Bath Tub Research Articles

Model for failure rate curves

The failure rate of electronic components is determined by the initial distribution of the critical parameters and by the nature of the degradation mechanism. Assuming the mechanism to be determined by a first order differential equation with respect to time it turns out that a simple relation exists between the life histories of components with different initial conditions. With only one failure mechanism and a (truncated) normal distribution function, with average μ and standard deviation σ, it is shown that the shape of the failure rate curve is determined by a dimensionless characteristic parameter b = n( σ/ μ) 2, in which n is typical for the underlying failure mechanism. For b < 1 4 a “bath tub” like failure rate curve will occur in general; for b > 1 4 the failure rate decreases continuously as a function of time. By considering the complete failure rate curve, including the rejects during testing, a relation between yield and failure rate can be indicated. A prediction about the temperature-dependence of the failure rate curve is given. The effect of stress testing at elevated temperature can be made quantitative by a simple scaling rule.

Survival rates after serious immersion accidents in childhood

A study of childhood survival rates, after loss of consciousness in fresh water, has been undertaken. Age-specific, sex-specific and site-specific survival rates for childhood fresh water immersion accidents are reported for the first time. The overall survival rate, after loss of consciousness in the water was 0.49; swimming pool and domestic bath tub serious immersion accidents have a survival rate of 0.60 compared with a rate of 0.05 for similar immersion accidents in creeks and rivers. Young male schoolboys have the lowest potential survival (0.20 or less) of any group. Survival rates were significantly higher during the winter (0.86) than during the warmer months (survival rate of 0.49). This gives a quantitative expression to the protection from cerebral anoxia afforded by body chilling which is not extreme. Survival rates have increased significantly over the 5 year period 1971–1975; it is considered that this is due to public education campaigns of the potential danger of water to children. The use of survival rates to measure factors which modify the pathophysiology of human drowning and near-drowning is discussed.

Emotional Sequelae of Parents and Sibs following the Drowning or Near-Drowning of a Child

This study reports the findings from an investigation to evaluate the intra-family dynamics that occurred with 111 cases of childhood drowning and near-drowning in the City of Brisbane in 1971-1975. Personal interviews were obtained with 77 of the families. 24 per cent of parent-dyads separated following the drowning of their child, whereas none of the 54 families of surviving children separated. Accident generated stresses within the studied families tended to persist for years after the incident. Parents volunteered the information that they drank more, experienced sleep disorders and nightmares, and reported significant anxiety states. 19 per cent of parents of drowned children received specialist psychiatric treatment following the drowning. Two cases of surviving children received specialist psychiatric therapy (these were both parents who had inflicted non-accidental injury on their child, and had attempted to drown their child in the bath). In one sense, a child's death is more honourable from society's point of view if the child dies from a chronic medical illness such as leukaemia. In the case of a child's death in the family bath tub or the backyard swimming pool, the extra society sanctions of culpability and accusation further intensified the likelihood of the normal grief process being transformed into a pathological variant.

Freshwater drowning and near-drowning accidents involving children: a five-year total population study.

A large total population study of childhood fresh water immersion accidents is reported. The study was undertaken in the City of Brisbane over the five-year period 1971 to 1975 inclusive, and 111 fresh water immersion accidents involving children were studied and analysed. The childhood fresh water immersion accident rate, including drowning and near-drownings, of 10-43 per year per 100,000 at risk (fatality rate of 5-17) is the highest reported. If an unsupervised child gets into difficulties in fresh water and loses consciousness he has a 50% chance of dying. The immersion accident rate has doubled over the last six years. Age-specific immersion accident rates have been calculated, and have revealed that, in the toddler group (12 months to 23 months), the fresh water immersion accident rate is 50-01 per 100,000 (fatality rate of 22-55). Rates for drowning and near-drowning accidents after a fresh water immersion, by site, age and outcome (survival versus fatality), are also presented for the first time. Swimming pools produce 6-20 immersion accidents per year per 100,000 children at risk, and the domestic family bath tub produces 1-78. Possible factors explaining the high incidence are discussed, and comparisons of drowning rates from other centres are made.

Ergonomic Aspects of Aging and the Built Environment

Old age is characterized by curtailment of mobility, frequent physical impairments and diminished mental ability. Old people need an adaptation of housing equipment to their reduced physical abilities: smaller reaching areas in the kitchen, safe bath tubs with vertical and horizontal hand grips, doors without thresholds, and non-slip floorings as well as relatively large living rooms, since they spend most of their time at home.

実験による障害種別の入浴設備の研究 : 身障者の洗面・排泄・入浴諸行為の建築計画的研究 (4)

As for disabled people, it is desirable or rather natural as it is for normal people to live with their family. Unfortunatly, ordinary houses are not well designed for the convenience of disabled people using wheel chairs or something like those. Especially, the well designed sanitary quarters are one of the most important points of a house for the disabled, because of their private and frequent use. In this paper, we studied the ways of using bath room of several typical types of disable people in the model bath room for experiment. One of the distinctions of this study is its variety of constituents which are medical, human engineering architectural, and industrial teams. The construction of this model bath room for the experiment are as follows. The height of bath tubs from the floor level is changeable, and supportant apparatus, such as handrails, poles, stools, and sliding boads (which are used for crippling approach from the entrance of bath room to the bath tub after transferred from their wheel chairs) are able to set in various places and positions of walls. We analysed the types of bathing from following viewpoints. Those are, observations of reserchers, photo-analysis, feelings of users. We derived several better bath room systems for each type of the disabled, to get more natural postures and smooth actions.

Some Application Developments of Rigid Plastic Foams in Japan

Rigid plastic foams in Japan date from the early 1950's. Polystyrene and rigid ure thane foams are the most promising mate rials, their principal applications being in sulation of cold storage space, buildings and ships. The following insulation applications in Japan are described and illustrated (in most cases the insulating material was extruded foamed polystyrene board): fish storage houses, controlled-temperature rooms on ships, "sake" breweries, "miso" plants, pipe coverings (urethane foam), acrylonitrile ab sorption towers and ammonia tanks, apart ment houses, cooling tower grids and bath tubs. Additional applications pictured in clude "tatami" and "fusuma," protective packaging and polystyrene paper (from sheet or film).

Normal physiologic vaginal douches

From these studies one might conclude that alkaline or weak acid (hypoacidity) douches are contraindicated because there is a resulting hypoacidity and alkalinization (the pH approaching the alkaline side of the pH scale) when there are pathologic changes in the vagina. The correct amount of buffer as well as the correct amount of surface-acting agents (exploding agents), vaginal adhesives and correct pH must be determined by direct studies of the medication in the vagina in the presence of the pathologic secretions, pathogenic microorganisms and all the pathologic changes found within the vaginal walls. This test must not be done in test tubes. The action of the douche presented herein has been studied in the infected vagina over 1,000 times. Most alkaline douches favor the growth of pathogenic vaginal microorganisms. Patients with leukorrhea or vaginal soreness should be instructed at first to use one to two tablespoonfuls of this douche powder in her douche bag until she can get to her physician. One tablespoonful of the powder is used for an ordinary cleansing douche. The patient is instructed to lie down in the bath tub and to hold the lips of the vagina against the nozzle in order that the vagina be distended. The solution should be retained for five to ten minutes or longer, and warm water should be used. The douche can or bag should be hung or set as high as the present day commode tank which is two to three feet high. Even in cases of sterility, soda alkaline douches are contraindicated. No vaginal douche with a pH of 3.0 or higher is advocated. Most women still douche and will continue to douche, even if the physician instructs her not to douche, if they feel that their vagina is not clean. A woman cannot hurt her vagina by using a normal physiologic douche even if she uses it four to eight times daily. If a woman wishes to douche, let her douche, because it produces in her mind the same psychologic feeling as one obtains from bathing or brushing one's teeth. A correctly acidified and correctly buffered, normal physiologic douche powder has been presented.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF A WARM BATH ON THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF A. CENTRALIS RETINAE

1. In winter the blood pressure of A. centralis retinae rises by undressing but in summer no change could he found.2. The influence of the warm bath on the blood pressure of A. centralis retinae could be divided into 3 stages. There is a sudden rise just after the body is ex- posed in the warm bath followed by decends for a while and rise again at the end of the bath. The blood pressure of A, centralis retinae is higher by the crouching posture during bath than that of the sitting posture. The higher the water temperature the higher is the blood pressure and in winter the initial ascend rate of the blood pressure is larger than that in summer but in summer the ter-minal ascend rate is larger than that in winter.3. After bath the blood pressure descends to the initial blood pressure for a while then it gradually recovers to the normal pressure.4. The rising degree of the blood pressure of A. centralis retinae during bath in the cases with high blood pressure were higher than that in the healthy cases. By the results obtained by these experiments it can be concluded that the fol-lowing cares are necessary in order to prevent the attack of cerebral hemorrhage by taking a warm bath.1) In winter the cold body must not be exposed to the hot water suddenly.2) A long hot bath is contraindicated in summer.3) A hot bath is contraindicated to those with high blood pressure.4) The Japanese bath tub must be changed as it causes the marked. rise of the blood pressure in the cranium.

Rupture of the Kidney Diagnosed by Retrograde Pyelography

Traumatic rupture of the kidney is an uncommon but not rare event. Its occurrence is estimated at one to every 1,000 to 3,000 injuries. The clinical picture is fairly characteristic, the main features being pain, tumor, hematuria, ecchymoses, shock. If a history of trauma is given, the diagnosis is usually not difficult. If, on the other hand, nothing is known about the trauma it is hard enough to recognize the condition. This occurred in a case recently observed. Case Report Mrs. E. F., a 51-year-old white woman, complained of acute, sharp, cutting pain radiating down the left thigh, accompanied by blood in the urine, nausea, and vomiting. Absolute bed rest failed to stop the bleeding and her physician referred her to the New Rochelle Hospital for further observation. The possibility of a renal tumor was considered most likely. Five days after admission the condition of the patient permitted cystoscopic examination. The bladder was found to be perfectly normal. Pure blood was seen coming from the left ureter. Indigo carmine injected intravenously appeared on the right side in 5 minutes and on the left in 10 minutes. A flat roentgenogram of the abdomen showed the shadow of the left kidney to be immensely enlarged, reaching from the 11th dorsal to the 4th lumbar vertebra. There was no evidence of any radio-opaque lithiasis which could have explained the bleeding. Intravenous pyelography tended to confirm the suspicion of a tumor of the left kidney. Only the upper calyx was filled by the contrast substance. A diffuse accumulation of dye was visible in the region of the upper part of the pelvis. The middle and lower parts of the pelvis and calyces were not filled at any time (Fig. 1). A retrograde pyelogram showed all the calyces to be well filled by the contrast substance, not widened, and not deflected from their normal place in the kidney. There was a fairly large distance between the upper calyx on the one hand and the middle and lower calyces on the other. This space. which should have been occupied by the kidney pelvis, showed only patchy accumulations of dye with very irregular outlines. The tip of the catheter was found to be outside of the calyces (Fig. 2). With these findings at hand, the idea of a neoplasm had to be abandoned. Enlargement of the kidney by a parenchymal tumor would have caused deflection of one or more of the calyces, while a hydronephrosis or pyonephrosis would have caused enlargement of the calyces. The presence of a rupture of the kidney was therefore suspected and on further questioning was confirmed, the patient admitting that she had slipped and fallen on the edge of the bath tub, striking her left flank. In view of the continuous bleeding, a nephrectomy was done. It was found that the left kidney, together with its capsule, was torn entirely in two parts, at the level of the hilum.

Speaking of Bath Tubs

Speaking of Bath Tubs

SULFANILAMIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF GONORRHEAL VULVOVAGINITIS

Gonorrheal vulvovaginitis in children is a common disease; at the Cook County Hospital alone we treat about 150 patients a year. Brunet and his co-workers 1 estimate that it occurs in from 1 to 5 per cent of the female children of the poor sections of the larger cities. We feel that this estimate is very conservative. In 1930 we were called to an institution to take care of several patients with vaginitis. After taking smears of all the girls, approximately 300, we found that 20 per cent were positive for gonococci. In Chicago there is a high percentage of active cases among the Negro population. The sources of infection are numerous. In institutions the diaper appears to be the chief source of infection. Towels, linen, thermometers, bath tubs, attendants and nurses also may convey the organism from one child to another. About 80 per cent of our patients are

Municipal Water Softening

Perhaps the old maxim that Cleanliness is next to Godliness has had a great deal to do with the ever-increasing demand for soft water. Somewhere deep down in our innermost beings we have an inborn desire for cleanliness which in turn creates the necessity of using water in the process of cleansing. Soap has been found by experience, as being an excellent aid to this process and it is the difficulty of obtaining the necessary lather, which has invited the use of various means of reducing the soap-consuming power of natural waters. Before obtaining a lather with any water and soap, the previouslymentioned calcium and magnesium salts have to be rendered inert. This is done by some of the soap uniting with these compounds, forming insoluble sticky curds which tend to adhere to all things with which they come in contact. It is this substance which forms the ring around the bath tub after bathing. Mr. Charles P. Hoover (1) states that lime costing ' cent will soften as much water as will 20 pounds of soap costing from $2.00 to $3.00. From these data, it can be readily seen, that a considerable saving could be made in the use of soap if lime were used to soften the water. Many figures have been given as to the savings made by softening water. Some of these have been tabulated below:

Dangers of the Bath Tub

Dangers of the Bath Tub

PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC POOLS

The development in recent years of hydrogymnastic technic and methods has brought to the fore possibilities for this rather unique combination of physical therapeutic modalities heretofore but slightly realized. The treatment of various types of illness in pools originated probably centuries ago, for we read in the Bible of the sick being thus treated. It has also long been known that paralytic patients could move with less effort in the water because of its buoyancy. Many physicians have used small tanks and bath tubs for a number of years for this purpose. During the past four years at the Orthopaedic Hospital in Los Angeles we have been using a large, shallow pool for many types of conditions—flaccid and spastic paralysis, joint and postsurgical conditions and, most notably, the disabilities resulting from poliomyelitis. Other types of orthopedic cases, however, are just as satisfactorily treated under water. The chief values of pool

APPROVED FORM OF NOTICE

In order to maintain proper standards and protect the health of patrons, it is necessary to insist on observation of the following rules, which are approved and their strict enforcement required by the—State Board of Health: Warning: Persons with colds, head infections, "running nose or ears," catarrh, are warned that swimming, diving, etc., tend to force the infection into the sinuses or ears, and result in serious if not fatal complications. 1. All bathers shall use shower baths, including soap, if necessary, before entering the plunge. (The plunge is not intended as a bath tub.) 2. Bathers who have been outside the bath house or plunge enclosure shall not reenter without passing through a foot bath and using a shower. 3. Bathers shall be forbidden to wear private bathing suits that are not properly laundered; light colored or undyed wool is suggested. 4. Women shall wear caps while in plunge.

The multiplication of bath tubs

The multiplication of bath tubs