Basis Of International Agreements Research Articles

OPPORTUNITIES OF ADAPTING SPECTRAL IMAGERY IN RESCUE SERVICES OF THE NATIONAL FIRE AND RESCUE SYSTEM

The tasks carried out by the National Rescue and Firefighting System (KSRG) require highflexibility of the units of this system. In the event of a crisis over a large area, it may be necessaryto map the crisis area in order to provide assistance effectively, but a simple orthophoto map maynot be sufficient. Bearing in mind the possibility of various threats, the publication analyses thepossibility of using spectral imagery for analyses and mapping of areas affected by a crisis situationto improve the activities provided by the National Rescue and Firefighting System, especially in thecontext of activities provided outside Poland on the basis of international agreements, and so alsoin cases of natural disasters that do not threaten Poland.

Dual Nationality or Bipatrism as a Result of Bilateral Cooperation Between States

The subject of the study is dual nationality or bipatrism as a result of bilateral cooperation of states on issues of nationality. International legal cooperation of states on issues of nationality, in particular dual and multiple nationalities, is implemented through the conventional mechanism, that is, through the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral treaties. Treaty settlement of problems caused by the status of bi- and polypatrism is currently the most effective tool, because domestic norms, due to their unilateral action, are not able to fully respond to the newly emerging phenomena of interstate communication, among which the most urgent are the issues of nationality, in particular dual and multiple nationality. The author examines the differences between the terms "multiple nationality" and "dual nationality" on the basis of international agreements, in connection with which the conclusion is made about the lack of similarity in the content of these terms due to different legal regulation. The author analyzes the treaty practice on issues of dual nationality on the example of bilateral agreements. The author gives a modern classification of treaties on dual and multiple nationality, reflecting the current approaches of the states to these phenomena. The author concludes that despite the large number of bilateral agreements it is necessary to develop a new universal approach to the international legal regulation of multiple and dual nationality, which would reflect the current practice of legal regulation of bi- and polypatrism.

Interoperacyjność unijnych systemów informacyjnych – narzędzie wykorzystywane w zwalczaniu terroryzmu i poważnej przestępczości transgranicznej (część I)

Terrorism and cross-border crimes are complex and diversified problems. They are one of the most se rious threats to the modern world, both nationally and internationally. The Act on the Police contains the major tasks of this formation, namely: “To cooperate with foreign police forces and their international or ganisations, as well as European Union bodies and institutions, on the basis of international agreements and treaties and separate regulations” and “The Police also carry out tasks resulting from the legislation of European Union as well as international agreements and arrangements on the rules and within the scope specified therein”. In order to carry out statutory tasks, police officers at home and in the world work on the basis of information which is collected and processed in various types of files, registers, collections or databases. This information is exchanged among authorised authorities at home and in the world. This cooperation is aimed at preventing, detecting and combating the most dangerous crime, in particular, terrorism and organised cross-border crime. The latter became very real when controls at the internal borders of the European Union were abolished, through the creation of the Schengen area. From the beginning of the launch of the Schengen area, it has been realised that security within the area and external border management would require a need to create and implement IT systems whose task would be to support the above-mentioned activities. The abolition of border controls and increased migration flows in Europe are conducive to developing cross-border and terrorist crime. Awareness and experi ence related to the materialisation of the above-mentioned threats initiated strengthening of cooperation among the individual countries of the globe. Strengthening of cooperation became possible following the creation and launch of large-scale information systems, namely: Schengen Information System (SIS), Eurodac, Visa Information System (VIS), Entry/Exit System (EES) and European criminal records infor mation system - third country nationals (ECRIS-TCN). In this part of the publication, in view of the exten sive nature of the issue, only SIS and VIS systems have been described, however, I encourage you to enhance your knowledge about other large-scale systems, i.e. Eurodac, Entry/Exit, ECRIS-TCN and the issue related to their interoperability.

Interoperacyjność unijnych systemów informacyjnych – narzędzie wykorzystywane w zwalczaniu terroryzmu i poważnej przestępczości transgranicznej (część I)

Terrorism and cross-border crimes are complex and diversified problems. They are one of the most serious threats to the modern world, both nationally and internationally. The Act on the Police contains the major tasks of this formation, namely: “To cooperate with foreign police forces and their international organisations, as well as European Union bodies and institutions, on the basis of international agreements and treaties and separate regulations” and “The Police also carry out tasks resulting from the legislation of European Union as well as international agreements and arrangements on the rules and within the scope specified therein”. In order to carry out statutory tasks, police officers at home and in the world work on the basis of information which is collected and processed in various types of files, registers, collections or databases. This information is exchanged among authorised authorities at home and in the world. This cooperation is aimed at preventing, detecting and combating the most dangerous crime, in particular, terrorism and organised cross-border crime. The latter became very real when controls at the internal borders of the European Union were abolished, through the creation of the Schengen area. From the beginning of the launch of the Schengen area, it has been realised that security within the area and external border management would require a need to create and implement IT systems whose task would be to support the above-mentioned activities. The abolition of border controls and increased migration flows in Europe are conducive to developing cross-border and terrorist crime. Awareness and experience related to the materialisation of the above-mentioned threats initiated strengthening of cooperation among the individual countries of the globe. Strengthening of cooperation became possible following the creation and launch of large-scale information systems, namely: Schengen Information System (SIS), Eurodac, Visa Information System (VIS), Entry/Exit System (EES) and European criminal records information system - third country nationals (ECRIS-TCN). In this part of the publication, in view of the extensive nature of the issue, only SIS and VIS systems have been described, however, I encourage you to enhance your knowledge about other large-scale systems, i.e. Eurodac, Entry/Exit, ECRIS-TCN and the issue related to their interoperability.

СУТНІСТЬ ТА ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ УПРАВЛІННЯ РИЗИКАМИ В МИТНІЙ СПРАВІ

The article examines the essence and theoretical foundations of risk management in customs. It is proved that in the scientific literature there is no unified approach to the interpretation of the concepts of "customs risk", "management of customs risks", which is explained by the versatility of the concept of "risk". The scientific results of the study of the theoretical foundations of risk management in customs are based on the basis of international agreements, conventions and other legislative acts in the field of foreign economic activity, international and methodological documents of international trade and using monographic and abstract logical methods, as well as methods of comparison, analogy, analysis , synthesis and generalization. Based on the results of the generalization of the study, it was determined that the risk is a violation of the established procedure for the execution of normatively regulated activities, encroaches on social standards in a particular area of public relations. It is argued that the fundamental property of all risks is uncertainty, characterized by insufficient provision of the decision-making process with knowledge about a certain problem situation. Risks in the customs business are inherent in a certain specificity, due to the scope of their occurrence and certain forms of expression. It has been substantiated that in the context of the annual growth of the intensity of foreign economic activity between countries and enterprises, the need to create and constantly improve customs risk management systems is becoming more urgent, confirmed by international and national customs legislation, since the development of an effective risk management system in customs will help protect the national and customs interests of Ukraine. The study confirms that by the risk management system the activities of customs authorities in analyzing risks are meant, identifying and assessing risks, developing measures to neutralize possible risks associated with the implementation of professional activities and is part of the overall process of predicting and neutralizing negative consequences associated with the identification of goods. vehicles, documents and persons subject to customs control, forms of customs control applied to such goods, vehicles, documents and persons, as well as the scope of customs control.

Организационные формы международного сотрудничества государств по проблемам Черного моря

The organizational forms development of interstate cooperation on the Black Sea region issues is investigated. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of organizations established on the basis of international agreements and losing their status due to regional factors.

HEALTH CARE FOR IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: HOW IS THE BRITISH SYSTEM PREPARED FOR SERVICING PATIENTS WHO ARE FOREIGNERS?

The article presents solutions that enable access to British health care system by foreigners. The migration situation and health care system in the UK is presented. The actions that have been taken to ensure foreigners get access to medical care are described. According to the law, the Primary Care is free for all patients staying in the UK. Secondary Care is free for patients with ordinary residents status, people who have access to healthcare on the basis of international agreements or immigration health surcharge. In order to enable the use of medical care, for non-English speakers, telephone interpretation is commonly used. The Equality and Diversity Council is dealing with problems related to equal access to medical care. Actions taken in the UK can be a reference point in searching for solutions that can be introduced in Poland to ensure equal access to medical care for foreigners.

Marnotrawstwo żywności – problem pomiaru i dostępności danych

Purpose – The main objective of the study is to present the problem of food waste as a real and significant problem, which has not been adequately addressed by international and national institutions. The most important issue seems to be the lack of a well defined and accurate methodology to measure this phenomenon at the national level, which is necessary to take appropriate steps to counteract the problem of food waste.Research method – The paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge and available statistics describing the scale of food waste. At the beginning, food waste is defined on the basis of international agreements, documents and research. Next, on the basis of various studies and data sources, the estimated amounts of food waste on a global and European scales are quoted.Results – The analysis of available statistics proves that food waste around the world is enormous and varied depending on a geographical region and on the stage of the life cycle of the food product.Implications/recommendations – The paper implies that harmonizing the classification and methodology of gathering representative data is necessary. Such work should be a priority for organizations participating in the debate on the issue of food waste.

Юрисдикция Международного суда ООН: некоторые теоретические вопросы

Юрисдикция Международного суда ООН: некоторые теоретические вопросы

RELIGINIŲ BENDRUOMENIŲ REGULIAVIMO POLITIKA: LIETUVOS SUTARTYS (2000–2012) SU ŠVENTUOJU SOSTU (VATIKANU)

The article analyzes state and church relations in international agreements as a regulation tool. Main attention has been attributed at agreements of the Lithuanian Republic with the Holy See and their meaning in state and church relations. The main problem considered was – if the state performed legal regulations on the basis of international agreements, does this not create discriminatory conditions in respect of other traditional religious communities. This article presents conclusions based on relations between the state and church which are regulated by legislation analysis and qualitative (semi-structured) interview material with traditional religious community representatives and experts.

Organ Sharing in the Management of Acute Liver Failure

BackgroundLiver transplantation (OLT) for acute liver failure (ALF) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in the early posttransplant course. An efficient organ-sharing organization may grant favorable results. MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on patients wait listed for ALF at a single center. Patients were listed for OLT when matching King's College Criteria. Based on patients' clinical status, ABO-incompatible grafts were used. ResultsFrom January 2001 to December 2010, 37 patients were wait listed for ALF. Two patients were de-listed (5.4%) for improvement of their clinical conditions; two patients (5.4%) died on the list and 33 (89.2%) underwent OLT. Among these latter, 21 (63.6%) were Italian and 12 (36.4%) were foreign citizens, with four referred from their home country on the basis of international agreements on ALF management. Donors were procured in our region in 10 cases (30.3%), nationally in 22 (66.6%), and outside Italy in 1 (3.1%). Mean time from wait listing to OLT was 1 day (range 0–6), and seven patients received an ABO-incompatible graft. Graft and patient survivals at 1 month, 1 year, and 3 years were 78.8%, 72.7%, 66.5%, and 81.8%, 75.8%, and 72.7%, respectively. Five patients underwent retransplantation: two on postoperative day (POD) 2 for primary nonfunction of the liver graft, two on POD 8 and 95 for hepatic artery thrombosis, and one at 18 months for nonanastomotic biliary stenosis. ConclusionsPrompt referral to a OLT center and efficient organ-sharing system play a fundamental role in optimizing the outcome of the patient with ALF. Development of international organ exchange programs might further improve the results for this category of patients. In very selected cases, ABO-incompatible grafts may be a valuable resource.

Exchange of Organs and Patients With Foreign Nations During the First 15 Months of Activity of The Italian Gate to Europe

The Italian Gate to Europe (IGE) was established in April 2005 to supply a single national coordinating center for the exchange of organs and patients with the rest of Europe. When an organ is offered from Italy, the IGE ascribes it to the first foreign organization that accepts it on a first-come, first-served basis. In the case of offers from abroad, the IGE allocates the organ to one of the three Italian Interregional Centres in rotation. On the basis of international agreements, the IGE also manages the transfer of foreign patients to Italian transplant centers. The first 15 months of activity have been compared with the previous period of the same length. The IGE managed 353 contacts. 53 organs were transplanted in Italy versus 19 in the previous period. Seven foreign patients received liver transplantations in Italy. The increase in imported organs could be a function of IGE creation, since it allowed a reduced response time to offers and guaranteed the participation of all Italian centers in the program of international exchanges with a subsequent increase in the pool of recipients and equitable distribution of transplanted organs. The drop in the number of exported organs was a probable a consequence of increased acceptance criteria of Italian centers. The mentioned international agreements have allowed us to better meet the health care needs of foreign citizens who live in countries with low per-million-population donation rates with no detriment to the probability of Italian citizens being transplanted.

Industrial risk management and international agreements

This paper presents a review of the management of industrial safety on the basis of international agreements and institutions. It is written from the viewpoint of the national or international regulator. Focus is given to major hazard risks related to the chemical process industry. Firstly, the key technical elements of the process to assess and manage industrial risks are described together with the related key legislative principles. Various techniques exist for the assessment of risk in industrial operations, and for the assessment of hazards to the environment and mankind. These techniques share common areas, e.g. with regard to data collection and interpretation, that offer the possibility of synergetic approaches via international agreements and institutions. In addition to technical risk assessment, cultural factors will need to be taken into account when addressing the topic of acceptable risk in any given social context. Secondly, various examples of current risk management frameworks in a multi- and bilateral context are given. Finally, as a concrete example of an industrial risk management framework, the European Union's legislation to control major accident hazards, the Seveso II Directive, is discussed. An outlook on future actions concludes the paper.

Review of International Industrial Safety Management Frameworks

This paper presents a review of the management of industrial safety on the basis of international agreements and institutions. Focus is given to risks related to the process industry. First, the key technical elements of the process to assess and manage industrial risks are described together with the related key legislative principles. Various techniques exist for the assessment of risk of industrial operations, and for the assessment of hazards to the environment and mankind. These techniques share common areas that offer the possibility of synergetic approaches via international agreements and institutions. In addition to technical risk assessment, cultural factors will need to be taken into account when addressing the topic of acceptable risk in any given social context. Next, examples of current risk management frameworks in a multi- and bilateral context are given. Eventually, as a concrete example of an industrial risk management framework, the European Union's legislation to control major accident hazards, the Seveso II Directive, is discussed. An outlook on future actions concludes the paper.

Documented international enquiry on solid sedimentary fossil fuels; coal: definitions, classifications, reserves-resources, and energy potential

This paper deals with all solid sedimentary fossil fuels, i.e. coal, the main one for geological reserves and resources, peat, and oil shales. Definitions of coal (<50% ash) and coal seam (thickness and depth limits) are examined in view of an international agreement regarding new concepts for a common reserves and resources evaluation using the same nomenclature. The 50% ash limit, already adopted by UN-ECE for coal definition, allows the creation of a new category—the organic shales (50–75% ash)—comprising energetic materials still valuable for thermal use (coal shales) or to be retorted for oil production (oil shales). Geological relations between coals, oil shales, solid bitumen, liquid hydrocarbons, natural gas, and coalbed methane are also examined together with environmental problems. As a final synthesis of all topics, the paper discusses the problems related with a modern geological classification of all solid sedimentary fuels based on: various rank parameters (moisture content, calorific value, reflectance), maceral composition, and mineral matter content (and washability). Finally, it should be pointed out that the paper is presented as series of problems, some of them old ones, but never resolved until now. In order to facilitate the next generation of coal geologists to resolve these problems on the basis of international agreements, all sections begin with documented introductions for further questions opening an international enquiry. The authors hope that the answers will be abundant enough and pertinent to permit synthetic international solutions, valuable for the new millennium, with the help of interested consulted authorities, international pertinent organisations, and regional experts.

Base Units of the Système International d'Unités, their Accuracy, Dissemination and International Traceability

An outline is given of the organizational structure of the Convention du Mètre, the basis for international agreement on units of measurement, followed by a brief discussion on why accurate measurements are required. The Système International d'Unités (SI) is introduced and the definition and practical realization of each of its base units are discussed. Prospects for improvements in their practical realizations and, in the case of the kilogram, prospects for a new definition based on atomic or fundamental constants are outlined.

The effectiveness of space debris reduction measures

Collision avoidance manoeuvres flown several times by the Space Shuttle Orbiter and other occurrences are early indicators of a general and severe problem into which space flight will run unless fundamental changes are introduced. On the basis of a comprehensive and proven debris computer model, it is analysed whether measures against the increase of the space debris population are possible, which measures are most effective for various altitudes and time scales and how urgently they need to be tanken. The following preventive measures are considered: • -explosion avoidance for future rocket upper stages (venting) and for future payloads • -upper stage and payload de-orbit by thrust and drag enhancement The technical feasibility and the cost of these measures is assessed in relation to their effectiveness in order to arrive at a draft set of space traffic rules which could be the basis for international agreement.

The International Committee of the Red Cross and the problem of excessively injurious or indiscriminate weapons

It is a truism to say that technical progress is not always beneficial to mankind because it also leads to the development of more sophisticated - i.e. more deadly - weapons. Any attempts to prohibit or restrict their use on the basis of international agreements come up against major obstacles. Even if only to ensure their own national security, States try to equip their armies with the most up-to-date weapons and, if possible, ones more sophisticated than those in a potential enemy's arsenal. But using a certain type of weapon cannot be justified if it runs counter to the general principles of law and humanity.Our remarks do not refer to particularly devastating and indiscriminate weapons such as atomic, bacteriological and chemical weapons; rather it limits itself to conventional weapons. To date, a ban on such weapons has been accepted only for those which, in view of the disparity between their military effectiveness and the degree of superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering they cause, are without any real interest as means of combat (i.e. dum-dum bullets, non-detectable fragments, exploding booby-traps in the form of harmless-looking objects). As regards militarily effective weapons (incendiary devices and mines), we cannot but hope that their use will be confined as far as possible to the actual combatants so as to avoid indiscriminate harm to civilians, civilian objects and the environment.

The role of the International Maritime Organization in implementing the 1982 UNCLOS

The role of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in implementing the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is examined. The discussion concentrates on three areas: the removal of artificial installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone; the delimitation of the competence of the IMO and other intergovernmental agencies, created on the basis of international agreements in force whose parties are members of the IMO; and the definition of the legal basis upon which the IMO should rely in developing international standards.