from system dynamic reliability point of view. In the developed optimization framework, the required energy reserve, the optimal SOC scheduling, and the impact of the station on the utility grid are considered and investigated. A new PSO based optimization is proposed to optimize the power sharing of the sources using reliability based optimal power flow scheduling. The proposed methodology quantifies the reliability redundancy of the system to reliably dispatch the power between the sources. The reliability redundancy concept is proposed as a tool to dynamically schedule the battery SOC and updates the power dispatching among the sources in order to: (1) establish a flexible reserve margin, (2) increase the overall number of battery charging/ discharging cycles, (3) economically dispatch the power, and (4) provide an indirect grid service by decreasing the impact of the charging station on the utility grid. The results show that the system reliability is maintained and the number of accumulated cycles is increased by 134 cycles. Furthermore, the maximum imported grid power is decrease from 40.0 kW to 28.3 kW.

A Review of Metasurfaces for Microwave Energy Transmission and Harvesting in Wireless Powered Networks

Wireless energy transmission and harvesting techniques have recently emerged as attractive solutions to realize wireless powered networks. By eliminating fundamental power constraints arising from the use of conventionally battery sources, wireless modes of energy transmission provide viable means to power wireless network devices away from the grid. Metasurfaces have emerged as key enablers for the use of microwave energy as a power source. Their unique abilities to tailor electromagnetic waves have motivated significant research interest into their use for power-focused microwave systems. This article provides an overview of progress in the development of metasurface implementations for microwave energy transmitters and energy harvesters. First, the paper provides a basic introduction to metasurfaces, after which it reviews research progress in metasurfaces for microwave energy transmission and harvesting. Also highlighted are key parameters by which the performance of such metasurface designs are characterized. In addition, an overview of studies on metasurfaces as reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in wireless networks supporting the simultaneous transmission of information and energy is presented. Finally, the paper highlights existing challenges, and explores future directions, including opportunities to control radio environments through ambiently energized reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in next-generation wireless networks.

Sustainable and Low-Cost Lithium-Ion Batteries: Nonconventional Electrode Chemistries and State of Health Characterization

With the advancements in portable electronics and electric vehicle (EV) applications, the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy densities is ever increasing. Battery-powered transportation is being adopted more frequently due to its potential to enable a more sustainable society by reducing vehicle emissions from fossil fuels. There has been exponential growth in the need for high-capacity LIBs in all types of EVs, including hybrid and full electric automobiles, e-bikes, and drones, as well as electric tools, cell phones, tablets, and, more recently, house storage; this growth significantly increases the consumption of source material commodities, especially cobalt. Despite its drop in price in the last couple of years due to increased mining, cobalt remains expensive, and its price increase has gained momentum again compared to other electrode materials due to higher demand. Moreover, its toxicity and difficult mining practices could result in many problems, including excessive carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emission along with a possible much higher demand in the long term. This provides a strong motivation to explore alternatives to battery source materials. In this article, we present a selection of our important works on LIBs, with a focus on alternative electrode chemistries by using abundant and sustainable material sources. As alternatives to traditional graphite-based anodes, we demonstrate the successful use of both silicon electrodes derived from beach sand and waste glass and carbon electrodes derived from portobello mushroom and waste plastic precursors. In addition, we demonstrate stable cycling of batteries with nonconventional electrode chemistries, such as lithium-sulfur with TiO2-coated sulfur electrodes and sulfur-silicon full cell batteries with integrated lithium sources. Batteries prepared by sustainable methods not only perform better than conventional ones but also result in reduced costs. Since accurate determination of battery state of health is another important challenge, we further present our electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based analysis of LIBs, which could potentially be utilized in safety evaluations of current and next-generation LIBs.

ROBUST THREE PHASE DYNAMIC TRI-LEVEL H-INVERTER SCHEME

This paper presents a robust three phase multi-level inverter topology controlled by a programmed micro-controller switching circuit. The inverter consists of three H-type bridges, each bridge comprises four (4) solid state switches. The inverter feeds from a DC battery source or a PV-Fuel Cell-Battery or combination hybrid source. The on/off switching pattern is regulated by the micro-triggering circuit controller. The proposed multilevel inverter improves waveform output quality, lower total harmonics distortion (THD) than the two level one and less electromagnetic interference (EMI). The results show that the inverter output is near to sinusoidal waveform and give the same frequency of the network also the designed inverter improves the power quality and decrease the produced harmonics than the traditional one.

Optimization and Minimization of Dimensions of Direct Charging Nuclear Battery Based on 90Sr Radioactive Source for Use in MEMS

Today, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology plays an important role in human daily life. One of the main items in MEMS design is the use of a small battery with a long life. In this work, the 90Sr radioisotope with a half-life of 28.8 years and an activity of 16.328 mCi was considered as a radioactive source. First, the 90Sr cylindrical source was designed with a gold substrate and antimony side surface coating. Then, the optimum radius and thickness of the source were investigated. Next, the optimized 90Sr cylindrical source was considered as the direct charge nuclear battery source. In the next step, the effect of collector coating on collector efficiency was investigated. Then, different positions were considered for collector placement, substrate and side surface coating and the best mode was selected. The purpose is to determine the smallest size possible for a direct charge nuclear battery with the maximum amount of short circuit current. Finally, by comparing the results of simulations performed with Monte Carlo N–Particule Transport (MCNPX) code, the present work concluded that the best parameters for direct charge nuclear battery are the use of beryllium and the 90Sr radioisotope as collector coating and source, respectively, source thickness of 0.01 µm, source radius of 37.5 µm, collector thickness 0.01 µm and collector distance from source about 3.75 µm. Under these parameters, the short circuit current is 0.092 fA. In this case, the designed direct charge nuclear battery has the highest short circuit current and the smallest dimension possible. If the dimensions of the optimized nuclear battery are 100 times, i.e., the thickness of the source increases from 0.01 to 1 µm and the radius of the source increases from 37.5 to 3750 µm, only about 2.92% of the source efficiency decreases, but the activity is 106 times more. In other words, the activity increases from 0.016328 µCi to 16.328 mCi; therefore, the short circuit current of this direct charge nuclear battery reached 0.078 nA, which is suitable for use in MEMS. Also, the collector height of this battery is 1960 µm, its radius is 3850 µm, and its thickness 1 µm.

Voltage Quality Enhancement of Grid-Integrated PV System Using Battery-Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer

The advancement of power electronic-based sensitive loads drives the power utilities’ devotion to power quality issues. The voltage disturbance could be happening due to fault conditions, switching of loads, energizing of transformers, or integration of highly intermittent energy sources such as PV systems. This research work attempts to enhance the voltage fluctuation of a sensitive load connected to a grid-integrated PV system using a battery-based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The proposed battery energy storage-based DVR has two separate controlling stages that are implemented at the DC–DC buck/boost converter of the battery and voltage source converter (VSC) system. Charging and discharging of the battery is operated based on the state-of-charge (SOC) value of the battery and the measured root mean square (RMS) voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC). The VSC of the DVR detection and reference generation control is done appropriately. In the detection control of the VSC, a combination of RMS and dq0 measurement techniques is used, whereas in the reference generation control, pre-fault strategy is implemented to restore both phase jump and magnitude distortions. Symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sags scenarios are considered and the compensation demonstration is carried out using power system computer-aided design (PSCAD/EMTDC) software.

Cluster-Based Routing Approach in Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks toward Energy Efficiency using Genetic Algorithm

Energy efficiency is one of the important factors when exploiting Wireless Sensor Networks, especially for increasing lifespan and performance. In the network nowadays, the number of sensor nodes can reach hundreds or thousands and can be arranged in complex hierarchical architecture. Besides, the current sensor nodes have a small size, limited battery source but are operated in vast areas. The clustered-based method has been an effective and potentially extensible means of boosting the management and operation of such large-scale networks and minimizing the overall energy consumption. In this paper, the issue of arranging and routing the nodes in the sensor network in a hierarchical manner is investigated, in which each lowest level sensor nodes are grouped in a cluster with a common cluster head, then the cluster-head plays an intermediate role transmit the information back and forth between the sensor nodes and the base station. In this way, the route to exchange information can not only be optimized with respect to the distance but also for energy spent on the communication. In order to do so, this paper proposed a novel method based on a Genetic Algorithm to establish a routing protocol to achieve energy optimization. The results demonstrate that this approach can decrease the energy consumption according to the optimized routing through clustering and increase the performance superior to the other clustering schemes.

Investigation of asymmetric concept on voltage source multilevel inverter for industrial applications

In a day to day life converter and inverters are ruled the world. This paper proposes the pulse width modulation technique implemented for multilevel inverter and it is produced a fifteen level single phase output. Total harmonics distortion have reduced, produced good quality of output and number of levels also increased. Proposed system having seven switches and three isolated battery source. The switching losses and switching stress also reduced. Multi carrier modulation Pulse width modulation technique implemented. The fifteen level of output voltages are 0, Vdc/7, −Vdc/7, 2Vdc/7, −2Vdc/7, 3Vdc/7, −3Vdc/7, 4Vdc/7, −4Vdc/7, 5Vdc/ 7, −5Vdc/7, 6Vdc/7, −6Vdc/7, V dc, −V dc from the input.

Modeling of single phase off-grid inverter for small standalone system applications

This paper presents the detail circuitry modeling of single phase off-grid inverter for small standalone system applications. The entire model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink platform using circuitry model. This off grid inverter consists of a high frequency DC-DC step up converter cascaded with a full bridge PI control voltage source inverter using SPWM modulation with LC filter to produce sine wave output. This is a common design used in many small commercial off-grid inverter. This off-grid inverter model is capable to produce AC sinewave output voltage at 230 V 50 Hz up to 1 kW power from a 48 V DC lead acid battery source. The AC sine wave output waveform achieved a voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of less than 1 % which is almost a pure sine wave. The conversion efficiency performance of the off-grid inverter achieved more than 94 %. The performance of the model is validated by real commercial off-grid inverter. The performance validation experiment shows that the off-grid inverter Simulink model conversion efficiency and THD performance are comparable to the commercial off-grid inverter. This model contributes to assist small to medium standalone system load and battery sizing design with greater accuracy.

Lightweight authentication and key management in mobile-sink for smart IoT-assisted systems

Internet of Things (IoT) utilizes an intelligent technique to facilitate the design and development of smart-urban projects. As the smart devices have limited battery sources, IoT services should initiate its setup with low-power consumption. Most of the existing approaches use Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRa-WAN) as a media access layer. It provides a long-range communication between the smart devices and application systems over Low Power Wide Area Network (LP-WAN). However, it fails to achieve end-to-end security and perfect secrecy to guarantee access security of the channels. An objective of mobile-sink is to solve the problem of data confidentiality, mutual authentication, session-key agreement, and preventing potential attacks. Thus, this paper presents a lightweight based authentication and key management (L-AKM) scheme for Smart IoT-Assisted Systems. To accomplish the key objectives of L-AKM, a lightweight continuous authentication was preferred that adopts the valid authentication period and continuous user authentication session to speed up the authentication process. The performance analysis proves that the L-AKM scheme achieves better security efficiencies to resist various potential attacks such as forgery, replay, password guessing, etc. However, the experimental analysis shows that the proposed L-AKM consumes more transmission delay and throughput rate due to extra authentication phases.

A high performance adaptive on-time controlled valley-current-mode DC–DC buck converter

This paper presents an AOT-controlled (adaptive-on-time, AOT) valley-current-mode buck converter for portable application. The buck converter with synchronous rectifier not only uses valley-current-mode control but also possesses hybrid-mode control functions at the same time. Due to the presence of the zero-current detection circuit, the converter can switch freely between the two operating modes without the need for an external mode selection circuit, which further reduces the design difficulty and chip area. The converter for the application of high power efficiency and wide current range is used to generate the voltage of 0.6–3.0 V with a battery source of 3.3–5.0 V, while the load current range is 0.05–2 A. The circuit can work in continuous conduction mode with constant frequency in high load current range. In addition, a stable output voltage can be obtained with small voltage ripple. In pace with the load current decreases to a critical value, the converter transforms into the discontinuous conduction mode smoothly. As the switching period increases, the switching loss decreases, which can significantly improve the conversion efficiency. The proposed AOT controlled valley current mode buck converter is integrated with standard 0.18 μm process and the simulation results show that the converter provides well-loaded regulations with power efficiency over 95%. When the circuit switches between the two conduction modes drastically, the response time can be controlled within 30 μs. The undershoot voltage is controlled within 25 mV under a large current hopping range.

Performance Analysis of Multiple Pico Hydro Power Generation

Electric energy has become a basic and essential thing in human life. The electricity is not only utilized for entertainment, it also helpful in powering many devices utilized in medicine, emergency and assisting. Generation of electric power is not a simple task in any medium. There are several medium of power generation is possible in the present scenario. At present, renewable source of energy generation has become popular because of its atmosphere friendly nature and reduced cost of installation for generating station. Hydro power generation is one among such method of power generation produces electricity by means of rotating a turbine blades with running water. The traditional hydro power plants were made to produce electric energy from the river water movement and falls water movement. The proposed MPH (Multiple Pico Hydro) power generation scheme is developed to make power generation from the domestic running water flowing in the pipeline of a home or apartment. The produced power is stored to a battery source and inverted in to an alternating current supply for powering the home. To make an efficient model the pico power generators are fixed to multiple pipelines. The performance of the proposed model is analyzed and it can be connected to another renewable energy sources for making a hybrid structure of power generation.

Narrow linewidth characteristics of interband cascade lasers

Narrow-linewidth mid-infrared laser sources are highly demanding for high-resolution gas spectroscopy applications. Interband cascade lasers (ICLs) are power-efficient laser sources emitting in the mid-infrared range. This work unveils the low phase noise characteristics of distributed feedback ICLs driven by a battery source. We show that the measured spectral linewidth of ICLs is as narrow as 284 kHz (at a 1 ms observation time), which is smaller than those of common quantum cascade lasers. On the other hand, raising the pump current reduces the intrinsic linewidth down to 12 kHz. The linewidth broadening factor is in the range of 2.0–3.0, leading to a Schawlow–Townes linewidth as narrow as 1.6 kHz. This work suggests the high potential of developing battery-driven, high-resolution gas spectroscopy instruments using ICLs.

Evaluation of Charging Profile of Lead Acid Battery used in Electrical Scooter

This paper discusses about the charging profile of a lead acid battery used in electrical scooter. Lead acid battery is a robust and widely used in small electric vehicle because of its price tag. It can be considered to be one of the mature battery in the market thus the charger too. Each lead acid battery from different manufacturer possess different characteristic hence not all charger is suitable for any lead acid battery. The experiment was conducted to determine the charging profile of a 12 V cells lead acid battery connected in series to make 48V battery source. The charging current and voltage were logged and analysed for 3 charge rate. The measurement design of experiment is presented in detail as well. The experiment was repeated for at least four times. As the charging rate increase, the time taken for the charging process to complete became shorter. Nevertheless, we saw that the full battery capacity reduced at faster rate for a higher charger rate. The charging profile of the battery are also validated by the single-cell 12V battery to prove the series and parallel charging significance.