Batch Flow Research Articles

Electrooxidative C(sp3)-H Cyanation of Sparteine and Lupanine in Undivided Batch and Continuous-Flow Cells.

Sparteine is widely used as a chiral ligand in asymmetric synthesis, but methods for providing efficient access to functionalized sparteine derivatives are still limited. Herein, we describe an electrochemical α-cyanation of sparteine-type bis-quinolizidine alkaloids. This method features commercially available setups for batch and single-pass continuous flow conditions, enabling easy gram scale synthesis of valuable racemic and enantiopure products. Moreover, insights into the selectivity of the reaction and overoxidation mechanisms are disclosed. This allows for the development of divergent oxidation pathways depending on the electrolysis conditions.

Bi-phenyl derived hyper-crosslinked polymer as a metal-free adsorbent for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water

The global concern of emergent aquatic pollutants, especially pharmaceutical contaminants, emphasizes the necessity for metal-free adsorbents to tackle water contamination issues. In this direction, a biphenyl-derived hyper-crosslinked polymer (poly-biph) was utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CPX) and doxycycline (DOX) from water. Micro-mesoporous hyper-crosslinked polymeric adsorbent (poly-biph) was synthesized by using bi-phenyl as precursor and formaldehyde dimethyl acetal (FDA) as crosslinker via microwave assisted method. It exhibits specific surface area (SABET) and pore volume of 1088 m2/g and 1.3 cm3/g, respectively. The spectral analysis confirmed the successful crosslinking of biphenyl with the linker FDA. The sorption efficiency of metal-free poly-biph for CPX and DOX was evaluated via batch and continuous flow modes under various operational parameters. poly-biph exhibited swift removal efficiency (>80 %) for CPX and DOX within a min. The batch mode sorption modeling revealed a chemisorption process and remarkable maximum sorption capacity of 470.8 and 425.1 mg/g for CPX and DOX, respectively. The continuous-flow studies of poly-biph revealed the better applicability of the Clark kinetic model with a maximum bed capacity of 313.5 and 372.4 mg/g for CPX and DOX, respectively. Synergistic mechanisms, including π-π interaction, electrostatic interaction, and pore-filling effect, were found to be the main driving forces for the sorptive removal of CPX and DOX onto poly-biph. The findings indicated that poly-biph possesses the ability to effectively eliminate DOX and CPX from the aquatic environment.

Batch vs Continuous‐Flow Method to Synthesize N‐(3‐acylamidopropyl)lactams through N‐C Bond Cleavage in Amides with Amidines

The selective N‐C bond cleavage of amides to create value‐added products through a transition metal‐free approach has become a significant challenge. Here, we present a method to convert amides into N‐(3‐acylamidopropyl)lactams through sequential amide chemoselective N‐C bond cleavage and amidine ring opening under mild conditions, applicable in batch and continuous flow processes. These methods utilize bench‐stable reagents and are operationally straightforward and mild, enabling synthesis on a gram scale with excellent functional group tolerance. Additionally, the synthetic feasibility of these reactions under flow conditions has proven to be highly efficient, providing N‐(3‐acylamidopropyl)lactam derivatives with improved yields and shorter reaction time.

Visible Light Excitation of Poly-(para-Phenylene Ethynylene) Enables Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidations of Amines in Flow.

Heterogeneous visible light photocatalysis is a compelling approach to address sustainability in synthetic photochemistry. However, the use of solid-state photocatalysts remains very unpopular in organic synthesis because of their limited accessibility and the black-box effect associated to the lack of rational between their molecular structure and their photochemical properties. Herein, we disclose the synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic properties and synthetic applications of a simple and readily available solid-state conjugated organic polymer, poly-(para-phenylene ethynylene) 1, which exhibits a strong oxidative power upon irradiation with visible light (E(1*/1•-) = +1.67 V vs SCE). Comparisons with structural analogues highlighted the superior photocatalytic activity of this linear semiconductor, on account of its fully conjugated architecture. The associated excited-state reactivity enabled the transformation of various amines into imines in batch and continuous flow reactors together with straightforward photocatalyst recycling. Mechanistic investigations revealed concomitant photoredox and energy transfer pathways, that led to the formation of the desired products. Ultimately, the inline generation of imines was exploited in telescoped three-component Ugi reactions (3CR) in batch and flow toward biologically relevant α-acylaminoamides.

Visible Light Excitation of Poly‐(para‐Phenylene Ethynylene) Enables Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidations of Amines in Flow.

Heterogeneous visible light photocatalysis is a compelling approach to address sustainability in synthetic photochemistry. However, the use of solid‐state photocatalysts remains very unpopular in organic synthesis because of their limited accessibility and the black‐box effect associated to the lack of rational between their molecular structure and their photochemical properties. Herein, we disclose the synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic properties and synthetic applications of a simple and readily available solid‐state conjugated organic polymer, poly‐(para‐phenylene ethynylene) 1, which exhibits a strong oxidative power upon irradiation with visible light (E(1*/1•–) = +1.67 V vs SCE). Comparisons with structural analogues highlighted the superior photocatalytic activity of this linear semiconductor, on account of its fully conjugated architecture. The associated excited‐state reactivity enabled the transformation of various amines into imines in batch and continuous flow reactors together with straightforward photocatalyst recycling. Mechanistic investigations revealed concomitant photoredox and energy transfer pathways, that led to the formation of the desired products. Ultimately, the inline generation of imines was exploited in telescoped three‐component Ugi reactions (3CR) in batch and flow toward biologically relevant α‐acylaminoamides.

Testing the ability of water hyacinth for wastewater treatment and methane biogas production

This study aims to assess the potential of water hyacinth (WH) in treating wastewater and its viability for co-digestion with municipal solid waste to achieve zero waste treatment by generating methane biogas. A batch flow reactor treated wastewater, evaluating nine parameters (NO3, PO4, BOD5, Turbidity, Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, Calcium, and Magnesium). The highest removal efficiencies were observed for NO3 (94.13%), PO4 (75.85%), BOD5 (100%), Turbidity (93.86%), Chromium (94.3%), Cadmium (94.93%), Lead (91.33%), Calcium (41.42%), and Magnesium (43.13%). The pH ranged from 7.82 to 7.44. Methane biogas production was examined using anaerobic digesters with varying ratios of carbon-based waste and WH, along with pH, temperature, and total solid content variations. The optimal methane biogas production ratio was found to be 1:3 for WH and solid waste at 35°C, 10% total solids, and a pH of 7.5, resulting in the highest cumulative methane generation of 1039.80 mL/gm vs. The Gompertz model accurately described methane biogas generation with a yield of 1083.088 mL/gm vs., supported by a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.999. The kinetics of the biodegradation process were evaluated using a first-order kinetic model. The negative value of k (-0.2364) suggests a rapid solid waste biodegradation, with a high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9971. Numerous correlations were employed to enhance the production of methane, yielding a correlation coefficient of 91.36%.

Dehydration of turbine engine lubricant oil using cellulose hydrogel

Contamination of oils by water is a recurring problem in the industry and can damage engines and equipment. Oil dehydration systems with hydrogels have shown promise for the removal of free, soluble, and emulsified water. This work evaluates, in an unprecedented way, the dehydration of turbine lubricating oil using a cellulose hydrogel. The synthesis of the hydrogel was confirmed by the formation of specific functional groups. The hydrogel was characterized through high-resolution SEM, EDS, FTIR, BET, TGA, DVS and swelling degree. The oil was evaluated regarding its composition and physicochemical properties. The performance of the hydrogel in the treatment of water-in-oil emulsion was analyzed in batch and continuous flow systems. A fixed bed apparatus was specially designed and sized according to the industry's specifications to simulate on-site application. The batch treatment was evaluated using orbital and full tumbling inversion mixing systems, both reaching removal efficiency of around 47 %. Mixing by full tumbling allowed greater stability of the emulsion and control of the water concentration, but it required a longer time to enable adequate water uptake by the hydrogel. The efficiency of the hydrogel in the continuous flow system was affected by retention time and inlet water concentration. With a retention time of 12 min, it was possible to treat 1 L of oil, reducing the water concentration from 412 ppm to 197 ppm and the turbidity from Haze 6 to Haze 1. Thus, the cellulose hydrogel was efficient in dehydrating turbine lubricating oil, opening up the possibility of expanding its use to industrial facilities.

Virtual Simulation-Based Optimization for Assembly Flow Shop Scheduling Using Migratory Bird Algorithm.

As industrial informatization progresses, virtual simulation technologies are increasingly demonstrating their potential in industrial applications. These systems utilize various sensors to capture real-time factory data, which are then transmitted to servers via communication interfaces to construct corresponding digital models. This integration facilitates tasks such as monitoring and prediction, enabling more accurate and convenient production scheduling and forecasting. This is particularly significant for flexible or mixed-flow production modes. Bionic optimization algorithms have demonstrated strong performance in factory scheduling and operations. Centered around these algorithms, researchers have explored various strategies to enhance efficiency and optimize processes within manufacturing environments.This study introduces an efficient migratory bird optimization algorithm designed to address production scheduling challenges in an assembly shop with mold quantity constraints. The research aims to minimize the maximum completion time in a batch flow mixed assembly flow shop scheduling problem, incorporating variable batch partitioning strategies. A tailored virtual simulation framework supports this objective. The algorithm employs a two-stage encoding mechanism for batch partitioning and sequencing, adapted to the unique constraints of each production stage. To enhance the search performance of the neighborhood structure, the study identifies and analyzes optimization strategies for batch partitioning and sequencing, and incorporates an adaptive neighborhood structure adjustment strategy. A competition mechanism is also designed to enhance the algorithm's optimization efficiency. Simulation experiments of varying scales demonstrate the effectiveness of the variable batch partitioning strategy, showing a 5-6% improvement over equal batch strategies. Results across different scales and parameters confirm the robustness of the algorithm.

Light Induced Diastereoselective Ketoesterification To Access 6,5-Fused Tetrahydrobenzofuranones in Batch and Continuous Flow Conditions.

Ketoesterification stands as a pivotal technique in organic synthesis, particularly due to its essential role in the construction of numerous natural products and bioactive compounds. In this study, we have successfully accomplished a visible-light-induced cyclization and diastereoselective direct ketoesterification of cyclohexadienones, facilitating access to cis 6,5-fused tetrahydrobenzofuranone derivatives. The utilization of TEMPO radical quenching experiments has provided insights, suggesting an ionic mechanism underlying this methodology. Additionally, the regioselective addition of 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate to the least hindered side in a cis-selective fashion makes this protocol more appealing toward natural product development. Incorporation of a continuous flow reaction into the batch protocol has notably bolstered the efficiency and reaction rate. Furthermore, the demonstration of gram-scale reactions in the flow setup and synthetic utility with NaOH underscore the scalability and practical applicability of this approach.

Cadmium sequestration with MgCuAl-layered double hydroxide@montmorillonite nanocomposite in batch and circulated fluidized bed column experiments

In this study, montmorillonite cationic clay coated with MgCuAl-Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles was investigated for its capacity to adsorb cadmium ion (Cd2+) from aqueous solutions. Montmorillonite, MgCuAl−LDH, and a novel MgCuAl-Layered double hydroxide@montmorillonite nanocomposite (MCA−LDH@MMt) were characterized using various mechanisms including BET surface areas, XRD, TEM, FTIR, and SEM/EDS analysis. The adsorption behaviour of MCA−LDH@MMt towards Cd2+ ion was studied using batch and continuous flow systems. pH, contact time, initial Cd2+concentration, MCA−LDH@MMt dose and particle size, agitation speed, and temperature were examined in the batch system. The higher removal efficiency of Cd2+was reported at pH 5 at 70 mg/l initial concentration and 0.2 g/100 ml best adsorbent dose with 150 rpm. The adsorption of Cd2+ on MCA−LDH@MMt followed Langmuir model and yielded a maximum adsorption capacity of 129.82 mg/g. While the pseudo-second-order model better simulates the cadmium kinetics data, and adsorption rate parameters values showing that the adsorption process was chemisorption and the rate-determining step of controlling cadmium adsorption onto MCA−LDH@MMt not intra-particle diffusion. A three-phase, commonly known as gas-liquid-solid circulated fluidized bed column was used to continuously eliminate Cd2+. Four influencing parameters were studied: liquid and air flow rate, bed height, and initial Cd2+concentration. The adsorption efficiency of Cd2+in a continuous system increased when the liquid flow rate decreased and the bed height increased. The time required for MCA−LDH@MMt to reach saturation increases as the bed height and the air flow rate increase. Column data were described using Bohart-Adams, Thomas, and Yoon and Nelson models of adsorption for given experimental conditions. The Bohart-Adams could represent the initial regime of the breakthrough curves, while the Thomas model was better at describing the whole curve of metal ion adsorption for a given experimental condition.

Plasma and radiation mediated green synthesis of gold Nanoparticles-immobilized bio-template based catalytic reactor ‘AuNICaR’: Mechanistic insights, catalytic performance and reusability analysis

The present work reports a green, non-thermal plasma-based approach for efficient synthesis of a gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) Immobilized Catalytic Reactor “AuNICaR” via a novel, efficient, indigenously developed process termed “Plasma Assisted Synthesis and Simultaneous Immobilization (PASSI)”, using isopropanol to enhance the reducing plasma environment. Au NPs were synthesized and simultaneously immobilized onto a cellulose based bio-template pre-functionalized via radiation induced grafting of 2,3-epoxypropylmethacrylate (EPMA) onto a nonwoven cellulose (NWC) substrate. The process entails minimal wastage of expensive gold precursor and eliminates use of external chemicals (reducing and stabilizing agents). Samples were characterized by 13C NMR, FTIR, XPS, TGA, DSC, SEM-EDS, BET, and EDXRF analysis. Catalytic activity was assessed by spectrophotometrically monitoring the reduction of p-nitroaniline (PNA) in presence of NaBH4. DFT calculations established the interaction between Au NPs and EPMA groups of the bio-template to be occurring in ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, with 1:1 being more stable. ANN modelling was also invoked to investigate the effect of simultaneous variation of plasma process parameters on the catalytic performance. AuNICaR was demonstrated for catalytic reduction of pollutants: PNA, p-nitrophenol (PNP) and methyl orange (MO) azo dye in both batch and continuous flow mode. Over 25000 mL of cumulative pollutant feed with concentrations ranging from 0.06 mM − 2 mM was treated at a flow rate of 540 mL.h−1, using a single catalyst batch after intermittent washing with water. With excellent storage stability of > 12 months and > 92 % retention in catalytic activity post multiple cycles, AuNICaR certifies as a potentially inexhaustible catalytic system for cost-effective pollutant treatment.

Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Fluorination by Quinone-Based Isoreticular Covalent Organic Frameworks.

The strategic incorporation of fluorine atoms into molecules has become a cornerstone of modern pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Herein, we have developed a covalent organic framework (COF)-based, robust photocatalyst that enables the photofluorodecarboxylation reaction of diverse carboxylic acids, producing alkyl fluorides with remarkable efficiency. The catalytic activity of an anthraquinone-based COF catalyst TpAQ outperforms other structurally analogous β-ketoenamine COFs. Through comprehensive control experiments, photoluminescence, and electrochemical studies, we have elucidated the unique features of the material and the mechanistic pathway. This in-depth understanding has paved the way for optimizing the reaction conditions and achieving high yields of alkyl fluorides. The versatility of this protocol extends to a broad range of aliphatic acids with diverse functional groups and heterocycles. It also enabled the late-stage diversification of anti-inflammatory drugs and steroid derivatives. This opens up exciting possibilities for synthesizing novel pharmaceuticals and functionalized molecules. The methodology was also generalized to other light-mediated decarboxylative halogenation reactions. Furthermore, our method demonstrates scalability under both batch and continuous flow conditions, offering a promising approach for large-scale production. Additionally, the TpAQ catalyst exhibits exceptional durability and can be reused multiple times without significant activity loss (>80% yield after the eighth cycle), making it a sustainable and cost-effective solution. This work lays the foundation for developing efficient and sustainable light-driven synthesis methods using COFs as photocatalysts with potential applications beyond alkyl halide synthesis.

Batch and Continuous Flow Total Synthesis of Cannabidiol.

Herein, we present a comprehensive total synthesis of cannabidiol integrating both batch and continuous flow conditions. Our approach is planned to streamline the synthesis of olivetolic acid derivatives and utilize an enantiomerically pure monoterpene moiety obtained from naturally occurring (R)-(+)-limonene by photocatalysis. Key reactions, including the synthesis of olivetolic ester and a Friedel-Crafts alkylation, are successfully adapted to continuous flow, resulting in improved yields and selectivities. This study not only offers a scalable and efficient route for cannabidiol synthesis but also contributes to the synthetic approaches to access cannabinoids (diversity synthesis), with potential applications in medicinal and industrial contexts.

A miniaturized flow batch chemical vapor generation system for Hg determination in fish by ICP-MS

A new flow batch (FB) system for chemical vapor generation (CVG) is proposed for mercury (Hg) determination in fish. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was used as a detector. Low-cost peristaltic mini pumps were used to propel the solutions and different configurations of FB systems (reactor/gas/liquid separator) were studied. The proposed configuration of the FB-CVG system allows good sensitivity, low limit of detection (LOD) and low consumption of reagents and sample solutions. In summary, only 1 mL of reductant, 1 mL of acid and 0.16 mL of sample are needed. The proposed method has good linearity, precision (better than 5 %), LOD of 0.008 μg g−1 and LOQ of 0.012 μg g−1, and high sample throughput, allowing 90 measurements/h. The accuracy of the method was evaluated through the analysis of a certified reference material (DOLT-4 Dogfish Liver), whose result is in good agreement with certified value (t-test with 95 % confidence level) and the quantification limit meets current legislations, of 1.0 μg g−1 (Brazil) and 0.3 μg g−1 (EU). In addition, analyte recovery test was done, where Hg recovery was better than 95 %, demonstrating the good analytical performance of the method. To demonstrate the applicability of the method, five samples of fish tissue (muscle) were analyzed. The proposed FB-CVG system, in addition to being low cost, is robust and requires only the volume of reagents necessary for Hg vapor generation, producing a very low amount of waste. It can be concluded that the proposed system can be used for routine analysis for Hg determination in fish tissue. It is worth noting that with the appropriate adjustments, the system can be coupled to different Hg detectors.

An analytical treatment to spatially inhomogeneous population balance model

In modern liquid–liquid contact components, there is an increasing use of droplet population balance models. These components include differential and completely mixed contractors. These models aim to explain the complex hydrodynamic processes occurring in the dispersion phase. The hydrodynamics of these interacting dispersions include droplet breaking, coalescence, axial dispersion, and both entry and exit events. The resulting equations for population balance are represented as integro-partial differential equations, which rarely have analytical solutions, especially when spatial dependency is apparent. Consequently, the pursuit predominantly lies in seeking numerical solutions to resolve these complex equations. In this study, we have devised analytical solutions for inhomogeneous breakage and coagulation by employing the population balance equation (PBEs) applicable to both batch and continuous flow systems. The innovative approaches for solving PBEs in these systems leverage the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) and the homotopy analysis method (HAM). These semi-analytical methodologies effectively tackle the significant challenges related to numerical discretization and stability, which have often plagued previous solutions of the homogeneous PBEs. Our findings across all test examples demonstrate that the approximated particle size distributions utilizing these two methods converge to the analytical solutions continuously.

Pd-N-doped carbons for chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde: Unravelling the influence of particle size and support in multiphase batch and continuous-flow systems

The chemoselective hydrogenation of the CC bond of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) was investigated under batch and continuous flow conditions, by comparing the performance of two ad-hoc prepared palladium-based catalysts supported on N-doped carbons to that of a commercial Pd/C system. An impregnation (I) and a solution-mediated (S) protocols were used for the synthesis of the catalytic materials, Pd-N/Ci and Pd-N/Cs, respectively, in the presence of chitin as a precursor of the support. The S method afforded palladium nanoparticles of 2.0±0.5 nm, while by impregnation, a wider size distribution was achieved with particles mostly belonging to two groups displaying a mean radius of 3.0±0.5 nm and 8.4±0.5 nm, respectively. A parametric analysis of the hydrogenation reaction showed that both the reaction conditions and the nature of the catalysts played a role to steer the selectivity towards the formation of the desired product, 3-phenylpropanal (hydrocinnamaldehyde, HCAL). At 50 °C and 1 bar H2, in a triphasic (liquid-liquid-liquid) batch reactor where the catalyst was compartmentalized in an ionic liquid layer, Pd-N/Ci and commercial Pd/C were almost equally active and allowed to obtain HCAL in a 90–96 % selectivity at complete conversion. On the other hand, at the same T and p (50 °C/1 bar), Pd-N/Cs was more effective in the continuous-flow mode: the process was quantitative yielding HCAL with a selectivity and a productivity of 91 % of 16 mmol (gcat h)−1, respectively, while the catalyst proved highly stable showing no loss of activity over 300 min of time on-stream. The reaction environment, the size and dispersion of the metal active sites, and the nature of the catalyst support were major contributors to such results, acting synergistically to each other to tune the energetics of adsorption/desorption of reactants/products, of the interfacial interactions/ barriers, and in the last analysis, of the process kinetics/selectivity.

Evaluation of integrated threshing and drying design concepts for paddy rice using analytical hierarchy process

Threshing and drying are two major postharvest activities that contribute significantly to postharvest losses for small and medium-scale rice farmers, leading to food insecurity and hunger in Sub-Saharan Africa. Developing an appropriate system for threshing and drying needs urgent attention. The objective of the study involved the use of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for evaluation and selection of the best option among four design concepts for development and fabrication. The four design concepts shortlisted were: (1) batch flow biomass-powered manual threshing and drying system, (2) recirculating diesel-powered mobile threshing and drying system, (3) mechanized threshing with solar drying batch system, and (4) tractor-powered recirculating continues flow integrated system. For the MCAHP analysis, 17 attributes were proposed and divided into five main criteria. The evaluation of the main criteria showed that cost had the highest score, followed by performance, safety, ease of installation and operation, and manufacturability, with a global score of 0.560, 0.202, 0.108, 0.083 and 0.048, respectively. It was observed that design concept two received the highest weighted score of 0.35 and was selected as the design concept to proceed with. The consistency ratios of the main criteria and attributes were all less than 0.1, which is the allowable limit of inconsistency. In conclusion, concept 2 was selected as the best design for developing an integrated threshing and drying system for paddy rice and is recommended for development, fabrication, evaluation and optimisation. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 14(1): 30-44, June 2024

Utilization of macroporous beads impregnated with Cyanex 572 for effective separation of Sr(II), Y(III), and Zr(IV) from chloride medium: batch and fixed-bed column study

This work focuses on using a new, inexpensive adsorbent, Amberlite XAD–4 resin impregnated with Cyanex 572 to extract and separate Zr(IV) from its parents Y(III) and Sr(II). The extraction performance was investigated using both batch and continuous flow techniques. The highest separation factor of Zr from Y and Sr was obtained at 0.05 mol L−1 HCl. Zr(IV), Y(III), and Sr(II) were found to have maximal monolayer capacities of 29.1, 9.3, and 6.1 mg g−1, respectively. Chromatography was utilized to effectively separate the relevant metals from their mixed solution in a single step, yielding high recovery values of approximately 99.0%.

Strength and functionalized borage biochar for effective elimination of nickel contamination: Insight into batch and dynamic flow mode treatment applications

A silica gel-modified borage biochar (BB@Si) was first produced and used as a binding agent for potentially hazardous Ni2+ ions in aqueous systems. The recommended biochar was more effective in eliminating Ni2+ than pristine biochar (BB). Its maximum qm could reach up to 1.39 × 10−3 mol/g at 30 °C, and sorption isotherms showed that the Langmuir model could more accurately define its sorption behavior. The Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm also revealed that the average sorption energy ranged from 11.00 to 11.14 kJ/mol. Zeta potential tests, SEM images, and FT-IR scans confirmed the interactions between BB@Si and Ni2+ ions. Dynamic flow treatment studies showed high uptake effectiveness when the flow rate and amount of BB@Si were suitable. Nickel desorption yield of around 80% from BB@Si was noted with 0.01 M HCl. The BB@Si column's breakthrough and exhausted points were identified to be 45 and 352 min, respectively. Its maximum exhaustion capacity value was determined to be 52.73 mg/g. Ni2+ removal from the actual wastewater sample exceeded 75%. The resulting outcomes imply the immense potential of employing BB@Si in the treatment of Ni2+– contaminated aqueous systems.

The Utilization of Chicken Egg White Waste-Modified Nanofiber Membrane for Anionic Dye Removal in Batch and Flow Systems: Comprehensive Investigations into Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Breakthrough Curve.

This study investigated the use of chicken egg white (CEW) waste immobilized on weak acidic nanofiber membranes for removing the anionic acid orange 7 (AO7) dye in batch and continuous flow modes. Different experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of CEW-modified nanofiber membranes for AO7 removal, focusing on CEW immobilization conditions, adsorption kinetics, and thermodynamics. The CEW-modified nanofiber membrane (namely NM-COOH-CEW) exhibited a maximum AO7 adsorption capacity of 589.11 mg/g within approximately 30 min. The Freundlich isotherm model best represented the equilibrium adsorption data, while the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order rate model. Breakthrough curve analysis using the Thomas model and the bed depth service time (BDST) model showed that the BDST model accurately described the curve, with an error percentage under 5%. To investigate AO7 elution efficiency, different concentrations of organic solvents or salts were tested as eluents. The NM-COOH-CEW nanofiber membrane exhibited promising performance as an effective adsorbent for removing AO7 dye from contaminated water.