Bath Tub Research Articles

Characteristics of drug-related deaths where individuals are found submerged in a bath or hot tub in the United Kingdom, 1997-2023.

Recent media reports highlight that drug-related fatalities can occur while individuals are immersed in water in domestic settings. We aimed to determine the case characteristics, circumstances of death and type of implicated drugs among individuals dying due to unintentional drug-related causes found immersed in a bath or hot tub. Retrospective cohort study in the United Kingdom using coronial records from the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, 1997-2023. Information was available on decedent socio-demographics, characteristics of death and drugs implicated in death. One hundred fifty-six decedents were found immersed in the bath and six in a hot tub, a mean of 6.4 deaths per year (SD 3.7; range 1-13). Overall decedents were predominantly male (n = 94, 58.0%), of White ethnicity (n = 98, 60.5%) with a mean age of 40 years (SD 13; range 19-74). Only 12 decedents had any physical contributory factor to death other than poisoning or drowning. The median number of drugs detected at post-mortem was 3 (interquartile range 2, 5) with multiple drug toxicity implicated in the majority of cases (n = 90, 55.6%). The most common implicated drugs were heroin (n = 53, 32.7%), alcohol (n = 46, 28.4%) and cocaine (n = 33, 20.4%). Over the last two decades in the United Kingdom there have been consistent numbers of unintentional drug-related deaths each year where individuals were found in a bath or hot tub. Polysubstance, opioid and alcohol use are overrepresented. Targeted advice to avoid bathing while intoxicated would appear to be an appropriate harm reduction message.

A family of tests for trend change in failure rate function with right censored data

In this paper we extend the family of test proposed by Majumder and Mitra [Detecting trend change in failure functions-an L-statistic approach. Stat Pap. 2019;62:31–52. doi: 10.1007/s00362-018-01074-8] for testing exponentiality against bathtub (BT) failure rate (upside down bathtub (UBT)) to randomly right censored case. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic and using Monte Carlo simulation we obtain the empirical powers for certain alternative distributions. As a special case the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic proposed by Park [Testing whether failure rate changes its trend. IEEE Trans Reliab. 1988;37(4):375–378. doi: 10.1109/24.9842] is obtained. Finally some examples of real life data are given for illustrative purpose.

Correlation of mechanical and optical properties of polypropylene plastic waste for application in composite panels

Sustainable plastic waste management systems are needed to reduce environmental pollution impacts as they are non-biodegradable and emit greenhouse gases when burned. This study investigates the feasibility of using recycled polypropylene (PP) from commonly used plastics to process composite panels. The samples were obtained from household plastics with a Resin Identification Code (RIC) of 5. In addition, other common polymer samples were obtained from plastic coffee cups (W) and red basin tubs (R) and moulded using an injection moulding machine. The mechanical strengths of the resultant composites were plotted and compared with the theoretical value of the pure polymer. The ultimate tensile strength of the white cups and the red basin tubs was found to be 36 MPa and 14.55 MPa, while their yield points were 14.45 MPa and 4.55 MPa, respectively. Infrared spectra of the absorption of the samples were obtained using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The band gaps were analysed from Tauc’s plot and were found to be of white cups and the red bath tubs at 3.392 eV and 3.646 eV, respectively. These properties were found to be suitable for recycled plastics to be applied to process value-added panels with no significant adverse influence on material properties.

Analytical models for critical heights of vortexing in flat and spherical bottom tanks with siphon and bottom drains

Critical height or critical submergence is liquid level at which air-core vortex extends from the free surface into drain hole when a liquid is drained from a container/tank. Extensive analytical and experimental studies have been reported on critical height of bath tub vortex, for liquid draining downward from flat bottom propellant tanks. Rockets making use of liquid propellants mostly employ spherical bottom propellant tanks as well as siphon or upward drain flow. Keeping in view of such practical applications, analytical models are developed for critical height, considering the effects of siphon drain and the shape of tank bottom. Additional design parameters influencing the behavior for each case are identified. Appropriate governing equations and a solution methodology are developed pertinent to the system considered, to predict the critical height for siphon drain and spherical bottom tank independently as well as for both combined. The results indicate that the critical height for spherical bottom tank is higher than for flat bottom tank, due to higher local flow velocity. Siphon geometry can be designed for critical height much less than normal drain from flat bottom tank. These observations are in accordance with the results published in the literature. This paper reports the analytical models and solution methodology to predict the critical height for vortexing for normal draining from spherical tank bottom, siphon draining from both flat and spherical bottom tanks.

Letter to the Editor-The curious incident of the dog in the bath tub.

Letter to the Editor-The curious incident of the dog in the bath tub.

Ciechocinek Spa — the Biggest Health Resort in the Polish Lowlands in Terms of Geotourism

Ciechocinek is known for its unique saline graduation towers and salt works. The crucial date in Ciechocinek’s history was 1836, when four treatment copper bath tubs were installed in the local inn. This gave rise to the beginning of the Health Springs Enterprise, which was the origin of the Health Resort. The graduation towers of Ciechocinek are particular and they are the biggest wooden constructions which serve to vaporize brine’s water from the spring no. 11. The graduation towers were built in the shape of a horseshoe. Two first graduation towers were built in the years between 1824 and 1828 and the third in 1859. The height of towers is about 15.8 m and the total length of all of them is more than 1741.5 m. They constitute a unique monument of the nineteenth-century technology, one of few in Europe. In the graduation towers the concentration of salt brine takes place as a part of the salt production process. A characteristic feature of this process is the production of a natural aerosol with healing properties. Within the graduation towers there is a specific microclimate, a natural and curative inhaler. The technology of salt production, which is based on heating concentrated salt brine, has not changed in 190 years — it consists in heating concentrated brine. Thermal brines of the Na–Cl type and J type from borehole no. 14 (Terma 14) and borehole no. 16 (Terma 16) are used for Ciechocinek Spa mineral water supply. These boreholes are screened in the Dogger and Lias sandstones. The water in Terma 14 has mineralization (total dissolved solids (TDS)) of 43.5 g/L and the temperature on the borehole outflow is 28 °C. The water from Terma 16 has mineralization (TDS) of 53.4 g/L. It is thermal water and its temperature on the borehole outflow is 32 °C. The therapeutic thermal water in the Ciechocinek boreholes occurs at considerable depth and its resources are very slowly renewable. The therapeutic qualities of Ciechocinek springs are strongly recommended for curing cardiovascular, respiratory, orthopedic, traumatic, rheumatic, nervous system, and women’s diseases. The Ciechocinek Spa is a producer of well-known products of perfect quality: “Krystynka” mineral water, flavored water, table salt, medicinal lye, and mud.

P‐4.8: Unidirectional Observable Aero Signage Display Using Dye‐doped Corner Cube Prisms Which Enable to Make Transparent from Back Side

Suppose that you look Arabic numerals on transparent glass windows or in the air. Which does it mean ‘85’ or ‘28’? You end up watching the mirrored images when you view from back side. So let us make the mirrored image invisible. To solve mirrored image problems of an aero signage which means images are floating in the air, our research group has utilized dye‐doped prisms and total internal reflection in optics. You know that water is generally colorless and transparent but the water in a bath tub is little blue. The color changes depending on the depth of water. The deeper, the darker water becomes blue. This is the reason why some color is generated in the dye‐doped material. In 2021, we presented a unidirectional observable display using letterings made by intaglio printings for arranging dye‐doped tiny prisms on a glass window. You can watch these colored letterforms from front and transparent pixels from back. But this 2021 model has a little defect that colors are less vivid because of color generating mechanism by twice reflection in conventional optical prisms using transparent materials for making transparent from back side. In this paper, the authors show an aero signage display using dye‐doped corner cube prisms which can lengthen light paths in the prism by multi‐times reflections to avoid the semi‐transparent problem which means colors are not vivid.

P‐3.22: One‐way Observable Aero Signage Display Using Optical Prisms Doped with Dye and Pigments Which Enable to Make Transparent from Back Side

Suppose that you look Arabic numerals on transparent glass windows or in the air. Which does it mean ‘85’ or ‘28’? You end up watching the mirrored images when you view from back side. So let us make the mirrored image invisible. This paper shows a one-way observable display for aero signage whose images are floating in the air. To solve mirrored image problems of an aero signage, our research group has utilized dye-doped prisms and total internal reflection in optics. You know that water is generally colorless and transparent but the water in a bath tub is little blue. The color changes depending on the depth of water. The deeper, the darker water becomes blue. This is the reason why some color is generated in the dye-doped material. In 2021, we presented a one-way observable display using letterings made by intaglio printings for arranging dye-doped tiny prisms on a glass window. You can watch these colored letterforms from front and transparent pixels from back. But this 2021 model has a little defect that colors are less vivid because of color generating mechanism using transparent materials for one-way observing. In this paper, the authors show special designed optical prisms which are doped with dye and pigments to avoid the semitransparent problem that means colors are not vivid.

Ragnar Kjartansson and the Art of Pleasure

Ragnar Kjartansson and the Art of Pleasure

Effects of swaddled and traditional tub bathing on stress and physiological parameters of preterm infants: A randomized clinical trial in China

PurposeThe present research aims to study the effects of swaddled and traditional tub bathing on premature infants to identify better ways to bathe. Design and methodsEligible premature infants (n = 60) were randomly assigned to either swaddled bathing or traditional tub bathing group. Stress scores and physiological indicators were measured 10 min before, immediately after, and 10 min after bathing. Crying times were also recorded for both groups. Data were reported as mean and standard deviation (SD) or frequency (percentage). For analyzing the data, the Student t-test and Chi-square test were employed. ResultsSwaddled bathing has less effect on the respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen saturation (p < 0.05). Both bathing methods led to a decrease in the temperature of infants. Still, the temperature of infants 10 min after bathing, in the swaddled bathing group was rose higher than the traditional tub bathing (t = 2.813, p < 0.05). The stress score of the swaddled bathing group, immediately after and ten minutes after bathing was lower than the traditional tub bathing group. The crying time of the swaddled bathing group was 32 ± 24.740(s) lower than the traditional tub bathing group 94.43 ± 41.625(s). ConclusionsThe advantages of swaddled bathing over traditional tub bathing were validated for feasibility in China's preterm infants. Swaddled bathing is recommended method for bathing technique in the neonatal intensive care unit. Practice implicationsSwaddled bathing is beneficial for the development of premature infants, as it results in less noxious stimuli and stress on the developing premature neonates.

Domestic hot water system in residential buildings: production, distribution and consumption energy loss. Monitoring campaign in two Danish detached houses

The share of the energy use for domestic hot water (DHW) in the total energy consumption of buildings is becoming more and more prominent. Depending on the building typology it varies between 20% to 50% of the total energy usage for old and new built single family house, respectively. The aim of this paper is to determine the energy losses in the DHW installation with division between: a) loss at the production point, b) loss in the distribution, and c) loss at the draw-off points using the results of the measurements of DHW consumption in two single family houses connected to district heating grid. The total Eloss for the two houses vary between 17% and 26%. For House 1, the production loss accounts for 8%, the pipe loss for 15% and loss at the draw off points for 3%. Moreover, the results shown that the layout of the house, in particular the placement of the bathrooms with showers or bath tubs has significant impact on the size of the distribution losses.

Sea Prayer: An Illustrated Literary Narration on the Afflictions of Refugees

Children have been the most sought-after artist, sculptors, creators, innovators, poets, builders, and are likely to practice many professions and become one. As curious learners from their toddler life, they try to grab any object that is around and make some sense out of them. For instance, playing on a heap of sand they construct their dream homes, getting hold of their dad’s stethoscope they try to feel the ‘lub dub’ beat on the chest of their parents; playing with the cooking vessels that they stealthily take it from their mother’s kitchen and play the role of a cook and chef by heating water on a toy gas stove etc. These little incidents in their life, as little ones, have given a giant leap for mankind in the field of discovery and inventions.&#x0D; Many scientists like James Watt (watching the boiling kettle in his mother’s cottage), Archimedes (incident in his bathing tub), Isaac Newton (falling apple) and many other such scientists have invented something or the other, through observations and experiences. These inventions are taught to children in their science classes according to their syllabus that are graded by the education department and syllabus makers. This article will make an attempt to cater interest among students to get into the picturesque and fascinating world of children’s Nursery Rhymes to understand and learn many scientific and engineering concepts from it. Through the pictorial representations found in the nursery rhymes, many engineering concepts can be taught to children between the ages of six to fifteen. This can be seen as one of the innovative methods of revealing the great wonders of science through the Nursery Rhymes.

Skansen czy skarbnica? Obraz kultury materialnej bydgoszczan zapisany w ich gwarze miejskiej (analiza etymologiczna)

The study concerns the names of clothing, home furnishings, everyday objects, tools, and means of transport contained in the lexicon of the Bydgoszcz city dialect. This lexical stock includes the names of the outer garment (e.g. buks ‘trousers’), recreational clothes (badeje ‘swimming trunks’), headgear (e.g. lujmycka ‘hooligan’s cap’), footwear (e.g. kropusy ‘men’s shoes with high uppers’). Another area is the apartment; for example, the names of kitchen equipment have German origin (e.g. ausgust ‘kitchen sink’, kastrolka ‘saucepan’). This also concerns the names of three stools differing in height: the lowest one is called ryczka, a taller one is szemel, and the tallest is hoker. Texts in the Bydgoszcz city dialect also contain the names of artefacts necessary to perform everyday activities, such as cleaning (e.g. szruber ‘rice brush’) or laundry (e.g. balia ‘large wooden bath tub’). A separate place in the material culture of the inhabitants of Bydgoszcz is occupied by technological vocabulary, such as the names of tools (żaga ‘saw’) and transport (e.g. rolwaga ‘horse-drawn cart for transportation of goods’). Most of the names are Germanisms. A smaller number come from rural or folk dialects (e.g. modre ‘bleaching agent’, rydelek ‘visor of a cap’, szlory ‘old, trodden footwear’, trygiel ‘cast iron pot’). It is concluded that the city dialect is not only a museum or heritage park but also a treasury of old words.

Assessment of Excess Gamma Dose Exposure Level in Typical Nigeria Commercial Building Materials Distribution Outlets

The gamma dose rate exposure levels from different brands of building materials at commercial distribution stores/shops in two major cities in Ondo State, Nigeria, were measured using a well calibrated Inspector 1000 scintillator detector. The results showed that the different brands of building materials which are Corrugated iron sheet, Aluminum roofing sheets, Conduit pipes, Paints, Cement, PVC pipes, Wash hand basin, Bath tub, Water closet, Kitchen zinc, Asbestos, Floor tiles, Wall tiles, Bullet proof door, Binding wire, rings and rods, Red bricks, Galvanized pipes, Copper pipes, Water tanks contributed excess annual effective doses of 0.332 mSv/y and 0.311mSv/y to store keepers in Ikare Akoko and Akure cities respectively. The indoor and outdoor annual effective dose of each of the investigated two cities are correlated using simple linear regression equations. The results of the modeling and experiment show that annual effective dose received by the occupants of these shops/stores was about 12 % higher than what could be received in a typical natural radiation environment in the two cities because the building materials acts as a source of radiation indoor. The research indicated that the typical habit of using poorly ventilated and confined space as stores/shops by the sales men might subject them to internal exposure through inhalation of radon gas and its short-lived decay products. Implementation of the developed equations would definitely promote rapid determination of outdoor annual effective dose through indoor annual effective dose and ultimately save time and other valuable resources.

P‐8.12: One‐way Observable Floating Image Display for Aero Signage Using Micro Optical Prisms Which Enable to Make Transparent View from Back Side

Suppose that you look Arabic numerals on transparent glass windows or in the air. Which does it mean ‘85’ or ‘28’? You end up watching the mirrored images when you view from back side. This paper shows a one‐way observable display for aero signage whose images are floating in the air. To solve mirrored image problems of an aero signage, the authors have utilized dye‐doped prisms and total internal reflection in optics. You know that water is generally clear and transparent but the water in a bath tub is little blue. The color changes depending on the depth of water. The deeper, the darker water becomes blue. This is the reason why some color is generated in the dye‐doped material. The authors put the letterings made by intaglio printings for arranging dye‐doped tiny prisms on a glass window. You can watch these colored letterforms from front and transparent pixels from back. Moreover the authors discuss a one‐way observable edgeilluminated window signage display which enables us to observe light emitting signs in the dark night without requiring external illuminating lights.

The Log-Kumaraswamy Generalized Gamma Regression Model with Application to Chemical Dependency Data

The five parameter Kumaraswamy generalized gamma model (Pas coa et al., 2011) includes some important distributions as special cases and it is very useful for modeling lifetime data. We propose an extended version of this distribution by assuming that a shape parameter can take negative values. The new distribution can accommodate increasing, decreasing, bath tub and unimodal shaped hazard functions. A second advantage is that it also includes as special models reciprocal distributions such as the recipro cal gamma and reciprocal Weibull distributions. A third advantage is that it can represent the error distribution for the log-Kumaraswamy general ized gamma regression model. We provide a mathematical treatment of the new distribution including explicit expressions for moments, generating function, mean deviations and order statistics. We obtain the moments of the log-transformed distribution. The new regression model can be used more effectively in the analysis of survival data since it includes as sub models several widely-known regression models. The method of maximum likelihood and a Bayesian procedure are used for estimating the model pa rameters for censored data. Overall, the new regression model is very useful to the analysis of real data.

Polymer Brush Made from Ionic Liquid and Its Anti-Biofilm Formation Behaviors By Environmental Biota in a Flow-Type Laboratory Biofilm Reactor

Biofilms are formed on materials surfaces by bacterial activities, which leads to the many kinds of contaminations and causes many industrial problems such as scale inside cooling water pipes, corrosion, hygiene issues at kitchens, dining, toilets, bath tubs, chronic diseases in medical fronts etc. To solve the industrial problems, many countermeasures have been proposed so far. The approach from the viewpoint of materials is one of the good ways to solve the biofilm problems. In this research, we investigated how biofilm behaviors formed in a flow type laboratory biofilm reactor (Fig.1) were affected by polymer brush coating of ionic liquids. As polymer brush, N-diethyl-N-(2-methacryloylethyl)-N-methylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (ρDEMM-TFSI) was used with PMMA polymer brush coating as control. The polymer brush coated glass specimens were immersed in the laboratory biofilm reactor where environmental bacteria were mixed into water to form biofilms in the reactor. The specimens with biofilms were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopic observations. And the results were compared with those for PMMA polymer brush specimens. The results were also compared with those obtained by static immersion tests. As well as the results by static methods, ρDEMM-TFSI polymer coating specimens were sensitive to biofilm formation, being compared with the results for PMMA polymer brush coating specimens. The reason could be attributed to the ionic (anionic )polarization of ρDEMM-TFSI coating’s surfaces. However, those biofilms seemed to be concentrated at the vicinity of surfaces. Therefore, the biofilms restricted to the surface area might be removed easily. Figure 1

Physiological Effects of Short and Prolonged Cold Spinal Bath on Heart rate variability and respiratory rate in healthy volunteers

Background: Cold spinal bath is a widely used hydrotherapy treatment modality in naturopathy for therapeutic as well as rejuvenation purpose. Short and prolonged effects of cold spinal bath at 18 to 24°C has not been previously assessed. Aim: This study aims to evaluate physiological effects of short and prolonged duration. Materials & Methods: 60 healthy volunteers of both genders aged between 18 to 25 years were recruited. Subjects were randomly allocated into study and control groups. Study group received cold spinal bath for 30 min and control group subjects entered and remained in the spinal bath tub without water for 30 min. Assessment were done during treatment in both the groups. Results: There was a significant increase in MEAN Respiratory (RR) from 15th to 30th min, significant decrease in MEAN Heart rate (HR) from 5th to 30th min, whereas significant decrease in RR from 1st to 30th min in study group when compared to control group. Within control group significant increase in MEAN RR, decrease in MEAN HR from 15th to 30th min and significant decrease in LF at 15th min. Within the study group there was a significant decrease in MEAN RR, RMSSD, NN50, increase in MEAN HR, LF, LF/HF ratio at 5th min. At 10th min significant decrease in MEAN RR, increase in MEAN HR. At 25th min significant increase in LF, LF/HF ratio, decrease in HF, RR was decreased significantly from 5th to 15th min. Conclusion: Cold spinal bath for the short duration produces sympathetic dominance and prolonged duration produces parasympathetic dominance.

Water and air ozone treatment as an alternative sanitizing technology [abstract

PURPOSE: Investigate the effectiveness of ozone treatment as an alternative sanitizing technology to conventional disinfectants in reducing the microbial contamination of both water and air. METHODS: Ozone was added for 20 minutes to a well-defined volume of water and air by the system named “Ozonomatic®”. The effectiveness of ozonation was determined by counting CFU/m3 or mL of bacteria present in samples of air or water collected before (T0) and after (T1) the addition of ozone and comparing the microbial load of different bacteria present in ozonized and non-ozonized samples. RESULTS: When the ozonation equipment was located at 30 cm from the surface of the water in the bath tub in which the bacteria were inoculated, the treatment was able to reduce the microbial load present in the aerosol by 70.4% at a temperature of 36°C for 48 hours. Conversely, at 22°C for 5 days, only a modest decrease (9.1%) was observed. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were completely eliminated. A 93.9% reduction was observed for Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus faecalis (25.9%). The addition of ozone to water was able to almost eliminate Staphylococcus aureus (98.9% reduction) and also to exert a strong impact on Legionella pneumophila (87.5% reduction). Streptococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a decrease of 64.2% and 57.4%, respectively. Conversely, only a 26.4% reduction was observed for the bacterium Escherichia coli. This study showed that the addition of ozone in the air exerted a modest reduction on microbial load at 36°C, whereas no effect was observed at 22°C. CONCLUSIONS: Aqueous and gaseous ozone treatments were effective against microbial contaminants, reducing the CFU of the microorganisms and confirming its efficacy in water and air disinfection.

Acoustic black hole in 2 + 1 dimensions as a particle accelerator

In this paper, we have studied particle collision around a rotating acoustic black hole in 2 + 1 dimensions. This black hole is analog to a fluid flow in a draining bath tub with a sink. Center of mass energy for two-particle collision at the horizon of the rotating acoustic black hole is considered. There is a possibility of the two-mass collision to create infinite center of mass energy for certain fine tuning of the parameters of the theory.