Basil Research Articles

Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anthelminthic Activities of Traditionally used Ocimum basilicum L., and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Extract Loaded Emulsion

The demand for cosmeceuticals is rapidly expanding. Various phytoconstituents are identified from Ocimum basilicum and O. tenuiflorum and have several pharmacological properties. The present study aimed to formulate a novel alternative herbal formulation for topical administration with natural antioxidant properties for the treatment of inflammatory conditions with the destructive capacity of parasitic worms. The egg albumin denaturation technique was used to evaluate the test formulations’ and the standard’s in-vitro anti-inflammatory properties, and the hydrogen peroxide assay was used to measure the extracts’ antioxidant properties. Eudrilus eugeniae was the target of the investigation into in-vitro anthelmintic action. The pH of the cream was 6.8 (average), it was easily spreadable and washable, no gritty particles were found and the dye test confirmed that it was an o/w type of cream. The egg albumin denaturation technique was utilized to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties. The results cleared those herbal formulations (F1 and F2) and protein denaturation was decreased by diclofenac sodium (Standard) in a dose-dependent manner. Test samples exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activities than the standard with their percentage inhibitions being 41.5 ± 0.5 (F2), 39.1 ± 0.4 mg/mL (F1), and 37.3 ± 0.3 mg/mL (F-Standard), respectively. Antioxidants are compounds that either completely stop or significantly reduce the harm that free unstable radicals. F2 showed a higher concentration-dependent anthelmintic activity than F1 and standard albendazole. Increasing the concentration decreases the paralysis and death time of earthworms. Finally concluded that F2 indicates higher anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic activities than others with high natural antioxidant power.

The Evaluation of Toxicity Effects of Synthetic Volatile Compounds and Essential Oils on Callosbruchus maculatus L. and its Biology

The biology studies and contact toxicity of synthetic volatile compounds, namely Propionic acid and Benzaldehyde, and essential oils namely, Ocimum basilicum and Mentha piperita, and their different possible combinations evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus and were carried out at the Department of Entomology, Annamalai University to develop an economically viable and effective alternative to chemical insecticides to manage the stored product insect pests. In the biology study, the egg period was 5±0.07 days. The larval and pupal period together was 21.24±0.67. The total development period recorded from the day of oviposition to adult emergence was 35.03±0.35 days. The maximum contact toxicity was observed in Propionic acid + Benzaldehyde with 8.73 µl LC50. Therefore, in addition to being incorporated into the storage pest management to prevent the development of resistance, combinations of essential oils and synthetic volatiles, such as propionic acid and benzaldehyde, could be used as an alternative to the chemical fumigants that are mostly used to control pests of stored products.

Eugenol transport and biosynthesis through grafting in aromatic plants of the Ocimum genus.

Aromatic compounds play essential roles in plant physiology and various industries because of their unique fragrances and beneficial properties. In this study, we investigated the transport and biosynthesis of eugenol, a prominent aromatic compound, within the Ocimum genus, using grafting experiments. Grafting sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) scions onto diverse rootstocks, including tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris), revealed that eugenol is transported from the shoot to the root across distinct plant species. Furthermore, grafting within the Ocimum genus, which includes O. basilicum, O. tenuiflorum, and O. americanum, resulted in variations in eugenol transport and accumulation. The eugenol content in the shoots remained constant across all combinations, whereas the root eugenol levels varied depending on the scion-rootstock pair. To elucidate the biosynthetic capabilities of eugenol in Ocimum roots, we performed in vitro enzyme assays using crude protein extracts from roots, which revealed that eugenol can be synthesized in roots in addition to being transported. Expression analysis of eugenol synthase (EGSs) genes showed that EGS4 expression was influenced by grafting in O. basilicum roots, suggesting compensation by other EGSs. Our results suggest that eugenol transport and biosynthesis are multifaceted processes influenced by the interactions between different species and tissues. The potential to engineer eugenol levels in rootstocks lacking biosynthetic capacity has potential applications in agriculture and industry. This study reveals the dynamic interplay between eugenol transport and biosynthesis in the Ocimum genus, providing insights into the manipulation of aromatic compound production in plants.

Anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like potential of the essential oil from the Ocimum basilicum Linn leaves and its major constituent estragole on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The Ocimum species present active compounds with the potential to develop drugs for treating chronic disease conditions, such as anxiety and seizures. The present study aims to investigate the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like effect of the essential oil from O. basilicum Linn (OEFOb) leaves and its major constituent estragole (ES) in vivo on adult zebrafish (aZF) and in silico. The aZF were treated with OEFOb or ES or vehicle and submitted to the tests of toxicity, open-field, anxiety, and convulsion and validated the interactions of the estragole on the involvement of GABAergic and serotonergic receptors by molecular docking assay. The results showed that the oral administration of OEFOb and ES did not have a toxic effect on the aZF and showed anxiolytic-like effects with the involvement of GABAA, 5-HT1, 5-HT2A/2C and 5-HT3A/3B as well on anxiety induced by alcohol withdrawal. The OEFOb and ES showed anticonvulsant potential attenuating the seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) by modulation of the GABAA system. Both anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects were corroborated by the potential of the interaction of ES by in silico assay. These study samples demonstrate the pharmacological evidence and potential for using these compounds to develop new anxiolytic and anticonvulsant drugs.

Engineering characteristics of ultra-high performance concrete containing basil plant ash

One of the most present types of concrete in buildings is ultra-high-performance concrete. In contrast, large quantities of cement are consumed to achieve the required strength. To minimize the quantity of cement utilized in manufacturing ultra-high-performance concrete, this research aims to look at the usage of a unique agricultural waste as an alternative to cement. This study focuses on using agricultural waste as a partial cement alternative to reduce the amount of cement used in the production of ultra-high-performance concrete. This study employed basil plant ash as a partial substitution for ordinary Portland cement at 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, and 25 % by mass. basil plant ash was heat-treated at temperatures of 300 °C, 500 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and sorptivity coefficient of ultra-high-performance concrete were investigated using 21 different mixes. In addition, microstructure characteristics as assessed using X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that treating basil plant ash at 700 °C contributed to achieving the best mechanical properties when it was utilized as a partial substitution for 20 % of the weight of ordinary Portland cement. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were enhanced by 15.07 % and 20.39 %, respectively, compared with the control mix at 28 days. The thermo-gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope analyses are consistent with the obtained mechanical and durability characteristics. The outcomes of this investigation help shed light on the use of basil plant ash as a partial substitution at a level of 20 % of the weight of cement to produce ultra-high-performance concrete with high performance and lower cost.

TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER BY USING ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNIQUE

The textile industry is one of the major industries and work as the backbone of economy of Pakistan. It employs thousands of people without any education. It plays important role in the economy of every country around the world. The textile industry has high importance when it comes to the environment because it consumes many environmental resources such as water. Also, it produces a large amount of wastewater which is then discharged into the environment and causes environmental pollution. In this study, Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil seeds) and Tamarindus indica seeds have been evaluated as an active natural coagulant for the removal of pollutants from textile wastewater. The change in pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Electrical conductivity, TDS, COD, and heavy metals/pollutants were analyzed. Also, the dye concentration was found to be the most important parameter affecting color removal. Pollutant removal efficiency was obtained by using a low number of coagulants. The mucilage of O. basilicum and the powder of T. indica seeds were found to be highly effective in treating textile wastewater as a sole coagulant. The results show that these coagulants help to reduce heavy metals from 0.16 ppm to 0.02 ppm. Utilization of these natural coagulants was found to be suitable, easier, cost-effective, and environment friendly for textile waste water treatment.

Light extinction coefficient and radiation use efficiency of two greenhouse basil (ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars under deficit irrigation

ABSTRACT This two-year experiment with different planting seasons (April 2018 and August 2021) aimed to determine the effect of deficit irrigation (DI) levels (DI0: 100%, DI30: 70%, and DI60: 40% field capacity) on light interception, light extinction coefficient (k), dry biomass and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of two basil cultivars (Green and Purple). The greenhouse experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that the k values ranged from 0.57 to 0.68 and 0.31 to 0.43 in April and August planting, respectively. The cumulative solar radiation interception, dry biomass, and RUE depended on DI levels, harvest numbers, and seasons. In two study years, dry biomass decreased and RUE increased with the reduction in irrigation water at all harvests and their total. Compared to DI0, basil dry biomass did not show a considerable decrease under DI30 in three harvests in April planting and in the first and second harvests in August planting. April planting had the higher cumulative solar radiation interception in the first and third harvest than the August planting. The basil dry biomass and RUE in the April planting were higher than those in the August planting at all three harvests and their total.

Biochar-based nanoparticles mitigated arsenic toxicity and improved physiological performance of basil via enhancing cation exchange capacity and ferric chelate reductase activity

The modified biochars have positive effects in reducing heavy metal toxicity for plants. However, the mechanism and extent of these effects on mitigating arsenic toxicity and plant performance are not clear. Thus, a pot experiment was conducted as factorial to evaluate the potential of fresh and enriched biochars with potassium and magnesium nano-sulfates [potassium-enriched biochar (K-BC), magnesium-enriched biochar (Mg-BC) in individual and combined forms] on reducing arsenic toxicity (non-contamination, 50, and 100 mg NaAsO2 kg−1 soil) in basil plants. Biochar-related treatments reduced plant arsenic absorption rate (up to 24%), arsenic content of root (up to 38%) and shoot (up to 21%) and root tonoplast H+-ATPase activity (up to 30%). The fresh and particularly enriched biochars improved soil properties (pH, CEC, and available iron content), ferric chelate reductase activity, iron, potassium and magnesium contents of plant tissues, chlorophyll content index, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, relative electron transport rate, leaf area, and basil growth (shoot and root dry weight). These results revealed that enriched biochars are useful soil amendments for improving physiological performance of plants via reducing heavy metal toxicity and enhancing cation exchange capacity, nutrient availability and ferric chelate reductase activity. Therefore, soil amendment by enriched biochars could be a sustainable solution for enhancing plant productivity in contaminated soils via mitigating environmental impacts. This is an environmentally friendly method for using the natural wastes to overcome the adverse effects of soil pollutants on medicinal plants.

PFOA accumulation in the leaves of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and its effects on plant growth, oxidative status, and photosynthetic performance

BackgroundPerfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging contaminants of increasing concern due to their presence in the environment, with potential impacts on ecosystems and human health. These substances are considered “forever chemicals” due to their recalcitrance to degradation, and their accumulation in living organisms can lead to varying levels of toxicity based on the compound and species analysed. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about the possible transfer of PFASs to humans through the consumption of edible parts of food plants. In this regard, to evaluate the potential toxic effects and the accumulation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in edible plants, a pot experiment in greenhouse using three-week-old basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants was performed adding PFOA to growth substrate to reach 0.1, 1, and 10 mg Kg− 1 dw.ResultsAfter three weeks of cultivation, plants grown in PFOA-added substrate accumulated PFOA at different levels, but did not display significant differences from the control group in terms of biomass production, lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS), content of α-tocopherol and activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POX) in the leaves. A reduction of total phenolic content (TPC) was instead observed in relation to the increase of PFOA content in the substrate. Furthermore, chlorophyll content and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) did not change in plants exposed to PFAS in comparison to control ones. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis revealed an initial, rapid photoprotective mechanism triggered by PFOA exposure, with no impact on other parameters (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and qP). Higher activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in plants treated with 1 and 10 mg Kg− 1 PFOA dw (30 and 50% to control, respectively) paralleled the accumulation of PFOA in the leaves of plants exposed to different PFOA concentration in the substrate (51.8 and 413.9 ng g− 1 dw, respectively).ConclusionDespite of the absorption and accumulation of discrete amount of PFOA in the basil plants, the analysed parameters at biometric, physiological and biochemical level in the leaves did not reveal any damage effect, possibly due to the activation of a detoxification pathway likely involving GST.

Sweet basil cultivars resistant to downy mildew evaluated under open field conditions

Sweet basil is the most widely grown herb in the U.S. Downy mildew is the most common disease. Management is necessary because there is no tolerance for disease symptoms on leaves marketed for fresh consumption. Host resistance is a preferred management practice. Research was initiated to evaluate cultivars bred to be resistant to downy mildew when they started to become commercialized. Five replicated experiments were conducted between 2018 and 2022 with field-grown basil exposed to naturally-occurring wind-dispersed sporangiospores of Peronospora belbahrii. Eleonora, which is one of the first resistant cultivars commercialized, exhibited limited suppression in this study (26 and 34% control based on AUDPC for incidence of leaves with symptoms compared to a susceptible cultivar). Amazel, the related cultivar Pesto Besto, and Prospera plus related cultivars from Genesis Seeds provided excellent to complete suppression (usually 100%). They have resistance gene Pb1. The four Rutgers DMR cultivars (Devotion, Obsession, Passion, and Thunderstruck) provided good to excellent control with some yearly variation (46–99% control). The recommended management program for downy mildew in field-grown sweet basil in an integrated management program with fungicides applied to resistant cultivar(s), plus weekly checking the crop for symptoms as well as staying current on knowledge about changes in the pathogen, commercialization of new resistant cultivars, and registration of new fungicides.

A biogenic hydrogel to recover Au(III) from electronic waste

In the course of this investigation, we undertook the contemplation of a green chemistry paradigm with the express intent of procuring valuable metal, namely gold, from electronic waste (e-waste). In pursuit of this overarching objective, we conceived a procedural framework consisting of two pivotal stages. As an initial stage, we introduced a physical separation procedure relying on the utilization of the Eddy current separator, prior to embarking on the process of leaching from e-waste. Subsequent to the partitioning of metals from the non-metal constituents of waste printed circuit boards (PCB), we initiated an investigation into the hydrogel derived from basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.), utilizing it as a biogenic sorbent medium. The thorough characterization of hydrogel extracted from basil seeds involved the application of an array of analytical techniques, encompassing FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET. The batch sorption experiments show more than 90% uptake in the pH range of 2–5. The sorption capacity of the hydrogel material was evaluated as 188.44 mg g−1 from the Langmuir Isotherm model. The potential interference stemming from a spectrum of other ions, encompassing Al, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Pb was systematically examined. Notably, the sole instance of interference in the context of adsorption of gold ions was observed to be associated with the presence of lead. The application of the hydrogel demonstrated a commendable efficiency in the recovery of Au(III) from the leached solution derived from the waste PCB.

Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan and Gelatin-Based Antimicrobial Films Incorporated with Different Essential Oils.

This study was performed to check the effect of different essential oils on chitosan and gelatin-based antimicrobial films. Films prepared from biopolymers contain better mechanical strength but lack in moisture barrier properties. In order to increase the moisture barrier properties of chitosan and gelatin-based films in the current research work, different essential oils, i.e., thyme, cinnamon, basil, ginger, and cumin, at varying concentrations (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) were incorporated. Moreover, the concentrations of glycerol (plasticizer) and emulsifier (Tween 20) were kept constant to maintain homogeneity in the research. Antimicrobial films composed of gelatin and chitosan infused with essential oils were evaluated for their physicochemical (emulsion stability, particle size, and viscosity), FT-IR, microstructural (scanning electron microscopy), moisture barrier (water vapor permeability), and antimicrobial properties (E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus). Study outcomes elucidated significant variations (p < 0.05) as the concentration of essential oil was increased in the film solutions. An increased concentration of essential oil (2.0%) significantly enhanced the moisture barrier properties (1.12 ± 0.03 g.mm/kPa.h.m2). Nevertheless, the tensile strength decreased (38.60 ± 1.4 to 31.50 ± 1.5 MPa) from 1 to 2%. The increase in essential oil concentration in the emulsion-based films also influenced their physicochemical characteristics, such as droplet size, viscosity, and emulsion stability. At lower concentrations (1.0%), films exhibited a uniform microstructure but lacked moisture barrier properties. Antimicrobial properties against E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus showed an increased inhibition effect as the concentration of essential oil was increased. Of the essential oil-based films, ginger- and basil-based films showed greater inhibition effects as compared to the other essential oils. Overall, antimicrobial films containing a 1.5% concentration of ginger and basil oil showed better results as compared to the other treatments for mechanical, moisture barrier, and antimicrobial properties, while films with a 2.0% oil concentration showed better antimicrobial and moisture barrier properties but lacked in mechanical properties. Essential oil-based antimicrobial films have prospective applications in foods, specifically in fresh and processed food items such as seafood, meat, chicken, and sausages.

Enhancing french basil growth through synergistic Foliar treatment with copper nanoparticles and Spirulina sp.

BackgroundThis study investigates a novel idea about the foliar application of nanoparticles as nanofertilizer combined with a natural stimulant, blue-green algae Spirulina platensis L. extract, as a bio-fertilizer to achieve safety from using nanoparticles for enhancement of the growth and production of the plant. Thus, this experiment aimed to chemically synthesize copper nanoparticles via copper sulfate in addition to evaluate the impact of CuNPs at 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/L and the combination of CuNPs with or without microalgae extract at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/L on the morphological parameters, photosynthetic pigments accumulation, essential oil production, and antioxidant activity of French basil.ResultsThe results revealed that foliar application of CuNPs and its interaction with spirulina extract significantly increased growth and yield compared with control, the treatments of 1000 and 1500 mg/L had less impact than 500 mg/L CuNPs. Plants treated with 500 mg/L CuNPs and 1.5 g/L spirulina extract showed the best growth and oil production, as well as the highest accumulation of chlorophylls and carotenoids. The application of CuNPs nanofertilizer caused a significant increase in the antioxidant activity of the French basil plant, but the combination of CuNPs with spirulina extract caused a decrease in antioxidant activity.ConculosionTherefore, foliar application of natural bio-fertilizer with CuNPsis necessary for obtaining the best growth and highest oil production from the French basil plant with the least damage to the plant and the environment.

Foliar Application of Wood Distillate Protects Basil Plants against Ozone Damage by Preserving Membrane Integrity and Triggering Antioxidant Mechanisms

Ozone (O3) pollution is a critical issue for human health, crop yield, vegetation growth biodiversity, and food safety. Several protection strategies from O3-induced injuries have been proposed for crops. Here, we investigated if the foliar application of wood distillate (WD), a plant-based biostimulant applied once a week (0.2%, v/v) for four consecutive weeks, could have a protective effect against the damage caused by chronic O3 concentrations (80 ppb O3, 5 h day−1 for 28 days) in basil plants (chosen as model horticultural plant). The results revealed that plants exposed to O3 showed severe chlorotic spots localized in the interveinal adaxial surface, chlorophyll loss (−25% compared to controls maintained in filtered air), and membrane impairment as indicated by the significant increase in malondialdehyde content (+62%). Conversely, plants exposed to O3 and treated with WD exhibited a reduction in visible injuries, preservation of membrane integrity, and production of antioxidant compounds such as abscisic and salicylic acids (+21 and +62%, respectively), suggesting a protective effect of WD. This research highlights new results regarding the efficacy of WD in mitigating the negative effects of O3-induced oxidative pressure in basil plants.

Increase of secondary metabolites in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves by exposure to N2O5 with plasma technology

Exposure to N2O5 generated by plasma technology activates immunity in Arabidopsis through tryptophan metabolites. However, little is known about the effects of N2O5 exposure on other plant species. Sweet basil synthesizes many valuable secondary metabolites in its leaves. Therefore, metabolomic analyses were performed at three different exposure levels [9.7 (Ex1), 19.4 (Ex2) and 29.1 (Ex3) μmol] to assess the effects of N2O5 on basil leaves. As a result, cinnamaldehyde and phenolic acids increased with increasing doses. Certain flavonoids, columbianetin, and caryophyllene oxide increased with lower Ex1 exposure, cineole and methyl eugenol increased with moderate Ex2 exposure and l-glutathione GSH also increased with higher Ex3 exposure. Furthermore, gene expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR showed that certain genes involved in the syntheses of secondary metabolites and jasmonic acid were significantly up-regulated early after N2O5 exposure. These results suggest that N2O5 exposure increases several valuable secondary metabolites in sweet basil leaves via plant defense responses in a controllable system.

Physico-chemical and Biological Investigations of Ocimum Basilicum L. Cultivated in Algeria

Introduction: This study aims to explore biologically active substances from natural sources, such as the Ocimum basilicum L. plant, for potential medicines. The LC-MS/MS analysis reveals that the majority of compounds in the aerial portion of this plant have Hesperidin and Vanillic acid, which are used in treating blood vessel fragility and neurological diseases (disorders) like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Method: The study conducted a qualitative phytochemical screening of the hydromethanolic plant extract, revealing different secondary metabolites. Quantitative studies were conducted to determine the quantities of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids in the extract. Results: Our investigations also assessed the antioxidant activity of the hydromethanolic plant extract using DPPH-free radical scavenging and cyclic voltammetry, providing insights into its potential to combat oxidative stress. Conclusion: Finally, the anticoagulant activity of the hydromethanolic plant extract was examined through Quick and Cephaline Kaolin time coagulation exploration tests, providing insights into its impact on coagulation pathways.

A comparative study of the effect of extracts extracted from Ocimum basilicum leaves using organic extract and essential oil

Background: Medicinal plants that possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties have garnered significant attention for their role in maintaining food quality, improving safety, and impeding spoilage. They also can aid in controlling food contamination risks and augmenting the nutritional value of foods. Objective: The study aimed to obtain botanical extracts possessing antimicrobial capabilities and use them to inhibit the growth of molds and yeasts. Additionally, these extracts are aimed at prolonging product shelf life by harnessing their antioxidant attributes. Methods: Several microorganisms, including E. coli and Pseudomonas, were subjected to testing. Ethanolic alcohol, chloroform, and essential oil extracts were prepared; the tablets were then immersed in these solutions to test their efficacy. Results: The leaf extracts displayed significant antimicrobial efficacy against essential oil extracts with Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens, while the organic extracts, which included ethyl alcohol and chloroform, did not show any inhibitory effects against bacteria. Conclusion: The basil leaf extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against microorganisms, particularly in the case of essential oil extracts compared with other methods of extraction. However, Gram-positive bacteria showed a better response for the essential oils method than that of Gram-negative bacteria. Keywords: Ocimum basilicum; basil leaf; Clevenger; chemical active compounds; essential oil; organic extracts

The antibacterial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris L., Salvia officinalis L., and Ocimum basilicum L.

AbstractThe essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, and Ocimum basilicum were extracted by hydrodistillation, characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and quantified by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector. The principal constituents were thymol, ρ‐cymene and carvacrol (T. vulgaris); camphor, β‐pinene, and 1,8‐cineole (S. officinalis); and (E)‐anethole, linalool, and 1,8‐cineole (O. basilicum). The essential oil from T. vulgaris was the most effective, forming inhibition halos of 46.16 ± 0.16 and 26.38 ± 0.33 mm, respectively, for Salmonella choleraesuis and Listeria monocytogenes. This essential oil was also more effective against S. choleraesuis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8.85 mg mL−1, and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 17.71 mg mL−1 for L. monocytogenes. No bactericidal activity against S. choleraesuis and L. monocytogenes was observed for the essential oils from S. officinalis, and O. basilicum. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the addition of essential oils left the bacterial cells damaged and deformed. Significant 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity and lipid substrate protection were observed in the β‐carotene bleaching assay for the essential oil from T. vulgaris, with IC50 of 231.13 ± 0.53 and 15.25 ± 0.38 μg mL−1, respectively. A dose‐dependent relationship between antioxidant activity and concentrations was observed in the tests. Toxicities of LC50 = 1.24, 3.51 and 1.19 mg mL−1 against Drosophila suzukii flies, respectively, were observed for the essential oils from T. vulgaris, S. officinalis, and O. basilicum. Results suggest that essential oils can be promising antioxidant agents, insecticides, and inhibitors of pathogenic bacteria.

Evaluation of resistance in sweet basil cultivars against basil downy mildew

Evaluation of resistance in sweet basil cultivars against basil downy mildew

The Application of Micro- and Nano-Sized Zinc Oxide Particles Differently Triggers Seed Germination in Ocimum basilicum L., Lactuca sativa L., and Lepidium sativum L. under Controlled Conditions

The Application of Micro- and Nano-Sized Zinc Oxide Particles Differently Triggers Seed Germination in Ocimum basilicum L., Lactuca sativa L., and Lepidium sativum L. under Controlled Conditions