Battery Source Research Articles

Batch Mode Job Scheduling Scheme (BJSS) for Clusters in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN)

Cluster selection of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is an important factor for achieving lowest energy consumption and thus makes it more energy efficient. This energy efficiency also enhances the lifespan of the network. In this paper, we propose a Batch mode Job Scheduling Scheme (BJSS) technique for selection of the cluster. The BJSS is a standout among the most mainstream individuals for cluster selection. The selection of these clusters are based upon criteria such as number of jobs allocated to the cluster head (CH), numbers of clusters available for doing that job, time consumption for doing the allocated job and energy of that cluster. For assessment of cluster selection, several threshold values, to represent practically possible energy consumptions are introduced. This proposed technique is verified by the simulation results. By using this technique UWSN is more energy-efficient and long lifespan of the battery or power source.

Energy Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol based on LEACH for WSN

Sensor Networks are made up of restricted energy driven resources. When the installation setup of sensor nodes are over usually they are inaccessible to the user. Hence the replacement of battery source is not feasible. In order to boost the life span of the network, the key design issue is to be enhanced which is energy efficiency. With the restricted energy supply, a number of network layer protocol have been anticipated to increase the operative life span of the network. LEACH(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a Hierarchical Clustering Protocol provides solution for such issues. EEACRA(Energy Efficient Adaptive Cluster Routing Algorithm) a variant of LEACH have been proposed to improve the deficiency of LEACH which is based on the energy decision condition.The proposed EECRL(Energy Efficient Clustering Routing for LEACH)shows several improvement for whole network energy consumption and effectively prolong the network life cycle.

Precision mapping of laser-driven magnetic fields and their evolution in high-energy-density plasmas.

The magnetic fields generated at the surface of a laser-irradiated planar solid target are mapped using ultrafast proton radiography. Thick (50 μm) plastic foils are irradiated with 4-kJ, 2.5-ns laser pulses focused to an intensity of 4×10^{14} W/cm^{2}. The data show magnetic fields concentrated at the edge of the laser-focal region, well within the expanding coronal plasma. The magnetic-field spatial distribution is tracked and shows good agreement with 2D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations using the code draco when the Biermann battery source, fluid and Nernst advection, resistive magnetic diffusion, and Righi-Leduc heat flow are included.

Energy Aware Data Aggregation with Sink Relocation to Improve the Network Lifetime

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the sensor devices are prepared with limited battery source and conserving the sensor node’s power in order to increase the lifetime of a network plays a vital role. This paper proposes Energy aware Data Aggregation with Sink Relocation (EDASR) technique to improve the network lifetime. The nodes that are closer to sink will consume additional energy than others to compute and communicate data to sink. Based on the residual energy sink will relocate to another position. During Energy Aware Data Aggregation (EADA) both the Hop Count (hpc) and shortest distance to reach the sink is considered for clustering. The simulation is performed using ns-2.34 in Ubuntu for different initial battery energy and transmission range. Simulation results prove that EDASR method improves network lifetime by increasing number of rounds of message relaying until the first relocation occurs than the existing sink relocation algorithm.Keywords: Clustering, Data Aggregation, EADA, EDASR, Residual Energy, Sink Relocation

DESIGN OF TRANSFORMER LESS POWER SUPPLY FOR LOW POWER APPLICATION

Appropriate power supply is the most required parameter for any electronics gadget. We need it for all kind of works related to electronic world (example: you need it if you are working on any project or to power up your designed device). Most of the electronic components work with DC power supply. To power up these components we can use various D.C. sources i.e. battery, AC to DC converter, Rectifier Circuit etc. We can use any of them depending upon our need. But sometimes we may fall in situation that we need only few mA of current at very low voltage and we may not have the option to use costly and bulky AC to DC converter circuit, any battery source or any other power source like DC adapter available in the market (example: you have designed a device and you want to build a separate power supply source for it so that it can operate directly from AC mains) but on the other hand you don’t want to use step down transform in the converter circuit to reduce the size and cost. To solve the issue we have designed a circuit which can be used anywhere to provide power supply for current requirement up to few mA at low voltage. Circuit has very good response to the high voltage surge and spikes even which lasting for few milliseconds. Further circuit is modified from the conventional techniques available across the internet

Magnetic field generation and diffusion by a laser-produced blast wave propagating in non-homogenous plasma

In this paper we discuss the magnetic field self generation, via the so-called Biermann battery effect, and its diffusion for a blast wave (BW) expanding in a perturbed background medium. A series of simulations verify the bi-linear behavior of the Biermann battery source term both in amplitude and in wavenumber. Such a behavior is valid in the limit of no diffusivity. When diffusivity is also considered, we observe an inverse proportionality with the wavenumber: for large wavenumber perturbation magnetic diffusivity plays a key role. Writing the induction equation in a dimensionless form we discuss how, in terms of magnetic properties, the BW can be subdivided into three main regions: the remnant where the frozen-in-flow approximation holds, the thin shell where the magnetic field is in fact generated but at the same time begins to diffuse, and the shock front where the magnetic field diffuses away. A possible experimental scenario that could induce magnetic fields of about 100 gauss is finally investigated. Simulations have been performed with the code DUED.

IJIREEICE - Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control

2 Abstract: The environmental aspect like oil depletion, global heating and CO2 gas emissions have become a concern and have propelled the development of an efficient and extendable energy management system (EMS) using fuel cell and battery sources for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. In this paper, a poser of a hybrid electric vehicle with energy management system with multiple source of energy is developed and analyzing the performance of HEV on Matlab. The multiple sources of energy, such as a battery and fuel cell (FC), EMS and power controller are designed and modelled using MATLAB. The developed control strategies continuously support the EMS of the multiple sources of energy for a vehicle under normal load conditions. The performance of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of vehicle speed and Load power. These study results suggest that the proposed control technique provides an efficient and feasible EMS for light electric vehicles. I. INTRODUCTION Around 90% of today's automobiles run on petroleum based product, which are estimated to be depleted by 2050. Moreover, current automobiles utilize only 27% of the energy released from petroleum and rest is wasted into the atmosphere. Despite recent efforts to improve fuel efficiency and reduce toxic emissions in cars, emissions have continued to increase steadily in the past two decades. For preservation of gasoline for future and increasing the efficiency of vehicle an electric vehicle can be a major breakthrough. An electric vehicle is pollution free and is efficient at low speed conditions mainly in high traffic areas. But battery charging is time consuming. Moreover, it cannot provide high power required by drives during high speed conditions or in slopes of hilly areas. Therefore the combination of fuel cell and lithium ion battery is one of the best options for gaining high performance in electric vehicle. Gasoline engine proves its efficiency at higher speeds in high ways and waste a lot of energy in urban areas. A hybrid electric vehicle solves these problems by combining the fuel cell and lithium ion battery and uses both the power sources at their efficient conditions. The objective of this project aims at better utilization of fuel energy and reduces dependence on non- renewable resources using latest technology. The implementation involves development of HEV that uses battery as well as fuel cell power for propulsion of vehicle.

어로 작업용 연승기 전동기의 PWM 속도제어기에 관한 연구

The long line fishing machine is combined with motor and two disc rollers has used on the small size fishing-boat under 1 ton located in near Jeollanam-do seaside. The long line fishing motor is controlled only one direction because the fishing line is loaded heavily at pulling up. On this paper we made the long line fishing 400W power motor controller which it was usually applied under 1 ton fishing boat, and designed the controller using PWM chip, Half bridge driver and MOSFET for one direction motor control. Furthermore some user convenience devices were added like battery indicator and safety protection circuit for battery overdischarge and battery source wire mismatch connection. So we protected the battery from overdicharging when the battery voltage was below 11.5V and fishermen didn`t need to worry about source lines misconnection anymore. We confirmed the test version of controller was the good working condition at land and sea.

Review of Power Conversion and Conditioning Systems for Stationary Electrochemical Storage

This paper deals with the power conversion system architectures to interface a stationary electrochemical storage installation with the network. Theoretical justifications about the conversion system layouts and control, used for actual Italian installations, are given. This paper aims at giving the power energy society an overview of actual possibilities of static conversion of d.c. battery sources.

Ultra-Low-Power Wireless Systems: Energy-Efficient Radios for the Internet of Things

An ultra-low-power wireless system is one which has to operate for an extended period of time with only a limited power source available, and is typically constrained to a limited size (if size is not a limitation then a larger battery could be used). Clearly the term ?ultra-low-power wireless? covers a broad range of applications which may have different key drivers as illustrated in Figure 1. For a fitness device such as a heart rate monitor, the number one driver is often cost as these are basic consumer products. For a bio-implant such as a smart pacemaker, battery life is critical as battery replacement typically requires surgery. For a smart home system such as automatic climate control, cost and battery life are important but the system also needs to support a relatively large number of devices and the communication range should be large?throughout the whole building. Finally for a gaming application such as a wireless headset, high data rate and very low latency are key, so as not to ruin the high-speed gaming experience. To minimize operating power and achieve maximum battery lifetime, the implementation of an ultra-lowpower wireless system requires an integrated design approach that considers many requirements including battery source, active and sleep mode energy requirements, system architectures, and circuit implementations. In practice, these issues lead to trade-offs, which may require numerous iterations to arrive at an optimal solution for the desired application. With the recent explosion of interest in ultra-low-power wireless systems for the Internet of Things and wearable devices, the current rate of innovation in the development of ultra-low-power wireless systems is sure to continue.

Energy aware swarm optimization with intercluster search for wireless sensor network.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are emerging as a low cost popular solution for many real-world challenges. The low cost ensures deployment of large sensor arrays to perform military and civilian tasks. Generally, WSNs are power constrained due to their unique deployment method which makes replacement of battery source difficult. Challenges in WSN include a well-organized communication platform for the network with negligible power utilization. In this work, an improved binary particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with modified connected dominating set (CDS) based on residual energy is proposed for discovery of optimal number of clusters and cluster head (CH). Simulations show that the proposed BPSO-T and BPSO-EADS perform better than LEACH- and PSO-based system in terms of energy savings and QOS.

A Novel Control Strategy for a Single-phase Grid-connected Power Injection System

In this paper, a novel and simple control strategy, based on state feedback method is suggested to control the power injection system (PIS). The considered PIS is composed of, a DC voltage source, a voltage source inverter (VSI) and a L-C-L filter. The DC source includes the battery source with boosted voltage. The battery can be charged with photovoltaic cells. Since, the grid voltage acts as a disturbance, so, the state space model is modified to reject the disturbance. In the proposed method, for the power injection requirement, the minimum input DC voltage, is calculated. Moreover, to avoid measurement problems such as noise and cost, an observer is also designed. The major problem of the single-phase PISs is the injection of somewhat DC current together with AC current. We show that the proposed controller not only implements nearly perfect tracking, but also eliminates the injected DC current to the grid. In addition, a Proportional-Resonant (PR) is also designed and applied to PIS. Simulation results show that the proposed method has significant advantages versus PR such as simple realization and application, low overshoot, no DC offset at the output current and fast response. The simulations are performed on average and accurate models. The accurate model encompasses practical conditions.

Simulation of a Novel Bridge MEMS-PZT Energy Harvester for Tire Pressure System

Self-powering is becoming an important issue for autonomous sensor systems. By having an on-the-go power source the life span increases in comparison to a limited battery source. In this paper, simulation of an innovative design for a piezoelectric energy harvester for Tire Pressure Measurement System (TPMS) is presented. The MEMS-based thin-film PZT harvester structure is in the form of a bridge with a big central seismic mass and multiple electrodes. This design takes the advantage of the S-profile bending and a short beam length to concentrate the piezoelectric effect in a small segment along the beam and maximize the power output for a given displacement. From simulation in Comsol Multiphysics, the 9mm × 5mm bridge, seismic mass of 8.7mg and resonance frequency of 615Hz, generates 1 μW by mechanical pulses excitation equivalent to driving at 60 km/h (roughly 180G).

Scheduling coupled photovoltaic, battery and conventional energy sources to maximize profit using linear programming

To address the increase of electricity demand, the need for reducing carbon dioxide, and the reduction of available fossil fuel resources, renewable energy sources are being recruited. Specifically energy generated by photovoltaic (PV) cells is becoming one of the most promising alternatives. In this context, this paper presents an optimization model for the scheduling problem where conventional and photovoltaic sources of energy are scheduled to be delivered to satisfy energy demand. The optimization model is formulated as a Linear Program (LP) with a bounded number of variables and constraints. The respective solution can be obtained in polynomial time and provides the optimal combination or schedule of energy generated from different sources (conventional, renewable and battery storage) such that the total demand is satisfied and the profit is maximized. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and the generality of the scheme.

Super Strongly Perfect Graphs in the Selection of Cluster Heads in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network comprises of dense sensor nodes which are randomly deployed. Major challenges in WSN are limited battery source and computation capacity. Considerable research has been carried out in the area of maximizing battery lifetime by reducing the energy consumption. Once such proposed technique involves hierarchical topology control. Conventionally proposed algorithm for hierarchical topology control involves computationally intensive soft computing tools. It leads to higher energy consumption in the sink node. Hence it necessitates computationally less intensive technique for cluster head selection. In this paper, an efficient cluster head selection is proposed using minimal dominating set in Super Strongly Perfect (SSP) graph.

순시전압강하 보상 기능을 가지는 무정전전원공급장치의 개발

In this paper, UPS, with a built-in instantaneous sag drop compensation features, was developed to improve performance. The improved UPS, using instantaneous moving average method, compensates by quickly measuring the voltage and series inverter of half-bridge type, using line-interactive method that links with the voltage of the battery and power source, was developed. In addition, by developing a parallel inverter that uses a high-efficiency PWM switching method, overall UPS system was enhanced. To verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, single-phase 5[kVA] UPS systems were designed and the experimental system was constructed. The low-cost type of Cortex-M3 module CPU STM32F103R8T6 (32[bit]) is attached and the switching time of mode transfer was set within 4 [ms]. THD of the linear load operates in less than 3[%], and the stability of the output voltage operates in approximately ±2[%] range. The superior performance of the operations was confirmed with the system set as above.

The Design and Construction of a 2kVA Inverter with Automatic Timing Capability

This work develops a 2KVA inverter with timing capability for load supply.The development of timing-capable inverter draws from a DC input which could be a solar/deep cycle battery source. Public power supply could be used to charge the battery. The inverter used the pulse width modulation (PWM) approach and used the SG3524N IC as the Pulse Width Modulator (PWM).Dual channel MOSFETs are supplied current of 10ms duration every 20ms and are used to alternately supply the primary windings of a step up transformer thereby producing an AC in the secondary of the transformer. A step-down transformer, bridge rectifier, and the pulse width modulator were used to provide voltage regulation of the output supply to the load. A keypad, a GDM1602A LCD screen and a PIC16F84A microcontroller were employed in the timing control of the voltage from the output of the inverter. Relays were employed in switching the voltage to the output based on the timing algorithm from the microcontroller. A prototype 2kVA inverter with timing was designed and implemented with a satisfactory output and suitable timing control.

MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES IN DIRECT TORQUE CONTROLLED PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR BY ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Direct Torque Control (DTC) appears as an effective and practical control scheme for AC motor drives. The DTC of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) Drives attracted great attention, due to many features like high efficiency, quick dynamic performance and provide excellent steady state response. The adjustable speed drives are rapidly introduced in the area of electric vehicle and motion control devices and these devices are often powered by a battery source. Due to the restriction in energy supply, the improvement of motor efficiency is the most important priority, and hence the DTC technique is used to measure the losses in PMSM. In order to measure the losses, the offline and online calculation methods are proposed. In this work, the mechanical losses is depends on rotor speed and friction torque, and it is often uncontrollable but the electrical losses are controllable and hence the electrical losses can be measured certainly. The Offline control method is used for optimizing the steady-state efficiency of PMSM under DTC. In this proposed work, the losses are calculated by offline method for simulation and experimental setup in order to obtain the better steady state efficiency, and also comparatively investigated with analysis and experimental results.

Optimized Design for Electric Vehicle Quick Charging System in Consideration of Economic Feasibility

This study simultaneously realized fast charger and low charger for electric vehicles by designing the driving power supply for the synchronization and interface of the battery system and power converter equipment of electric vehicles. In addition, it allowed the power of the output voltage and current to be supplied at a rate that is freely determined by user's setting regardless of the type of battery and power source, and also the charge and discharge devices for electric vehicles were developed using DSP. Furthermore, multi-step charging and discharging functions according to the changes in C-rate and CC (Constant Current) and CV (Constant Voltage) charging functions were realized in which the system can stably and continuously be operated with efficiency of 95% or above. Through such technological development, it has become possible to freely adjust the input voltage and output voltage according to the load condition through which production cost can be reduced and it is expected that it could be utilized in controller businesses for establishment of emergency power supply in the fields of multiple power supply apparatus of next generation electric vehicles and alternative energy that are leading the future green growth. In the future, this can be utilized in On Board Charger and Off Board Charger of EREV (Electric Range Extender Vehicle) in addition to being possible to be used in development of SMPS for power supply of high capacity power converter. It seems that it can be manufactured as product through design of DC/AC converter for next generation electric vehicles.

DESIGN OF SIMPLE RECYCLING AC ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEM WITH SMALL DC INPUT & HIGH EFFICIENCY WITH GOOD LOAD HANDLING CAPABILITY

The main intention of this research work is to desi gn low cost AC electrical energy generation impleme ntation system without any mechanical energy input (Diesel, wind, hydel, coal, solar and nuclear energy system). This concept mai n ambition to save global warming to save the people from radiation. This sys tem transmits the power with low cost to the consum ers and industrial companies. This work don’t depends on any renewable energy sou rces .This Deign Of Simple Recycling AC Electrical Energy Generation System with Small DC Input & High Efficiency with Good Loa d Handling Capability, main motive is to supply pow er with[1] low cost for formers , household and industrials. The main purpo se of research work is to implement zero co 2 emission automotive. How I justify this thing means the vehicle runs with electrical e nergy input. For this experiment I took up one battery source wi th suitable configuration which drives the dc motor . The dc motor coupled to ac alternator with specialized speed governing mechani sm is employed in between alternator and DC machine with rated speed. We collect energy from the stator of the machine. The collected energy is able to drive the electrical ap pliances ( Motors, Fans,etc.,). This energy is feedback to input dc battery with special ized arrangement. Here stickily mentioned that this process completely recycled once the battery is recharged at first. I strictly pronounced that my research can change the present day’s scenarios to achieve global worming free world.