Basis Of Primary Sources Research Articles

The Origin of the Sogdian Civic Communities (nāf)

Abstract The article discusses when, how and why oligarchic, self-governed civic communities (nāf) emerged in Sogdiana. On the basis of primary sources, such as the Kultobe inscriptions, and on comparative material from the two best-known city-state cultures—the Greek poleis and the medieval north Italian republics—it is argued that the development of the Sogdian civic communities occurred during the first century BCE-second century CE, when Sogdiana was part of the nomad-ruled Kangju state. This process is linked to Sogdian colonial expansion and the growth in the volume and complexity of trade.

ABOUT THE TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE “ISKANDARNAMA”

The article focuses on the interpretation of the image of Alexander in fiction, one of the most widely used images in Eastern and Western literature. Alisher Navoi's epic “Sadd-i-Iskandari” and its influence on the written and oral literature of the XVII-XIX centuries are considered. Prose interpretations of “Iskandarnama”, translated works and independent short stories created in the style of folklore are analyzed on the basis of primary sources, manuscripts and lithographs. An epic “Sadd-i-Iskandari” by Navoi and its prose statement “Iskandarnama”, a translation from Persian, an independent short story “Iskandarnama” written in Uzbek are described according to their specific features. The controversial places that have been interpreted in the world literature, the attitude to the ideas in the plates. A comparative analysis of the plots shows that the “Shah-Namai Turkish” had a significant influence on the creation of the “Iskandarnama” in the Uzbek language.

Review: The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, by Stephen J. Shoemaker

Stephen J. Shoemaker, The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. 272 pp. ISBN 9780812250404. $59.95. This book is a strong contribution to the sustained surge in publications on “Late Antiquity and Early Islam,” in which the origin of Islam is explained, quite reasonably, by reference to its prior historical context. It is devoted specifically to apocalypticism, that narcissistic belief that the time in which one lives is the very most significant since creation itself, in which the meaning of history will become evident. Building on his earlier book The Death of a Prophet (2012) and an earlier article, and repeating arguments to an extent necessary to make this sequel independent, Shoemaker argues persuasively that late ancient apocalypticism and its formulation as eschatology played a major role in the genesis of Islam in the career of Muḥammad and afterward, both in its early doctrine and in animating the conquests carried out by Muḥammad's followers. In doing so he demonstrates his detailed familiarity with the recent and varied outpouring of challenging research on the Qurʾān in its historical context as well as his sure footing among religious texts of the late ancient period. In a field characterized by subtle, and sometimes unsubtle, apology and polemic, Shoemaker takes a historian's stance, adopts specific positions, and defends them on the basis of primary sources, many of which will be unfamiliar to readers. He is undogmatically open to a Qurʾānic text shaped by the prophet's followers even after his death. The general argument addresses only one piece of the puzzle of Islamic origins, apocalypticism. As Shoemaker indicates, this is a component of ideology that has been neglected by quite a few specialists in early Islam in favor of an implicitly laudatory view of Muḥammad as a reformer initiating a new society rather than warning of the end of all society. About two-thirds of the book consists of discussions of apocalypticism …

O'TGAN ASRNING 20-YILLARIDA O'ZBeKISTONDA YoZUV ISLOHOTI

This article examines the efforts of Turkestan intellectuals in the 1920s to reform the alphabet and spelling, and later to convert the script to the Latin alphabet in Uzbekistan. As a result of these processes, the contradictions between the Uzbek intelligent were assessed. In particular, the members of the "Chigatay Gurungi" headed by Fitrat showed the work in the field of correction and implementation of the old alphabet and spelling of the Uzbek language based on the Arabic script. Attention was paid to the idea of creating a common language, a single script and literature for the Turkic peoples of Central Asia on the national-cultural front of Turkestan nationalists. Conflicts and disputes between the proponents of the Middle Spelling and the new orthographers on the issues of the alphabet, spelling, literary language were explained by the specific historical conditions of this period, the participation of groups in the socio-political processes in Turkestan, their attitude to reality. The policy of the Soviet regime in this regard and its purpose were also revealed. In general, the process of writing reform and change in Uzbekistan, its causes, essence and results were covered on the basis of primary sources.

«НАУКОВА ОДІССЕЯ» НАДІЇ СУРОВЦОВОЇ: НАРИС ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ БІОГРАФІЇ НЕСКОРЕНОЇ УМАНЧАНКИ

На основі першоджерел – мемуарної літератури, архівних матеріалів і наукових напрацювань низки вітчизняних та зарубіжних дослідників відтворено наукову біографію Надії Суровцової в галузі історії України, краєзнавства, етнографії й мистецтвознавства. Можна окреслити кілька напрямків її роботи: це докторська дисертація «Богдан Хмельницький та ідея української державності», історичні розвідки про декабристів, праця в Уманському краєзнавчому музеї, активна участь у відкритті Уманської картинної галереї, вивчення історії міста й дендропарку «Софіївка», численні статті краєзнавчого характеру, зокрема про цадика Нахмана, у місцевій й зарубіжній пресі, аналіз яких стане темою наступних наших досліджень.

KHAMZA POETRY: SOURCES AND TEXT RESEARCH

Khamza was one of the active organizers of the methods of Jadid schools. As a playwriter Khamza wrote “Zaharli hayot yohud ishq qurbonlari”(1916), “Tuhmatchilar jazosi” (1919), “Burungi qozilar yoki Maysaraning ishi” (1926), “Paranji sirlaridan bir lavha yoki Yallachilar ishi” (1927). He was interested in the world literature and mass media. He read Russian, Tatar, Azar­baijon, Turkish and Arabic literature. He was interested in education of those countries. Lyrical heritage of Khamza Hakimzade Niyazi consists of Divan of a poet (“Divani Nihani”), collection “National poems for national songs” and “Documents of Khamza’s archive”, saved in the State literature museum of the Acamedy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan named after Alisher Navoi. The article deals with the textual research of the works of the poet and educator Khamza Hakimzada Niyazi on the basis of primary sources.

ДУХОВНІ ЦІННОСТІ І СМИСЛИ ЛЮДСЬКОГО БУТТЯ У СВІТОГЛЯДНИХ ПОШУКАХ ТАРАСА ШЕВЧЕНКА (ДО 205 РІЧНИЦІ ВІД ДНЯ НАРОДЖЕННЯ ГЕНІАЛЬНОГО УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ПОЕТА, МИСЛИТЕЛЯ, ПЕДАГОГА)

In the article on the basis of primary sources, the application of general philosophical methodology (hermeneutics, existentialism, phenomenology) and the use of systemic, historical and logical methods, the question of spiritual values and the meaning of human being is examined through the prism of ideological searches of the outstanding Ukrainian thinker, poet and educator – Taras Shevchenko. The authors emphasize that spiritual values are a real phenomenon that forms the elite of a nation, a living resource that promotes not only the modern development of the individual and society, but also the future. At the same time, the idea is based on the fact that human being is determined by real freedom, humane relations between subjects of interaction and micro and macro environment. It was the aspect of the problem that Taras Shevchenko paid his attention, arguing that human non-freedom has a negative impact on society, and at the same time – a “closed society” humiliates people, destroys the spiritual potential. The free man is capable of knowledge and self-knowledge, creativity and self-realization.It was proved that the leading spiritual value of personality, T. Shevchenko considered love for the Motherland, he emphasized: human patriotism is manifested not by its loud statements, words, but by real affairs, actions for the common wellness of the nation and people. T. Shevchenko attached special attention to his worldview searches, as the primary sources testify, he gave the unity of the people, because it forms the “sensation of a united family”, therefore, its real strength and power. It is the basis of self-determination and self-preservation of the nation, its spiritual development. The prophet of the Ukrainian nation argued that the unity of the nation is manifested in the preservation and multiplication of folk traditions, culture, language. In his opinio the language mysteriously contains in itself the whole soul, all the past, all spiritual experience and all creative ideas of the people.

Use of the world gene pool of bread winter wheat in new varieties of Myronivka breeding

Purpose. To analyze genetic origin of new Myronivka varieties of bread winter wheat and to identify in their pedigree the carriers of germplasm of the varieties bred at Myronivka and samples of the world gene pool. Methods. The search work was carried out on the basis of primary sources (hybridization journals, main books of breeding material and catalogs of varieties) resulted in analysis of pedigrees of 14 bread winter wheat varieties bred at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS which have been put on the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine during 2014–2018. Results. It was revealed significant diversity of initial forms (56 variety samples from 17 countries) which are traced in the pedigrees of new Myronivka wheat varieties. The largest number among them (18) are Ukrainian, 9 from Russia, 5 from Bulgaria, 4 varieties from Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic, 3 from Italy and Hungary, 2 from Mexico and CIMMYT, 1 variety from Serbia, Yugoslavia, Tunisia, Colombia, France, Romania, and the USA. It was established that when creating 9 of 14 varieties studied (65 %), collection samples of various ecological and geographical origin were used in crossings both as the maternal component (in the varieties Berehynia myronivska, Balada myronivska, MІP Assol, MІP Dnіprianka, MІP Valensiia, MІP Kniazhna) and the paternal one (Horlytsia myronivska, Oberih Myronivskyi, Hospodynia myronivska). The most of new wheat varieties were created on the basis of germplasm of Myronivka varieties bred in previous years, such as Myronivska 808, Myronivska yuvileina, Myronivska 27, as well as promising lines (Erythrospermum 50713, 50137, 52334, Lutescens 52948, 30125). As for the varieties of foreign breeding, progenies of the Russian variety Bezostaya 1 are the most frequent. 93 % of new varieties have wheat-rye translocation (WRT) 1BL/1RS derived from the German varieties Hadmersleben 6508-74 and Weique. Conclusions. New bread winter wheat varieties are characterized with presence of wheat germplasm from Europe, America and Africa carrying by mainly Ukrainian varieties and their descents of previous years of breeding, which confirms the significant role of the local gene pool. The presence of WRT 1BL/1RS in genotypes of new varieties enhances their adaptive properties during crop formation period under stressful growing conditions.

THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE RESEARCHES OF THE INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

In the article on the basis of primary sources the philosophical foundations of the modern inclusive education are examined. The content description of the idea “inclusive education” is presented, the necessity of its implementation is proved. It is focused on two basic philosophical foundations of its development: personalism and intuitionism. Such an approach is caused by the fact that in modern studies on the above-mentioned range of problems are mainly dominated by rationalist methodological approaches, in contrast with the irrationalistic theories are often out of the attention. In our analysis and interpretation, the philosophy of personalism plays an important methodological role because it helps clarify the essence of the uniqueness and originality of each child with special needs and to determine the real ways of her spiritual and psychophysical development. The philosophy of intuitionalism focuses on the study of issues related to the formation of consciousness of a person with special needs. Therefore, the authors proved the necessity of using the intuitive method of research, which allows to promote the communication of subjects of interaction actively, to reveal their spiritual potential, to perform the search for ways of forming thinking in children with special needs, use the language, culture and art at the same time and in an active way.

\u2018Strike out, right and left!\u2019: a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation

The aim of this essay is to synthesize as well as to analyze the conceptual evolution of 1860s Russian nihilism in general and its notion of negation in particular. The fictitious characters that traditionally have been informing the popular notion of “Russian nihilism” mainly refer to an antinihilistic genre. By analyzing nihilism also on the basis of primary sources, the antinihilistic notion of nihilism is nuanced, enabling a more comprehensive analysis of the movement’s different aspects. In some instances, Russian nihilism has been taken out of context and portrayed as a monolith; its pursuit of “negation” interpreted literally. In this essay, a dialectical relation emerges, between affirmation and negation on the one hand as well as between the nihilist “children” and their idealist “fathers” on the other. Despite its radical stance, nihilism consists of a reconciliation of opposites. Although nihilists fought for autonomy, revolution and a new society, the movement was ironically stuck in a continuous negation of its inspirers and forerunners.

Провідницькі ідеї В.К. Демиденка: погляд у майбутнє

In the article the author on the basis of primary sources, publications and remembrances tries to research the scientific heritage of famous Ukrainian educator and psychologist of the XX century Vasyl Demydenko. The analysis of the main directions of scientific activity of V. Demydenko has been done. There have been revealed problems of psychology and methods of teaching history: forming of historical notions, using algorithms in the process of teaching history and ways of activization of pupils’ thinking at history lessons. In the article it is considered suggested by scientist the problem approach in history teaching, questions of psychology of educating the interest to teaching, the influence of cognitive interest on intellectual development of pupils, forming of educational motivation. The author has determined the progressive ideas of V. Demydenko which are very popular at present time: problems of moral education, conscience education as a characterological feature of personality, development of communicative skills and abilities of future teachers. The main directions of scientist’s activity in the field of psychology of health, proforientation of pupils and pedagogy of cooperation are considered in the work. There have been defined the contribution of V. Demydenko in the development of Berdyansk state pedagogical institute. The directions of scientific activity of the scientist have defined the further development of psychological science at the university. The author thinks that ideas and researches of the famous Ukrainian educator and psychologist V. Demydenko had guiding character that confirms the modern content of educational system of Ukraine. Keywords: educator and psychologist V. Demydenko, teaching, education, mental development, conscience.

From the disjunction between passive and active instruction approaches towards their integration as an alternative for the significant learning of sustainable development / De la disyuntiva entre los enfoques de instrucción pasiva y activa hacia su integración como alternativa para un aprendizaje significativo del desarrollo sostenible

This study aims to show how the integration of passive and active learning approaches contributes towards the significant understanding of problems associated with sustainable development. To do this, a case study from the municipality of San Miguel de Achiutla in Oaxaca, Mexico, is used as a general method, with the specific procedure including an instrument based on secondary sources representing the passive learning phase, as well as an instrument created on the basis of primary sources, designed in relation to the active learning component. The passive learning phase enabled us to identify variables pertaining to the highly vulnerable dimensions of sustainable development, and to also detect areas in which there is a deficit of information, since not all data are available, while the active learning phase revealed the causes of vulnerability from the perspective of different agents, including those who experienced the issues directly. In view of the above, we conclude that rather than being exclusive, these two different approaches should in fact be complementary.

Образ и культ верблюда в быту казахов

Camel and camel breeding has an important role in the traditional way of the life of Kazakh people. The camel was considered the wealth for the Kazakhs. The Kazakhs considered the possession of camels (tuye) as a prosperity sign. The place and role of the camel in the life of the Kazakhs is the foundation. Since ancient times, in everyday life of the nomadic population, the camel acted as the main vehicle. Especially in deserts, this animal with its qualities as patients to the water, courage, and strength was the main assistant of man. With the help of camel caravans, they conducted a trading business. The power of the camel was used for the cultivation of land, the extraction of water and for the transport of goods. In particular, during the dragging of gravity people used male camels, his work was very highly effective for people. Among the nomadic population, there were different traditions, folk knowledge, belief associated with a camel. And among the people there is a broad relation to the camel as a kind and helping spirit. Indeed, the traces of the belief associated with the camel as a kind and helping spirit, are still preserved in certain customs. The camel is seen as a spirit, a symbol of death, and therefore in folk legends, there is an interpretation of it related to the appearance of cemeteries and secular places and places of pilgrimage. Attention is drawn to the rituals associated with the camel and its origin in pre-Islamic relics. Problems in camel ethnography are written on the basis of primary sources and field expedition materials.

The Gods, the State, and the Individual: Reflections on Civic Religion in Rome. By John Scheid. Translated and with a foreword by Clifford Ando. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. Pp. xxiii+174. $55.00.

<i>The Gods, the State, and the Individual: Reflections on Civic Religion in Rome</i>. By John Scheid. Translated and with a foreword by Clifford Ando. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. Pp. xxiii+174. $55.00.

Global Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization: Analyses from Fethullah Gulen’s Perspective

Global Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization: Analyses from Fethullah Gulen’s Perspective Dr. Recep Dogan Abstract Terrorism and Islamic radicalization has become a major concern for every citizen of the world in this day and age. The acts of terror has perpetrated across the borders of nations and caused global unrest, fear and uncertainty. The recent terrorist attacks at Paris brought our attention once again to radical Islam and terrorism. People from different parts of life have become more curious as to whether Islam is the source of these violent attacks or is it the marginal groups who misinterpret it, in spite of the majority of Muslims who oppose them. Terrorism is a crime against humanity and it does not belong to any religion although Islam and terrorism have been used as synonymies by some scholars and media groups. The phrase „Islamic terror‟ is an insult to Muslims all over the world for they denounce all forms of terrorism and condemn it with a strong language. Indeed, some radical groups utilize this approach to encourage some ignorant youths to join them. It is imperative that we make a stand against all forms of terror by promoting the views of moderate Islamic scholars. In this essay, we examine terror, its definition and Islamic perspective on terror on the basis of primary sources; interpretation of Islam by radical groups and their contradictions; the status of terrorists in Islam; the notion of jihad in Islam and it‟s misinterpretation by extreme groups, Islamic radicalization and its analyses. We discuss these issues from the perspective of Fethullah Gulen, prominent contemporary scholar. The essay concludes with a need for moderate Muslim scholars who advocate universal human values, democracy and dialogue amongst different cultures, faiths and ethnic groups to promote world peace. Fethullah Gulen is an Islamic thinker, community leader and social advocate who dedicated his life to dialogue and mutual respect amongst different cultures and religions to promote world peace and universal human values. Due to his great effect on people, he was named as one of Time Magazine‟s 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and was also recognized as a scholar who preaches a message of tolerance in global scale. The Economist described him as „a farm boy on the world stage‟. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jisc.v5n2a1

Prevention Strategies and Changes in Sexual Mores in Response to the Outbreak of Syphilis in Europe in the Early Modern Age

In the same way as AIDS in the 20th century, syphilis was the sexual scourge of the 16th century. Both of these sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS and syphilis, placed women at the risk of becoming infected through sexual intercourse within marriage. Nothing is known about the individual strategies of women during the first European syphilis epidemic. On the basis of primary sources (in the form of archival material and personal letters), and of literary sources, this article tries to shed light on the preventive measures and behavioural choices adopted in Renaissance Italy. We take in account, in particular, the social and institutional context in which two structural factors were acting: the large-scale war involving long separation of spouses, and the diffusion of prostitution which offered more opportunities for men's extramarital sexuality.

La trepidante carrera de sir Benjamin Wright. Comerciante, factor y asentista de Felipe IV

This paper draws the career of an English merchant settled in Madrid at the beginning of 1630’s who, at the middle of the following decade, had become banker of Philip IV. Suddenly interrupted his career due to the bankrupt of October 1647, Benjamin Wright proved to be a tenacious man during the rest his life in Spain. The reconstruction of his businesses has been made on the basis of primary sources from different archives (notably Archivo Historico de Protocolos Notariales de Madrid and Archivo General de Simancas). These sources have allowed us to appreciate for first time with a certain degree of clarity into the complex world of the Spanish royal finances, the existing differences between the amounts of money Benjamin agreed to lend the king, and the money that was actually transferred to its final destination. Also the differences between the money Benjamin lent and the amounts he actually recovered. Along the paper, Microhistory and Economic and Social History often meet, and this produces a paradigmatic example of ascending social mobility in Seventeenth Century Spain.

The Making and Breaking of the Slovak Clerical Council, 1918–19

This article examines the Slovak Clerical Council, one of a number of clerical councils which were founded in Central Europe in the immediate aftermath of the First World War. On the basis of primary sources and extensive familiarity with the relevant secondary literature, it challenges the existing historical consensus that this clerical council was merely one manifestation of Slovakia’s desire to break away from Hungarian rule and was, therefore, of limited scope and import. Instead, it argues that the clerical council’s nationalist agenda manifested itself not only in its eagerness to support and influence the establishment of the Czechoslovak state but also in its determination to reconstruct and reinvigorate the Catholic Church in Slovakia. It also explains why the ambitions of the council, and the threat it posed to the unity of the Church in Slovakia, were stymied. This account of the Slovak clerical council serves, therefore, as a case study of both the radicalizing impact of nationalism in the aftermath of the First World War and the limits of that radicalization. No account of any of the post-war clerical councils has, hitherto, been published in English, and thus this article will contribute to a clearer understanding not only of developments in Slovakia in 1918–19, but also of the broader challenges affecting the Catholic faith in Central Europe in the aftermath of the First World War.

Rusticus i rusticitas Wieś i wieśniacy w tekstach prawa rzymskiego

The article discusses the main problems in regard to rural lands and peasants on the basis of primary sources on Roman private law. Roman law regulated signifi cant aspects of rural economy which tend to be overlooked by historians and philologists dealing with Roman agronomic literature, including rural lands in Italia (praedia rustica) as basic constituents (res mancipi) of Roman farms, farm slaves known as familia rustica, farm quadrupeds and rural servitudes (servitutes praediorum rusticorum), i.e. the right of foot passage (iter), the right of driving carriages (via), the right of driving cattle (actus) and the right of carrying water (aquaeductus). The term rusticitas is also used in the texts of Roman law to denote rural simplicity and ineptitude particularly as regards legal matters. Therefore, rusticitas was accepted as suff icient justifi cation for ignorance of the law, contrary to the ignorantia iuris nocet principle. The reason for that was indeed the rural simplicity, limited access to the law and a high illiteracy rate in rural areas.

"Wider die unsinnigen Wiedertäufer": Ein unbekanntes Briefgedicht von Jörg Syz an Hans Brennwald (um 1527)

The Johann Jakob Simler collection at the Zurich Zentralbibliothek contains a document against Anabaptism that is virtually unknown to modern Reformation history research. The undated poem was by Jörg Syz, who was a former chaplain at the Zurich Fraumunster. The poem provides moral endorsement to its recipient, the pastor Hans Brennwald, who debated with the Anabaptists in Hinwil 1525. The present article addresses the beginnings of the Anabaptist movement in the region of Gruningen on the basis of primary sources and provides an edition of the rediscovered poem.