Raw Materials Research Articles

Arslantepe in the foreground: The economic and social role of the large blades at the end of the 4th millennium BC

This paper focuses on the study of large blade assemblages made from chert raw materials at the site of Arslantepe VI-A period (3500–3200 BCE). By applying an analytical approach combining raw material characterization (NM-PCI protocol), technological and use-wear analyses, and experimental archaeology, we discuss our results from a double perspective. At first glance, we demonstrate the great potential that this proxy offers for the reconstruction of technical systems and routine activities in late prehistoric sites. Secondly, we highlight the contribution of large blades for understanding socio-economic dynamics in case-oriented debates. Specifically, large chert blade study provides further pieces of the puzzle to characterize technical and economic behaviors of the social group settled on the mound of Arslantepe at the end of the 4th millennium BC. At this time, a palatine complex with centralized administration and symbols of power, were tools to boost social inequality.

Carbon nanotube incorporated quaternized lignin-based loose nanofiltration membrane toward dye/salt separation

Lignin is a promising raw material for membrane fabrication due to its abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, branched molecular structure, and high abundance in the botanic field. In this report, polydopamine (PDA) coated carbon nanotubes (PCNTs) are synthesized. Then, a PCNT-incorporated lignin-based loose nanofiltration membrane is fabricated using quaternized lignin (QL) as a raw material, triphosgene (TP) as a crosslinker, and PCNTs as nanoadditive by interfacial polymerization. The results show that the PCNTs uniformly distribute in the QL-based separation layer providing quick diffusion paths for water molecules and salt ions. The coated PDA layer improves the chemical compatibility between the PCNTs and the separation layer. The incorporated PCNTs optimize the membrane microstructure and elevate the pure water permeance to 45.5 LMH bar-1. The membrane exhibits high rejections to various dyes (> 90%) and high salt permeation (> 90%), demonstrating an excellent dye/salt separation performance. Moreover, it has satisfactory capabilities for resisting dye adsorption and fouling, and its separation capability also has good tolerances to the acid, alkali, and active chlorine treatments. The quaternary ammonium ions and hydrophilic surface endow the membrane with favorable bactericidal property (99.3%) and bacteria-adhesion resistance. Besides, TP is a better crosslinker than trimesoyl chloride for optimizing the membrane microstructure and crosslinking degree in terms of dye/salt separation.

Rational design of long wavelength solid-state fluorescent carbon dots based on zirconium

As a new type of zero dimensional carbon based fluorescent nanomaterial, carbon dots (CDs) have been studied and developed for many years. Various methods have been explored to prepare multicolor CDs to achieve tunable fluorescence of CDs. However, synthesizing fluorescent CDs located in the long wavelength emission region remains a challenge. Here, through a simple one-step solvothermal method using anhydrous citric acid (CA) as the raw material, ZrCl4 as both a metal element dopant and an inorganic salt matrix, and NH3·H2O as nitrogen source, Zr-doped CDs (Zr-CDs) solution with long wavelength fluorescence emission and solid powders with blue fluorescence can be obtained simultaneously. By optimizing the usage of ZrCl4, the fluorescence emission of the prepared CDs red shifted from 596 nm to 650 nm. The introduction of Zr4+ can cause a significant redshift. In addition, based on the sensitivity of CDs to oxygen, they can be used for the detection of trace amounts of H2O2. When using metal-organic framework (MOF) to encapsulate the Zr-CDs which is in the solution, optically stable CD@MOF powders can be obtained, which can be used for the construction of red light-emitting diodes (LEDs), demonstrating its potential application in the field of solid-state lighting. The synthesis technology is expected to provide favorable technical support for the future development of CDs.

Aerobic spore-forming bacteria associated with ropy bread: Identification, characterization and spoilage potential assessment

Aerobic spore-forming (ASF) bacteria have been reported to cause ropiness in bread. Sticky and stringy degradation, discoloration, and an odor reminiscent of rotting fruit are typical characteristics of ropy bread spoilage. In addition to economic losses, ropy bread spoilage may lead to health risks, as virulent strains of ASF bacteria are not uncommon. However, the lack of systematic approaches to quantify physicochemical spoilage characteristics makes it extremely difficult to assess rope formation in bread. To address this problem, the aim of this study was to identify, characterize and objectively assess the spoilage potential of ASF bacteria associated with ropy bread.Hence, a set of 82 ASF bacteria, including isolates from raw materials and bakery environments as well as strains from international culture collections, were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and their species identity confirmed by 16S rRNA and gyrA or panC gene sequencing. A standardized approach supported by objective colorimetric measurements was developed to assess the rope-inducing potential (RIP) of a strain by inoculating autoclaved bread slices with bacterial spores. In addition, the presence of potential virulence factors such as swarming motility or hemolysis was investigated.This study adds B. velezensis, B. inaquosorum and B. spizizenii to the species potentially implicated of causing ropy bread spoilage. Most importantly, this study introduces a standardized classification protocol for assessing the RIP of a bacterial strain. Colorimetric measurements are used to objectively quantify the degree of breadcrumb discoloration. Furthermore, our results indicate that strains capable of inducing rope spoilage in bread often exhibit swarming motility and virulence factors such as hemolysis, raising important food quality considerations.

Non-destructive Machine Vision System based Rice Classification using Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithms

Aims and Background: Agriculture plays a major role in the global economy, providing food, raw materials, and jobs to billions of people and driving economic growth and poverty reduction. Rice is the most widely consumed crop domestically, making it a particularly important crop for rural populations. The exact number of rice varieties worldwide is difficult to determine as new varieties are constantly being developed and marketed. Objectives: The most common method of rice variety identification is a comparison of its physical and chemical properties to a reference collection of known types. Methodology: This is a relatively quick and cost-effective approach that can be used to accurately differentiate between distinct varieties. In some cases, genetic testing may be used to confirm the identity of a variety, although this technique is more expensive and time-consuming. However, we can also utilize efficient, precise, and cost-effective digital image processing and machine vision techniques. Results: This study describes different types of ensemble methods, such as bagging (Decision Tree, Random Forest, Extra Tree), boosting (AdaBoost, Gradient Boost, and XGBoost), and voting classifiers to classify five different varieties of rice. Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) has achieved the highest average classification accuracy of 99.60% among all the algorithms. Conclusion: The findings of the performance measurement indicated that the proposed model was successful in classifying the various varieties of rice.

A diachronic study of human-bear interactions: An overview of ursid exploitation during the Paleolithic of Germany

In the Palearctic region interactions between hominins and ursids date as far back as the Lower Paleolithic. Archeological evidence from open-air settings and cave environments shows that Paleolithic people and bears shared the same habitats and living spaces. Additionally, anthropogenic marks on bear remains indicate that hominins regarded bears as an occasional source of food and raw material. While scholars have largely focused on solving the conundrum between opportunistic predation and strategic hunting of bears by hominins, little attention has been given to categorizing the anthropogenic modifications on bear remains. In this study we present a comparative overview of the ursid assemblages with anthropogenic modifications from five German sites with ages ranging between the Lower and Upper Paleolithic. Our aim is to assess differences and similarities in the ways hunter-gatherers exploited bears, first by documenting the range of modifications and their location on the bear skeleton, and second by evaluating their significance in relation to subsistence and other cultural behaviors. We discuss our results by presenting a critical evaluation of the finds, that takes into account their geographic and chrono-cultural setting. In this way, we provide a framework for understanding past interactions between hominins and ursids.

Preparation and characterization of cementitious materials from dedioxinized and dechlorinated municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and blast furnace slag

To address the resource utilization issue of MSWI fly ash, a method has been proposed to prepare cementitious materials using harmlessly processed MSWI fly ash (HPFA). After washing and thermal treatment, The physicochemical properties of HPFA were characterized using QXRD, ICP, XRF, and GC-MS. Cementitious materials were prepared using HPFA, gypsum and blast furnace slag (BFS) as raw materials, Through XRD, TG, FTIR, TEM, and SEM-EDS methods, the hydration and hardening characteristics were investigated, and the leaching of heavy metals from solidified materials in simulated surface water and landfill environments was evaluated using ICP-MS. The results indicate that the harmless treatment can effectively reduce the chloride content and dioxins in MSWI FA but still contains heavy metals. The addition of HPFA (10%-50%) can enhance the compressive strength of cementitious materials, accelerate the exothermic process of cement hydration, and increase the total heat release of hydration, implying an improvement in the degree of hydration of the system.HPFA could effectively promote the hydration of gypsum and BFS, resulting in the higher formation of ettringite and C-(A)-S-H（C/S=1，Al/Si=0.3）.The formation of C(Mg/Fe)-(A)-S-H suggests that the Fe-Mg solid solution phase in HPFA may have participated in the hydration reaction. The increased stability of highly cross-linked (Q4) silicate tetrahedral structure with time implies that the material may have good durability. The leaching amount of heavy metals met the standards of Class I surface water in GB3838–2002 and GB5085.3–2007 which implies that the material has environmental safety. This study innovatively provides a preparation path for harmless MSWI fly ash and cementitious material ratios, reveals the hydration mechanism of HPFA in cementitious materials, evaluates the solidification ability of heavy metals, and provides important ideas for the resource utilization of MSWI fly ash.

Evaluation of biological properties and phytochemical profile of Vitex trifolia L. extract and its infused oil as a value-added product for health promotion

Vitex trifolia L., a shrub plant, has long been used as a massage oil to treat a variety of ailments, particularly pain relief. Despite its long history of use, there has not been enough research done on its phytochemical profile and biological properties to validate its traditional use. Therefore, this current research aimed to evaluate its phytochemical profile and biological properties in two forms: Vitex trifolia L. ethanolic extract (VTE) and Vitex trifolia L. oil (VTO), which could be advantageous for clinical usage. Quality control of raw plant material, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and casticin of VTE and VTO were investigated. Furthermore, the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and cytotoxicity of VTE and VTO were evaluated. The study indicated that VTE contained more total phenolics (66.74±15.52 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (29.68±2.05 mg CE/g extract), and casticin (2.45±0.02 mg/mL) than VTO. VTE consistently demonstrated stronger antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties than VTO. Taken together, VTE possessed remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities with no cytotoxic effects on cells. Even VTO had weak biological abilities. However, its stability testing revealed that the modestly accepted adjustments remained stable. Therefore, this study suggests that Vitex trifolia L. could be used as a natural product for health promotion and therapy.

Optimal growth conditions to enhance Chlorella vulgaris biomass production in indoor phyto tank and quality assessment of feed and culture Stock

Commercial microalgae cultivation is a dynamic field with ongoing efforts to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and explore new applications. We conducted a study to examine how different light exposure periods affect Chlorella vulgaris's growth. We employed a Phyto tank batch system of approximately 3.5 liters with LED light control, controlled airflow, and sterilized bags, maintained at 22.0 ± 2.0°C indoors. Various methods, including spectrophotometry, and cell counter were employed to monitor Chlorella vulgaris growth under different light exposure cycles. Additionally, quality analysis as feed source was employed by proximate, amino acid, beta-glucan, and microbial content analysis. The results revealed significant variations in C. vulgaris biomass production based on light exposure duration. Notably, the 16:8-hour light-dark photoperiod exhibited the highest biomass concentration, reaching 6.48 × 107 ± 0.50 cells/mL with an optical density (OD) of 1.165 absorbance at 682 nm. The 12:12-hour light-dark photoperiod produced the second-highest biomass concentration, with 2.305 × 106 ± 0.60 cells/mL at an OD of 0.489. Proximate analysis of dry algae powder revealed low lipid content (0.48%), high protein content (37.61%), variable ash concentration (average 10.75%), and a significant carbohydrate fraction (51.16%) during extended daylight and shorter dark periods. Amino acid analysis identified nine essential amino acids, with glutamic acid being the most abundant (17.7%) and methionine the least (0.4%). Furthermore, quality analysis and microbiological assays demonstrated that the C. vulgaris biomass is well-suited for fish and livestock use as a feed source and possibility as human nutraceuticals. These findings can be considered more environmentally friendly and ethically sound due to the absence of genetic modification.

Bioactive peptides released by lactic acid bacteria fermented pistachio beverages

Fruit and vegetable are the raw materials for many popular fermented beverages with potential health benefits. In the present study, a novel pistachio beverage fermented with selected strains of lactic acid bacteria belonging to the species Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides and Companilactobacillus paralimentarius was produced, and the extent of proteolysis was evaluated. Physico-chemical and microbiological analyses, together with peptidomics and proteomics, were carried out on the beverage after 24 h of fermentation, using both the non-inoculated and chemically acidified beverage as controls. Amino acid sequence of hundreds of peptides mainly released from 2S albumin, 11S and 7S globulin were characterized. The number and frequency of identified peptides were higher in beverage started with Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, followed by Companilactobacillus paralimentarius and acidic beverage. These results suggest that, in addition to endogenous proteases active at acidic pH, the proteolytic system of LAB directly participated to peptide degradation to some extent. According to the BIOPEP database, a group of 31 peptides were potentially bioactive, and primarily associated with antioxidative properties, ACE and DPP-IV inhibition. The beverage started with Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides showed the highest amount and number of bioactive peptides. This study lays the foundations for the design of novel pistachio-fermented beverage with potential health properties.

Interfacial hydrogen bond effect between CeO2 and g-C3N4 boosts conversion to adipic acid from aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane

The selective oxidation reaction of cyclohexane is one of the typical activated sp3 C-H reactions, and its product adipic acid (AA) is the indispensable raw material used to produce nylon. However, subjecting to the inertness of C-H bond and the great reactivity of AA, the targeted transformation of cyclohexane remains a challenge. Here, the interfacial hydrogen bond (IHD) was developed by anchoring CeO2 on graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) surface, which could boost targeted acquisition adipic acid from aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane. The results indicated that the IHD effect can be flexibly regulated by changing the ratio of Ce3+/Ce4+, further optimizing the properties of surface OH species and Lewis acid sites. Under the synergistic effect of Ce3+/Ce4+ and Lewis acid sites on reaction interface, the glorious performance (32.2% conversion of cyclohexane with 66.4% selectivity) was obtained over the as-prepared CeO2/g-C3N4 IHD system. In addition, the interfacial adsorption properties of cyclohexane were explored by the virtue of in situ infrared spectroscopy, revealing the IHD effect could tune the adsorption behavior of cyclohexanone and further improve the selectivity of AA. This work disclosed that engineering the interface hydrogen bond effect between CeO2 and g-C3N4 provided feasible strategies to obtain excellent catalyst for cyclohexane oxidation.

Preliminary study on the application of waste bivalve shells as biofiller for the production of asphalt concrete

The shells of molluscs are a common by-product of the aquaculture industry, and their management represents a significant environmental challenge. Although mollusc farming is considered a low-impact food production, improper shell management could make bivalve farming less environmentally efficient. To address this issue, research is exploring new approaches to reduce waste accumulation and convert shell waste into a valuable resource. The shells of bivalves are functional materials from biological waste, composed mainly of CaCO3, and can be used as secondary raw materials in various applications. In order to meet the demanding environmental target, the road sector is increasing the use of recycled materials in new construction or maintenance of old ones. The present work illustrates the results of several laboratory tests carried out to determine the physical and chemical properties of three different crushed bivalve shells waste for the application as filler in asphalt concretes. The present study highlighted the similarity of these materials with the limestone filler since no significant discrepancy between the mechanical (or technical) performance of the biofiller and the traditional limestone filler are detected through the test carried out, promoting their use in new asphalt concrete mixtures.

Ceramic-metal pipes with NiAl2O4 and TiAl2O5 spinel phases with different metallic phase content - analysis of properties, and microstructure, taking into account LCA

The article describes the formation of samples into pipes with NiAl2O4 and TiAl2O5 spinel phases with different metallic phase content. The centrifugal slip casting method was used to form the composites. All suspensions used were shear thinning and were characterized by slight thixotropy. The analysis of the phase composition and chemical composition showed the presence of Al2O3, TiAl2O5 and NiAl2O4 in the produced samples. The produced materials were characterized by brittle fracture behaviour. The obtained life cycle assessment results clearly showed that as the content of the metallic phase increases, the environmental footprint of sinters in the A1 phase increases, which is a direct consequence of the increased use of raw materials.

Framework for smart contract blockchain in halal traceability, integrity, and transparency

Currently, the halalness of a product may only be determined by the halal certificate or halal label displayed on the product packaging. Simply put, several halal-related issues, like cross-contamination, logistical issues, halal counterfeiting, global halal acceptance, and so forth, keep coming up. To address the numerous issues raised above, it is believed that a framework that can support worldwide halal provisions is necessary. The objective of this research is to create a blockchain smart contract framework for halal transparency, integrity, and traceability. Blockchain technology along with smart contracts can solve classic tracing problems including data leakage, manipulation, and invisible data. Organizational consistency across the halal production process and the availability of raw materials that adhere to sharia laws are two more basic challenges with halal certification that blockchain and smart contracts can resolve. The usual traceability problems, such as data explosion, material cross-contamination between halal and haram, and revelation of private information, can all be resolved by smart contracts that make use of on-chain, off-chain, and electronic product code information services (EPCIS).

Adsorption studies of tetracycline hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium on NH2-MIL-53(Al/Zr) sodium alginate gel spheres

Metal-organic frameworks are emerging inorganic-organic hybrid materials that can be self-assembled from metal ions and organic ligands via coordination bonds. These materials possess large specific surface area, tunable pore structure, abundant active center, diversity of functional groups as well as high mechanical and thermal stability which promote their applications in adsorption and catalysis studies. In this study, NH2-MIL-53(Al/Zr) was prepared and embedded into sodium alginate gel spheres (NH2-MIL-53(Al/Zr)-SA) and its adsorption properties towards TC and DCF in solution were investigated. According to XRD and FTIR analysis, the structure of the raw material was not changed after making the gel spheres. The maximum adsorption towards TC (pH =3) and DCF (pH =5) reached 98.5 mg·g−1 and 192 mg·g−1, respectively. The process was consistent with Langmuir and Freundlich, suggesting that there was both monolayer and multilayer adsorption which infers the presence of physical adsorption (intra-particle diffusion) and non-homogeneous chemical adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was a spontaneous entropy increasing reaction. The regeneration rate of spent NH2-MIL-53(Al/Zr)-SA could still reach 99.1 % after three cycles, indicating good regeneration performance. This study can provide a basis for the application of NH2-MIL-53(Al/Zr)-SA in wastewater treatment.

Activity of the Ethanolic Extract Obtained from Citrus microcarpa Pericarps against Meloidogyne enterolobii, and Chemical Composition Analysis

Citrus microcarpa is a popular nutritious fruit that is widely cultivated in China. In recent years, many compounds with significant pharmacological activities have been isolated successfully from the pericarp of C. microcarpa. However, to date, there are no reports on the activity of C. microcarpa pericarp against root-knot nematodes. This study used the ethanolic extract from the pericarp of Hainan C. microcarpa and the impregnation method to determine its activity on J2 Meloidogyne enterolobii specimens and on single-egg hatching. The results showed that when J2 individuals were treated with 50 mg⋅mL–1 of the extract, the lethal concentration 50 values after 24 and 48 hours were 17.124 and 8.858 mg⋅mL–1, respectively. The mortality rate of nematodes after 48 hours of treatment was 100%, and the inhibition rate of single-egg hatching after 24 hours was 89.29%. The ethanolic extract of C. microcarpa peels showed high inhibitory and lethal activity against the M. enterolobii. The analysis of the chemical composition of the extract revealed 28 substances with insecticidal and antibacterial effects, including lignans, flavonoids, fatty acids, organic acids, terpenoids, and imidazole. The formulas of the chemical structures and pharmacological effects of these potential insecticidal and antibacterial substances were elucidated to provide a scientific basis and a theoretical reference for the use of C. microcarpa pericarps as a raw material for the development of new, natural plant nematicides.

Clean and efficient preparation of metallic bismuth from methane-sulfonate electrolyte in the membrane electrolysis cell

As a prevailing hydrometallurgical extraction system for bismuth sulfide concentrate, the acidic chloride solution has superior applicability to raw materials and high recovery ratio of metallic bismuth. Nevertheless, it has disadvantages of being easily volatile and strongly corrosive, as well as large energy consumption and poor deposition morphology during chloride electrolysis. Methane-sulfonic acid (MSA) solution is widely considered as the next generation of green hydrometallurgical system, due to its excellent physicochemical properties such as high metal salts solubility, low volatility, and biodegradability. In this study, membrane electrolysis technique was adopted based on the acidic bismuth methane-sulfonate leaching solution, and the influence of electrolyte composition, cathode current density (CCD), and temperature parameters on the bismuth conversion ratio (BCR) and deposition rate (BDR), techno-economic indicators and cathodic bismuth morphology were studied. The results show that the CCD affects the deposits morphology significantly, and the bismuth metal is partially dark and composed of loose ellipsoidal particles at high current density. Under the optimal conditions (70g/L Bi3+ ions, 5g/L Fe2+ ions, 110g/L MSA, 35 °C, 180A/m2), high-purity metallic bismuth (Bi 99.97%) with silver-white luster is obtained. The BCR and BDR are 9.43% and 0.46kg/(h·m2), respectively. The cathodic current efficiency (CCE) reaches over 98%, and specific energy consumption (SEC) is less than 715 kWh/t Bi. Compared with the traditional chloride system, the MSA-based membrane electrolysis medium has advantages of environmental friendliness, low occupational risks, low carbon and energy consumption, and can thus provide a sustainable green solution for bismuth hydrometallurgy.

Sustainable 3D printed poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/Hazelnut shell powder bio composites for design applications

In the context of seeking sustainable solutions for developing innovative materials and products by an efficient use of natural resources and recycling waste, with an increasing focus on circular economy and mitigating environmental impact, the presents research aims to use biomass and agricultural residues as raw materials for bio composite production. Specifically, valorizing European hazelnut waste presents a unique opportunity to devise innovative formulations for 3D printing, leveraging both the mechanical properties and aesthetic appeal of lignocellulosic bio composites. In detail, this work aimed at the investigation of new poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Hazelnut Shell Powder formulations for 3D printing design applications exploiting the woody aesthetic effect of these bio composites. A pellet 3D printer was used to bypass the filament production. Three different Hazelnut Shell Powder content (from 10 up to 30 wt%) were investigated and a design of experiment was carried out to generate response surfaces able to identify the best printing conditions to optimize flexural, tensile and impact properties. Finally, the effect of three different raster angles (0°, ±45° and 90°) on the mechanical properties was investigated. The best configuration was: 220 °C of nozzle temperature, 25 mm/s of printing speed and ±45° of raster angle. With this configuration, prototypes of ornamental pots, jewellery and home furniture were produced as demonstrators.

Differential metabolite analysis of the pharmacodynamic differences between different ratios of Dahuang ()-Taoren () herb pair.

To explore the material basis of the difference of efficacy of Dahuang (Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei Palmati)-Taoren (Semen Persicae) (DT) drugs with different proportions. Samples of different ratios of Dahuang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Palnati, DH) to Taoren (Semen Persicae, TR) (Group A 1:1, B 2:3, C 3:2) were analyzed based on gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry untargeted metabolomics technique. A total of 240 primary metabolites were detected. Forty-one differential metabolites involved nine differential metabolic pathways, of which four were closely related to the efficacy of DT in the treatment of heat and blood stasis syndrome. These pathways included the biosynthesis of amino acid (phenylalanine tyrosine and tryptophan), flavonoids, unsaturated fatty acids, and the glycolysis/glycogenesis pathway. There are significant differences in the efficacy of different ratios of DT drugs, and their optimal ratio for the treatment of heat and blood stasis syndrome should be 1:1.

Laboratory Studies on Strength Properties of Concrete using Fly Ash and GGBS

Abstract: Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water are the basic raw materials used in the manufacture of concrete. The naturally available aggregates are very precious and need to be conserved. Waste materials such as fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) which cause disposal problems, and environmental problems can be economically used as a partial replacement for both fine and coarse aggregate. The present research focuses on conducting laboratory studies on the properties of M30 grade concrete by replacing fine and coarse aggregate with fly ash and GGBS. The results show that the optimum percentage of partial replacement of fly ash and GGBS is 30% for both fine and coarse aggregate. The compressive strength of concrete increased by 15% and 24%, respectively, and the tensile strength of concrete nearly increased by 20% in both cases. In addition, the use of waste material helps to reduce the cost of construction while simultaneously solving the disposal and environmental pollution problems.