Basis Of Age Group Research Articles

Individual socioeconomic status, neighborhood disadvantage, and cognitive aging: A longitudinal analysis of the CLSA.

There are likely many contributors to variation in the rate of cognitive decline in middle and late adulthood, including individual and neighborhood socio-economic factors. This study examines whether individual socio-economic factors, namely income and wealth, correlate with cognitive decline, in part, through neighborhood-level social and material disadvantage. Using the three waves of data collection from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), this study included 51,338 participants between the age of 45 and 85 years at baseline (51% female). Individual socio-economic status (SES) was assessed by annual household income and by the current value of savings and investments. Neighborhood disadvantage was measured by area-based material and social deprivation indices. Cognition was measured at each wave using verbal fluency, mental alternations, and delayed word recall. Latent change score models, incorporating direct and indirect pathways, were constructed to estimate the indirect effect of individual SES on cognitive change through area-level disadvantage. Multi-group models were constructed on the basis of age-group (45-64 years; 65-74 years; or 75+ years) to allow for varying estimates across age. Among 45-64-year-olds, income and wealth had indirect effects on initial cognitive level and on rate of cognitive decline through material disadvantage (standardized indirect effects = 0.01, p < 0.001), but only wealth had an indirect effect through social disadvantage (p = 0.019). Among 65-74-year-olds, income and wealth had indirect effects on initial cognitive level (p < 0.01) but not on rate of cognitive decline (p > 0.05), and among 75+ year-olds, no indirect effects were observed (p > 0.05). Wealth and income had direct effects, independent of neighborhood disadvantage, on cognition in all age groups (p < 0.05). Among middle-aged adults, greater individual SES may mitigate cognitive decline, in part, by allowing individuals to live in more materially and socially advantaged neighborhoods.

Epidemiology and Treatment Patterns of Patients with Vitiligo: A Real-World Analysis.

Vitiligo, a chronic autoimmune skin depigmentation disease with an unpredictable course, has been associated with several comorbid autoimmune and psychological conditions. Our current understanding of vitiligo burden and management in the real world is limited. This real-world analysis presents data on vitiligo epidemiology, comorbidities, and treatment of patients in Israel. This retrospective study analyzed data from the Maccabi Health Services database. Prevalent patients with vitiligo in 2021 were matched to patients in the general population on the basis of age group, gender, and socioeconomic status. Patient demographics, vitiligo incidence and prevalence, comorbidities, and treatment patterns are reported. Data are presented as percentages, mean, median, P values, and standard mean differences (SMD). In this analysis, 11,412 patients with vitiligo were matched to patients from the general population. Incidence and prevalence rates increased over time from 2005 to 2021. Compared to the general population, patients with vitiligo were more likely to have an immune-mediated comorbidity (29.7% vs 18.4% [P < 0.001; SMD 0.27]) or psychological comorbidity (18.7% vs 15.9% [P < 0.001; SMD 0.07]). Comorbidities included atopic dermatitis (patients with vitiligo vs general population 12.5% vs 8.4%), psoriasis (5.8% vs 3.6%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (2.9% vs 1.1%), alopecia areata (2.2% vs 0.9%), depression (10.8% vs 9.5%), and sleep disorder/insomnia (5.9% vs 4.4%). Only 74.8% of all patients with vitiligo had ever received treatment, with topical corticosteroids (51.5%) and calcineurin inhibitors (36.5%) most commonly prescribed. At the end of 2021, 83.7% of patients were untreated. Patients with vitiligo are more likely to have various immune-related and psychological comorbidities, highlighting the significant impact of the condition on well-being. Nearly a quarter of patients had never received treatment, with many receiving only topical treatments, and medication persistence was low. This highlights the lack of adequate treatment in this population and the need for more effective management options.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients ≥80 and &lt;80 Years of Age with Aortic Valve Stenosis at Moderate Surgical Risk: Findings from an Observational Study in the Vietnamese Population

Objectives: The increasing number of elderly patients with severe aortic valve stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has prompted concerns regarding their clinical outcomes compared with the younger population. This study evaluated the outcomes of TAVR on the basis of age group (&lt;80 or ≥80 years) among Vietnamese patients with severe aortic valve stenosis at intermediate surgical risk. Methods: From March 2017 to December 2022, 21 patients ≥80 years of age and 69 patients &lt;80 years of age underwent TAVI at a single center. Clinical characteristics, procedures, and outcomes at 30 days and 1 year were compared with the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC-2) criteria. Results: Patients ≥80 years of age had a higher prevalence of comorbidities but no significant differences in other clinical characteristics and procedures. No statistically significant differences were observed in procedural mortality (4.8% vs. 0.0%, P = 0.233), 30-day mortality (5.0% vs. 1.5%, P = 0.405), and 1-year mortality (11.8% vs. 3.7%, P = 0.241) between age groups. Major endpoints at specified time points also showed no significant differences. Conclusions: TAVR in patients with aortic stenosis at intermediate surgical risk has similar clinical outcomes at 30 days and 1 year, according to VARC-2 criteria, with no statistically significant age-associated differences (≥80 vs. &lt;80 years). However, further studies with larger patient populations are needed to better understand the effects of age on TAVI outcomes in patients with similar characteristics.

Prevalence of Oral Submucous Fibrosis With Other Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Clinical Retrospective Study.

Background Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, progressive, and potentially malignant oral disorder that causes scarring of the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper oesophagus. It is most common in Southeast Asia, but it is also found in other parts of the world.Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of oral lesions that have an increased risk of developing into oral cancer. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of OSMFassociated with other OPMDs. The presence of multiple OPMDs existing in one patient is a significant finding, as it is associated with an elevated risk of developing malignancy. The risk of malignant transformation increases with the number of OPMDs present in a patient; patients with two OPMDs have a three to four times higher risk of developing malignancy than those with a single OPMD. Patients with three or more OPMDs have a 7-10 times higher risk and the risk of malignant transformation depends on the type of OPMD. Materials and methods The study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India, to investigate the prevalence of OSMF with other OPMDs.The study team retrieved 630 case records of patients with OSMF from the electronic database between January 2018 and March 2023. All of the patients in the study had OSMF, as well as other OPMDssuch as leukoplakia, candidiasis, actinic cheilitis, dyskeratosis congenita, erythroplakia, lichen planus, sideropenic dysphagia (Plummer-Vinson syndrome), and discoid lupus erythematosus. Both clinical and histopathological examinations confirmed these diagnoses. Oral mucosal lesions without coexisting OSMF were excluded. The study was done on the basis of age group, habits, type of habits, associated coexisting lesions, and systemic condition. Results The patients were clinically examined and diagnosed. Of the 630 cases, 10% had OSMF with OPMDs. The most common OPMDs associated with OSMF were leukoplakia (86%), followed by candidiasis (12%) and both leukoplakia and candidiasis (2%). Based on gender, the incidence of OSMF was higher in males compared to females with 67% and 33%, respectively. Conclusion OSMF is more likely to develop into malignancy; the widespread use of areca nut products in India has contributed to the rising incidence of OSMF. Accumulating epidemiological data can help to identify high-risk populations for prevention and control measures. Earlier oral cancer diagnosis and treatment can increase the likelihood of a favourable outcome.

Mortality associated with third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacterales bloodstream infections at eight sub-Saharan African hospitals (MBIRA): a prospective cohort study

Bacteria of the order Enterobacterales are common pathogens causing bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa and are frequently resistant to third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics. Although third-generation cephalosporin resistance is believed to lead to adverse outcomes, this relationship is difficult to quantify and has rarely been studied in this region. We aimed to measure the effects associated with resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in hospitalised patients with Enterobacterales bloodstream infection in Africa. We conducted a prospective, matched, parallel cohort study at eight hospitals across sub-Saharan Africa. We recruited consecutive patients of all age groups with laboratory-confirmed Enterobacterales bloodstream infection and matched them to at least one patient without bloodstream infection on the basis of age group, hospital ward, and admission date. Date of infection onset (and enrolment) was defined as the day of blood sample collection for culturing. Patients infected with bacteria with a cefotaxime minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 mg/L or lower were included in the third-generation cephalosporin-susceptible (3GC-S) cohort, and the remainder were included in the third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) cohort. The primary outcomes were in-hospital death and death within 30 days of enrolment. We used adjusted multivariable regression models to first compare patients with bloodstream infection against matched patients within the 3GC-S and 3GC-R cohorts, then compared estimates between cohorts. Between Nov 1, 2020, and Jan 31, 2022, we recruited 878 patients with Enterobacterales bloodstream infection (221 [25·2%] to the 3GC-S cohort and 657 [74·8%] to the 3GC-R cohort) and 1634 matched patients (420 [25·7%] and 1214 [74·3%], respectively). 502 (57·2%) bloodstream infections occurred in neonates and infants (age 0-364 days). Klebsiella pneumoniae (393 [44·8%] infections) and Escherichia coli (224 [25·5%] infections) were the most common Enterobacterales species identified. The proportion of patients who died in hospital was higher in patients with bloodstream infection than in matched controls in the 3GC-S cohort (62 [28·1%] of 221 vs 22 [5·2%] of 420; cause-specific hazard ratio 6·79 [95% CI 4·06-11·37] from Cox model) and the 3GC-R cohort (244 [37·1%] of 657 vs 115 [9·5%] of 1214; 5·01 [3·96-6·32]). The ratio of these cause-specific hazard ratios showed no significant difference in risk of in-hospital death in the 3GC-R cohort versus the 3GC-S cohort (0·74 [0·42-1·30]). The ratio of relative risk of death within 30 days (0·82 [95% CI 0·53-1·27]) also indicated no difference between the cohorts. Patients with bloodstream infections with Enterobacterales bacteria either resistant or susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins had increased mortality compared with uninfected matched patients, with no differential effect related to third-generation cephalosporin-resistance status. However, this finding does not account for time to appropriate antibiotic treatment, which remains clinically important to optimise. Measures to prevent transmission of Enterobacterales could reduce bloodstream infection-associated mortality from both drug-resistant and drug-susceptible bacterial strains in Africa. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Post-SARS-CoV-2 Multisystemic Syndrome in the Paediatric Population of Pakistan: A Case Report

A rare life-threatening condition has been noticed in children who have been previously infected with COVID-19, involving organ inflammation, named as a multisystem inflammatory syndrome. In this study, the authors analyse a unique case, describe possibilities of disease manifestation in a particular individual, and detail different treatment options. Along with treatment and monitoring, all eligible children should be vaccinated against COVID-19. Unfortunately, due to decreased availability and increasing demand for the COVID-19 vaccine, the government in Pakistan has been led to vaccinate the general population on the basis of age group. Currently, individuals older than 12-years-old are being vaccinated, but not those who are younger. As a result, younger children have a higher chance of being infected with COVID-19 and developing multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Vaccination against the virus reduces the likelihood of COVID-19 infection. MIS-C is a rare condition found in children that might be fatal, and current evidence indicates that MIS-C occurs due to exaggerated immune response.

The Intake of Junk Food as an Etiological Factor of Megaloblastic Anemia in Patients visiting Mayo Hospital, Lahore

Objective: The study was performed to determine role of junk food intake in the development of megaloblastic anemia.&#x0D; Methodology: It was a clinical based cross-sectional study conducted at Mayo Hospital Lahore in collaboration with Pathology Department of King Edward Medical University from June 2017 to June 2021. All the patients of age 7 to 70 years including males and non-pregnant females attending the Out Patient Department or admitted in the hospital and having hemoglobin values&lt;12 gm/l, MCV more than 95 fl and bone marrow examination suggestive of a megaloblastic change in the marrow (WHO criteria)were included in our study. The patients who had received blood transfusion or hematinic in less than 6 months before diagnosis and pregnant females were excluded from our study. A total 1333 patients were screened, out of which only 160 patients were diagnosed with megaloblastic anemia who had undergone bone marrow trephine biopsy. Their dietary history was taken in detail and history of depression was noted on validated questionnaires. The obtained data was analyzed on the basis of age groups (7-25 years, 26-50 years, 51-75 years) using SPSS descriptive analysis and results were formulated.&#x0D; Results: The study revealed that 160 (12%) of total 1333 patients were diagnosed with megaloblastic anemia on bone marrow trephine biopsy with male to female ratio of 1:1.28. Total 58 (36%) patients belonged to 1-25 years age group 68 (43%) patients to 26-50 years age group and 34 (21%) patients belonged to 51-75 years age group. Junk food consumption was seen (60.3%) in 7-25 years age group as a prevalent etiological factor.&#x0D; Conclusion: Junk food consumption is the major cause of megaloblastic anemia in young population and poor diet in middle age group, whereas comorbidities are the major etiological factor in older people.&#x0D;

COVID-19 Severity Prediction Using Enhanced Whale with Salp Swarm Feature Classification

Computerized tomography (CT) scans and X-rays play an important role in the diagnosis of COVID-19 and pneumonia. On the basis of the image analysis results of chest CT and X-rays, the severity of lung infection is monitored using a tool. Many researchers have done in diagnosis of lung infection in an accurate and efficient takes lot of time and inefficient. To overcome these issues, our proposed study implements four cascaded stages. First, for pre-processing, a mean filter is used. Second, texture feature extraction uses principal component analysis (PCA). Third, a modified whale optimization algorithm is used (MWOA) for a feature selection algorithm. The severity of lung infection is detected on the basis of age group. Fourth, image classification is done by using the proposed MWOA with the salp swarm algorithm (MWOA-SSA). MWOA-SSA has an accuracy of 97%, whereas PCA and MWOA have accuracies of 81% and 86%. The sensitivity rate of the MWOA-SSA algorithm is better that of than PCA (84.4%) and MWOA (95.2%). MWOA-SSA outperforms other algorithms with a specificity of 97.8%. This proposed method improves the effective classification of lung affected images from large datasets.

Experiences of patients with cancer at health care facilities in Japan: results from a nationwide survey

BackgroundTo elucidate the experience of patients with cancer from diagnosis to early survivorship in Japan using a nationwide questionnaire survey, and to inform the current progress of the cancer control programs.MethodsThe survey was sent to a representative sample of adult patients with cancer identified from the national database of hospital-based cancer registries. The patients’ responses were compared across three groups: patients with rare cancers, patients aged < 40 years, and patients with non-rare cancers aged ≥40 years.ResultsOf 20,488 patients invited to participate in the survey, 8935 (43.6%) responded. Respondents reported an average score of 7.9 out of 10 on global ratings of care. Patients with rare cancers experienced a longer time to diagnosis but the shortest time from diagnosis to first treatment (p < 0.05). Patients aged < 40 years rated worse for the majority of the survey items, especially on items that related to communication with medical staff and items referring to early survivorship.ConclusionThe care experienced by patients with cancer in Japan varies on the basis of age group and cancer type. Efforts should be directed to ensuring prompt access to diagnostic facilities for patients with rare cancers and providing sufficient support to younger patients.

Depression, anxiety and stress amongst students in science verses non-science stream: a comparative study

Background: Depression (D), anxiety (A) and stress (S) are common issues among students nowadays. The occurrence of D, A, and S was primarily considered to be associated with the students’ academics, especially in twelfth standard because these groups are highly vulnerable to immense pressure, rising competition for undergraduate courses and constant changes in the education system. The objective of this study was to find the comparative magnitude of occurrence and severity of D, A, and S in the science and non-science stream among twelfth standard students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out across 460 students of twelfth standard from all streams. A socio-demographic questionnaire along with DASS-42 was distributed. The scores were calculated and percentage, mean scores, standard deviation, p values, odds ratio were obtained.Results: A statistically significant difference was seen in the mean scores of depression and anxiety among science and non-science students (p&lt;0.005). Students belonging to science stream showed more depression and anxiety overall as well as when compared on basis of age groups. Similar results were also observed among science students who said it was not their own decision to choose their stream. Anxiety was found to be higher in science students from nuclear families where as depression was higher in those from joint family. On the contrary, occurrence of all states was found to be more in females of non-science field as compared to science field.Conclusions: Along with academic pressure, various other factors like gender, voluntary choice of stream, type of student’s family etc. contributed to D, A, and S in students.

Analysis of Age and Gender-Related Changes in Gingival Width in Patients of Known Population: A Scross-Sectional Study

Aims:The present study was conducted for analyzing age and gender-related alterations in gingival width (GW) in patients of known population.Materials and Methods:Two hundred and ten healthy participants were enrolled in the present research. All the participants were divided into the following study groups with seventy participants in each group based on their age: adolescents, young adults, and older adults. All the participants were recalled and oral and periodontal examination was carried out using mouth mirror, probe, and explorer. Lidocaine spray was used for anesthetizing the anterior gingival region. A probe was used for assessing the width of the gingiva, in which and rubber stopper was fitted. In all the six maxillary anterior and mandibular anterior teeth, the width and thickness of the attached gingivae were assessed. All the measurements were recorded and analyzed.Results:Mean width of the attached gingiva in the maxillary arch in adolescents, young adults, and older adults were found to be 2.51 mm, 2.93 mm, and 3.92 mm, respectively. Mean width of the attached gingiva in the mandibular arch in adolescents, young adults, and older adults were found to be 1.76 mm, 2.39 mm, and 3.19 mm, respectively. Significant results were observed while comparing the GW among participants divided on the basis of age group. Nonsignificant results were observed while comparing the GW among participants divided on the basis of gender.Conclusion:There is a significant enhancement of GW with the advancement of age in both the maxillary arch and mandibular arch.

Oral submucous fibrosis in North Gujarat: A demographic study

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a premalignant disorder, mainly caused by betel nut chewing in various forms. It is found in the Asian subcontinent, mostly India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. The understanding of the exact role of alkaloids and other etiological agents with respect to pathogenesis will help in the management and treatment modalities.Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the epidemiologic profile of patients with OSMF in the North Gujarat population.Materials and Methods: Patients of OSMF attending the OPD of Siddhpur Dental College were selected for the study. Total numbers of 100 cases of clinically diagnosed OSMF were included for this study. A detailed case history was taken and clinical examination was done in visible light. The patients having difficulty in opening the mouth along with associated blanched oral mucosa with palpable fibrous bands were diagnosed as OSMF patients were included in this study. This study was done on the basis of age group, habit duration, types of habit, and clinical grading of OSMF. After collecting data, they were analyzed statistically.Results: From 100 OSMF patients majority had Grade III interincisal mouth opening. Among the groups divided based on age, Group II (15–30 years age) showed more prevalence than the others. Gutkha and masala (main content areca nut) were a powerful etiological factor (4%) among other etiological factors.Conclusion: OSMF predominantly affects younger age group adults with male predilection and the majority of patients presented with a progressive and advanced form of disease. Thus, advancement in diagnostic aids is required to arrest the disease in its initial stages.

English

BACKGROUND Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is the most common precancerous lesion prevalent in Asian subcontinent and India. It raises concern among oral healthcare professionals because among all potentially malignant oral lesions and conditions, this precancerous condition has highest rates of malignant transformation. The aim of our study is to evaluate the prevalence of OSMF in habitual areca nut chewers among the patients attending the out-patient Department of Dentistry of Veer Surendra Sai Medical College and Hospital, Burla. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in dental out-patient department of Veer Surendra Sai Medical College and Hospital, Burla for a period of 3 years (January 2015 - December 2017). Individuals with a clinical diagnosis of Oral Submucous Fibrosis according to WHO were included in the study, after obtaining an informed consent and approval of Hospital Ethical Committee. A total of 36000 patients were screened, out of which 457 were included in the study. Specialist examiners carried out all oral examinations who were accustomed with oral mucosal lesions found among the local population. A sterile mouth mirror and examination gloves were used for intraoral examination. On the basis of age group, habit duration, and type of habit, the study was carried out. Shapiro‑Wilk test was used for assessing data distribution and Chi‑square test for comparing the categorical data. RESULTS The prevalence of OSMF was found to be more common among males than females, with 99.14 % in males as compared with 0.87 % in females. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 15 - 25 years (213 patients out of 457) which accounted for 46.6 % with most them in Stage II (69.01 %). 49.23 % of patients had habit duration of 3 - 7 years (225 out of 457) with the majority of them in stage II (60.88 %). CONCLUSIONS Increased occurrence of OSMF among the general population in India may be attributed to the sale of areca nut products especially gutkha and pan masala in public is precisely being targeted for the younger generation. Primary healthcare professionals and dentists should also help to cessation of these habits among the public by participating in the programs targeted to this cause. KEYWORDS OSMF, Prevalence, Inter-Incisal Mouth Opening

DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS OF COVID-19 CONVALESCENT PLASMA DONORS - AN ANALYSIS.

Introduction: The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and subsequent corona virus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has created a global health emergency with unparalleled worldwide burden. Passive immunity delivered as anti‐corona virus antibodies from convalescent human plasma may offer a novel therapeutic approach for COVID‐19.&#x0D; Aim: The aim of this study is to understand this pandemic and its association to demographic pattern of convalescent plasma donors if any which can help us to find a possible solution to fight against this pandemic.&#x0D; Materials and method: This is a retrospective study carried out at Ahmedabad Red Cross from a period of April 2020 to September 2020. The donors are scrutinized on the basis of Age-group, Blood Group, gender and Positive Antibody IgG titre index.&#x0D; Result: Among 288 COVID-19 Plasma donor accepted for plasma donation; 278 were males and 7 were females. Majority of the donors belong to age group of 22-27 years of age. B positive blood group was most common encountered in the study. Most donors had SAR-COV-2 antibody titre in range of 2-4.&#x0D; Conclusion: In this pandemic convalescent plasma therapy is used on compassionate basis in moderately ill patients and demographic studies help us to know the pattern of infectivity and can help us bring permanent treatment for the same.&#x0D; Keywords: Convalescent plasma, blood group, IgG-antibody titre

An Assessment of Age and Gender Characteristics of Mixed Traffic with Autonomous and Manual Vehicles: A Cellular Automata Approach

Traffic congestion has become increasingly prevalent in many urban areas, and researchers are continuously looking into new ways to resolve this pertinent issue. Autonomous vehicles are one of the technologies expected to revolutionize transportation systems. To this very day, there are limited studies focused on the impact of autonomous vehicles in heterogeneous traffic flow in terms of different driving modes (manual and self-driving). Autonomous vehicles in the near future will be running parallel with manual vehicles, and drivers will have different characteristics and attributes. Previous studies that have focused on the impact of autonomous vehicles in these conditions are scarce. This paper proposes a new cellular automata model to address this issue, where different autonomous vehicles (cars and buses) and manual vehicles (cars and buses) are compared in terms of fundamental traffic parameters. Manual cars are further divided into subcategories on the basis of age groups and gender. Each category has its own distinct attributes, which make it different from the others. This is done in order to obtain a simulation as close as possible to a real-world scenario. Furthermore, different lane-changing behavior patterns have been modeled for autonomous and manual vehicles. Subsequently, different scenarios with different compositions are simulated to investigate the impact of autonomous vehicles on traffic flow in heterogeneous conditions. The results suggest that autonomous vehicles can raise the flow rate of any network considerably despite the running heterogeneous traffic flow.

Oral mucosal disorder-A demographic study.

Introduction:Oral mucosal disorder (OMD) has the potential disorder than any other oral disorder. It is found in the all over would. In our country India, is also more prone area of oral mucosal disorder. People more affected in male, low educated, low socioeconomic. Areca nut consumption is more so oral mucosal disorder is more reported, this survey was undertaken in darbhanga and is surrounding to determine the demographic data of oral mucosal disorder and to identify their association with various factors.Materials and Methods:A total of 5620 patients of Oral mucosal disorder attending the dental outpatient clinic of the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology in dental college and department of dentistry in darbhanga medical college over a period of 36 months were selected for the study. A detailed case history and clinical examination was done in visible light. Study was done on the basis of age group, gender, socioeconomic habit duration, frequency of habit, and type of habit.Statistical Analysis Used:Simple t-test analysis was performed.Results:Of the 5620 cases of OMD studied, 75.01% cases were male. 49.09% were low socioeconomic people, 36.12% graduate educated, 47.29% smokeless habit and frequency of habit more than two time 57.12%. Oral mucosal disorder.Conclusion:Younger populations have relatively a higher percentage of oral mucosal lesions than would older populations. Habits, like smoking and smokeless, which further increase with age, can also increase the incidence of oral mucosal disorder Prevalence of habits was more in males than females.

Cardiovascular and other risk factors among people who live in slums in Buenos Aires, Argentina

ObjectivesEffective planning of health policies requires the availability of accurate data, representing the burden of disease and risks to the diverse components of society. In Argentina, health information comes from the national risk factors survey (NRFS), which characterises the distribution of different risk factors. However, the NRFS has never collected information from residents living in slums, despite slums representing 10% of the population. The objective of this survey was to characterise the prevalence of cardiovascular and other risk factors among the inhabitants of one of the largest slums in Buenos Aires (Villa 31) and compare it to data from the NRFS. Study designThis was a cross-sectional study. MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in 400 slum households, using the same data structure as the NRFS. The survey obtained information about economic aspects, reproductive health, addictions and risk factors. All participants had their blood pressure, weight and height measured. A total of 406 people were interviewed and their data were compared with data from 32,365 people in the NRFS. All comparisons were made on the basis of age group. ResultsA fair/poor self-perceived level of health (odds ratio [OR] 3.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.60–3.91), anxiety and moderate to severe depression (OR 5.44, 95% CI: 4.43–6.69), problem drinking (OR 10.01, 95% CI 8.08–12.40), self-reported hypertension (OR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01–1.57), overweight (OR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03–1.55) and obesity (OR 1.72, 95% CI: 1.38–2.15) were significantly higher in the slum population. In people aged 18–24 years, the prevalence of diabetes was triple the national average (OR 3.17, 95% CI: 1.26–7.98). For all evaluated conditions in this study, the inhabitants of the slum received significantly less treatment compared with participants from the NRFS. ConclusionsThe prevalence of cardiovascular and other risk factors in the slum population has a different distribution to that reported in the NRFS. These data suggest the need to establish specific policies for slum populations.

Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis in patients visiting dental OPD of a dental college in Kanpur: A demographic study.

Background:Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is now globally accepted as an Indian disease. It has one of the highest rates of malignant transformation among potentially malignant oral lesions and conditions, therefore, a cause of concern for oral healthcare professionals. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of OSMF among betel nut chewers in different age groups in patients visiting Dental College and Hospital Kanpur city, India.Materials and Methods:A total of 860 patients of OSMF visiting the dental outpatient clinic of the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology Rama Dental College Hospital and research center, Kanpur over a period of 24 months (1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018) were selected for the study. A detailed case history and clinical examination was carried out under visible light. The diagnosis of OSMF was based on difficulty in opening the mouth and associated blanched oral mucosa, with palpable fibrous bands. Other diagnostic features included burning sensation, salivation, tongue protrusion, habits, and associated malignant changes. Study was done on the basis of age group, habit duration, frequency of habit, and type of habit. Simple correlation analysis was performed.Results:Of the 860 cases of OSF studied, 390 (46.42%) cases were stage II, 290 (34.52%) were stage III, 90 (10.73%) stage I, and 70 (8.33%) stage IV. Based upon age group, group III (30--40 years) showed more prevalence than the others. Areca nut (gutkha) was a significant etiological factor (55.8%) as compared with other etiological factors.Conclusion:The high prevalence of OSMF requires significant awareness and management of these lesions among general population. Primary healthcare professionals and dentists should be knowledgeable and familiar with the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these lesions.

Source apportionment and health risk assessment of ambient volatile organic compounds in primary schools in Northern Taiwan

This study conducted a source apportionment and health risk estimation of ambient volatile organic compounds in Taoyuan and Zhongli (Taiwan) primary schools. In particular, principal component analysis followed by absolute principal component scores was used in order to identify and quantify the emission sources of volatile organic compounds. Health risk was determined on the basis of age group and gender using the method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and Monte Carlo simulation was applied to analyze uncertainty and sensitivity. Results revealed that solvent usage in household product industries (56%) had the highest contribution of volatile organic compounds in Taoyuan and was followed by solvent usage in electronics manufacturing (27%) and oil refineries and storage leaks (17%). The main volatile organic compounds sources in Zhongli were vehicle emissions (48%) and liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas leakage (52%). Vehicle emissions and solvent usage in electronics manufacturing and household product industries were revealed as the primary sources of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, which were considered the compounds with high health risk for residents. The mean cumulative value of cancer risk ranged from 5.45 × 10−7 to 3.05 × 10−4, and the non-carcinogenic risk index for all age groups and genders was less than 1. The mean cumulative cancer risk was categorized as follows: below the limit recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency, possible risk, probable risk, and definite risk. The magnitude of risks varied among age groups and between genders, and the variations in risk were statistically insignificant.

Difference in prostate cancer incidence around sixty years: effects of age and metabolic diseases.

We examined the risk of prostate cancer in the Korean population stratified on the basis of age group and risk based on metabolic diseases, using National Health Insurance System (NHIS) data. Of the 51,827,813 people from the NHIS data in 2015, 10,879,591 men without prostate cancer who underwent a health examination were analyzed. The risk of prostate cancer was analyzed with stratification by age. Multivariate‐adjusted Cox regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between prostate cancer and metabolic diseases by age groups. The risk of prostate cancer increased continuously with age and 59 years may be a point of inflection. The hazard ratio (HR) of prostate cancer development rose sharply as that age point passed. The population with metabolic diseases was more likely to develop prostate cancer than the population without any of these components. In addition, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) decreased from the youngest age group to the age group comprising 55–59 year olds. Beyond this age group, there was a plateau. The relative risk for prostate cancer associated with metabolic diseases also showed divergent associations with age. The risk of prostate cancer increased continuously with age and the peak Youden index was at 59 years. The relative risk for prostate cancer according to metabolic diseases also showed divergent associations beyond 59 years of age. Therefore, setting the age threshold at 59 years would improve the present clinical risk stratification for prostate cancer in Korea.