Wood Basic Density Research Articles

Selection of superior clones of Corymbia hybrids based on wood and charcoal properties

The use of fast-growing trees is a good economic strategy for charcoal production. Wood with adequate chemical and physical properties generally is positively correlated with charcoal quality. The objective of this research was to evaluate wood quality from fast-growing hybrids for charcoal production. Three Corymbia citriodora x Corymbia torelliana and four Corymba torelliana x Corymba citriodora hybrid clones were evaluated. Parameters used to evaluate wood quality were wood basic density, elemental and structural chemical composition, energy efficiency and thermogravimetric analysis and the parameters evaluated for charcoal quality were apparent relative density, gravimetric yield, high heating value, proximate analysis and energy efficiency. All clones had wood basic density superior than 0.5 g cm-3 and ash inferior than 1%, which are desirable for a good quality of charcoal. Lignin content did not differ among clones with an average less than the 28% recommended for energetic use. Besides clones differed in wood parameters, as dry matter, high heating value, energy density, total extractives, holocellulose content, it did not reflect in charcoal quality differences. Wood from all clones had equal and satisfying high heating value of charcoal and energy efficiency quality for charcoal production and differed in apparent relative density and ash content.

Variação radial e longitudinal da densidade básica da madeira de Pinus patula

A densidade básica da madeira é considerada uma das propriedades mais importantes, pois influencia diretamente as demais características físicas para a utilização industrial. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a densidade básica média da madeira de árvores de Pinus patula Schltdl & Cham. e analisar a sua variação nos sentidos radial e longitudinal. As amostras foram retiradas de 12 árvores com 9 anos de idade, ao longo dos eixos longitudinal e radial. A densidade básica média observada foi 0,307 g cm-³. Observou-se aumento da densidade básica no sentido medula-casca e decréscimo no sentido longitudinal apenas da base até 2 m. Foi verificada interação entre as variações nos sentidos radial e longitudinal da madeira, indicando que a densidade da madeira de P. patula varia nos diferentes sentidos de crescimento..

CARACTERIZAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA DA MADEIRA DE HÍBRIDOS DE EUCALIPTO IRRIGADOS E FERTIRRIGADOS

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito da irrigação e fertirrigação nas propriedades tecnológicas das madeiras dos híbridos de Eucalyptus urograndis (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis) e Eucalyptus grancam (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus camaldulensis), visando a produção de celulose e de carvão vegetal. As análises foram realizadas com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, disposto em esquema fatorial com dois fatores: híbrido (Eucalyptus urograndis e Eucalyptus grancam) e irrigação (microaspersão fertirrigada, microaspersão, gotejamento fertirrigado, gotejamento e tratamento-controle). Foram realizadas as análises de densidade básica das madeiras, teores de lignina insolúvel, extrativos totais, holocelulose, cinzas e caracterização morfológica das fibras em quatro árvores por híbrido, aos 45 meses. O efeito da interação híbrido x irrigação foi significativo a 5% de probabilidade para as variáveis analisadas, com exceção da lignina insolúvel e o índice de Runkel. A irrigação e a fertirrigação não influenciaram a densidade básica da madeira e o teor de lignina insolúvel no Eucalyptus urograndis. O teor de extrativos totais foi reduzido com a aplicação da fertirrigação. De modo geral, não houve influência dos tratos silviculturais nas dimensões das fibras. Dado os resultados apresentados, conclui-se que Eucalyptus grancam apresenta maior sensibilidade à aplicação da irrigação e fertirrigação, que podem ser aplicados aos híbridos Eucalyptus urograndis e Eucalyptus grancam sem prejudicar suas propriedades tecnológicas.

AMOSTRAGEM DE DISCOS E USO DE EQUAÇÕES PARA ESTIMAR A DENSIDADE BÁSICA DA MADEIRA EM DIVERSAS FITOFISIONOMIAS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o número adequado de discos de madeira, as melhores posições de amostragem, ao longo do fuste e propor equações que permitam estimar a densidade básica da madeira de árvores, a partir de um número reduzido de discos, em diversas fisionomias florestais, para subsidiar estimativas de biomassa. Os dados de cubagem rigorosa das árvores foram obtidos no Inventário Florestal de Minas Gerais, advindas de 1.325 árvores, distribuídas em regiões, classes de diâmetro e altura e em diversas fisionomias florestais. De cada árvore foram retirados cinco discos de madeira nas posições 0 (A), 25 (B), 50 (C), 75 (D) e 100% (E) da altura comercial. A densidade básica da madeira de cada disco foi determinada, conforme a ABNT NBR 11.941 (2003), e a densidade geral do fuste, a partir da média aritmética entre as densidades dos discos. Os dados foram analisados, com base na análise de regressão, critério de informação de Akaike, erro padrão da estimativa e análise gráfica de resíduos. Os resultados indicaram que, em geral, a melhor posição de amostragem, para estimativa da densidade básica da madeira do fuste com apenas um disco, deve ser efetuada na metade do fuste principal, com dois discos nas posições 25 e 75% da altura e com três discos nas posições 0, 50 e 100% da altura do fuste. Observou-se, também, que a melhor estimativa da densidade básica do fuste sempre será dada por aquela com maior número de discos, entretanto, é possível estimar com alta precisão a densidade do fuste com menor número de discos, desde que amostrados em posições específicas do fuste e inseridos nas equações propostas de acordo com cada fitofisionomia.

Genetic variation in silvicultural traits and carbon stock content in a provenance-progeny test of Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae)

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variation of growth traits, wood basic density, dry mass of crown, leaf, and stem, and carbon stock within and between two Genipa ameri­cana L. provenances. The provenance and progeny test was installed in the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm, located in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The test was established using a randomized block design with two provenances and 36 progenies, a spacing of 3 x 2 m, four replicates, and six plants per plot. At 11 years of age, height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured. To estimate wood basic density, biomass, and carbon stock, 45 plants were thinned. Growth traits for crown, leaf, and stem, as well as wood basic specific gravity showed significant differences. Both provenances pre­sent high carbon storage, demonstrating the potential of this species to be included in carbon credit programs that help to minimize the effects of global warming. In general, heritability values were low, suggesting limited genetic control of the eva­luated traits. However, the traits presented a high coefficient of genetic variation, indicating adequate sampling among popu­lations; these results are promising for ex situ conservation and for future breeding programs.

Biomass allometric equation and expansion factor for a mountain moist evergreen forest in Mozambique

BackgroundWorldwide, forests are an important carbon sink and thus are key to mitigate the effects of climate change. Mountain moist evergreen forests in Mozambique are threatened by agricultural expansion, uncontrolled logging, and firewood collection, thus compromising their role in carbon sequestration. There is lack of local tools for above-ground biomass (AGB) estimation of mountain moist evergreen forest, hence carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation are not adequately known. This study aimed to develop biomass allometric equations (BAE) and biomass expansion factor (BEF) for the estimation of total above-ground carbon stock in mountain moist evergreen forest.MethodsThe destructive method was used, whereby 39 trees were felled and measured for diameter at breast height (DBH), total height and the commercial height. We determined the wood basic density, the total dry weight and merchantable timber volume by Smalian’s formula. Six biomass allometric models were fitted using non-linear least square regression. The BEF was determined based on the relationship between bole stem dry weight and total dry weight of the tree. To estimate the mean AGB of the forest, a forest inventory was conducted using 27 temporary square plots. The applicability of Marzoli’s volume equation was compared with Smalian’s volume equation in order to check whether Marzoli’s volume from national forest inventory can be used to predict AGB using BEF.ResultsThe best model was the power model with only DBH as predictor variable, which provided an estimated mean AGB of 291 ± 141 Mg ha−1 (mean ± 95% confidence level). The mean wood basic density of sampled trees was 0.715 ± 0.182 g cm−3. The average BEF was of 2.05 ± 0.15 and the estimated mean AGB of 387 ± 126 Mg ha−1. The BAE from miombo woodland within the vicinity of the study area underestimates the AGB for all sampled trees. Chave et al.’s pantropical equation of moist forest did not fit to the Moribane Forest Reserve, while Brown’s equation of moist forest had a good fit to the Moribane Forest Reserve, having generated 1.2% of bias, very close to that generated by the selected model of this study. BEF showed to be reliable when combined with stand mean volume from Marzoli’s National Forestry Inventory equation.ConclusionThe BAE and the BEF function developed in this study can be used to estimate the AGB of the mountain moist evergreen forests at Moribane Forest Reserve in Mozambique. However, the use of the biomass allometric model should be preferable when DBH information is available.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in a sucrose synthase gene are associated with wood properties in Catalpa fargesii bur

BackgroundAssociation study is a powerful means for identifying molecular markers, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with important traits in forest trees. Catalpa fargesii Bur is a valuable commercial tree in China and identifying SNPs that associate with wood property would make a foundation of the marker-assisted breeding in the future. However, related work has not been reported yet.ResultsWe cloned a 2887 bp long sucrose synthase (SUS) gene from the genome of C. fargesii, which is a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism and also associated to wood formation in trees, coding 806 amino acids that expressed mainly in young branches, xylem, and leaves according to real-time quantitative PCR. Then we identified allelic variations of CfSUS associated with nine wood quality associated traits in Catalpa fargesii Bur. Totally, 135 SNPs were identified through cloning and sequencing the CfSUS locus from a mapping population (including 93 unrelated individuals) and 47 of which were genotyped as common SNPs (minor allele frequency > 5%) in the association population that comprised of 125 unrelated individuals collected from main distribution area. Nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed CfSUS has a relative low SNP diversity (πT = 0.0034) and low LD (r2 dropped below 0.1 within 1600 bp). Using the association analysis, we found 11 common SNPs and 14 haplotypes were significantly associated with the traits (false discovery rate, Q<0.1), explaining 3.21–12.41% of the phenotypic variance. These results provide molecular markers above associated with wood basic density, pore rate, and six other traits of wood, which have potential applications in breeding of Catalpa fargesii Bur.ConclusionWe first cloned a SUS gene in C. fargesii, then identified several SNPs and haplotypes that associated with wood properties within this gene, suggesting CfSUS participates in the wood formation of C. fargesii. Moreover, molecular markers we identified in this study may be applied into marker-assisted breeding of C. fargesii in the future.

PROGNOSIS OF THE DIAMETER DISTRIBUTION AND CARBON STOCK IN A SECONDARY ATLANTIC FOREST BY MARKOV CHAIN

ABSTRACT Growth and yield modeling at the diameter distribution level is an important tool to understand forest dynamics and to predict whether a forest will act as a CO2 emissions source or sink. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the diameter distribution and carbon stock of a forest fragment using the Markov chain to evaluate the impact of growth dynamics on forest carbon capture. Twenty plots of 10x50m were inventoried, between 2010 and 2015, counting the stems with dbh &gt; 5 cm. Diameter distribution was projected for 2015 and 2020, considering the whole fragment and the ecological groups (pioneer and non-pioneer tree species). The volume was determined using allometric equation while biomass and carbon was determined by multiplying the volume by the basic wood density and the carbon content, respectively. The diameter distribution estimated for the fragment and ecological groups did not differ statistically from the values observed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p-value &lt; 0.05). The number of stems ha-1 estimated in the fragment was from 1,692 in 2015 to 1,841 in 2020. For the pioneer and non-pioneer species, the number of stems ha-1 was from 476 and 1,203 in 2015 to 472 and 1,362 in 2020, respectively. The carbon stock increased 5.69 MgC ha-1, with the greater contribution coming from the non-pioneer species. Therefore, it was concluded that the diameter distribution would remain “J-inverted” and the forest fragment would continue to act as a carbon sink over the coming years.

Biophysical dependences among functional wood traits

Abstract Wood properties and especially wood density have been used as functional traits organized along major axes of species life history and strategy. Beyond statistical analyses, a better mechanistic understanding of relationships among wood traits is essential for ecologically relevant interpretation of wood trait variations. A set of theoretical relationships mechanistically linking wood basic density with some other wood traits is derived from cellular material physics. These theoretical models picture basic physical constraints and thus provide null hypotheses for further ecological studies. Analysis is applied to data from two original datasets and several datasets extracted from the literature. Results emphasize the strong physical constraint behind the link between basic density and maximal storable water on the one hand, and elastic modulus on the other hand. Beyond these basic physical constraints, the developed framework reveals physically less expected trends: the amount of free water available for physiological needs increases in less dense wood of fast‐growing species, and the cell wall stiffness decreases with density in temperate hardwoods and is higher in sapling stages in the rainforest understorey where competition for light is associated with high mechanical risk. We emphasize the use of theoretically independent traits derived from models of cellular material physics to investigate the functional variation of wood traits together with their environmental and phylogenetic variations. Although the current study is limited to basic density, green wood lumen saturation and wood specific modulus, we further emphasize the identification of complementary independent wood traits representing other biomechanical functions, nutrient storage, hydraulic conductance and resistance to drought. A plain language summary is available for this article.

New formula and conversion factor to compute basic wood density of tree species using a global wood technology database.

Basic wood density is an important ecological trait for woody plants. It is used to characterize species performance and fitness in community ecology and to compute tree and forest biomass in carbon cycle studies. While wood density has been historically measured at 12% moisture, it is convenient for ecological purposes to convert this measure to basic wood density, i.e., the ratio of dry mass over green volume. Basic wood density can then be used to compute tree dry biomass from living tree volume. Here, we derive a new exact formula to compute the basic wood density Db from the density at moisture content w denoted Dw , the fiber saturation point S, and the volumetric shrinkage coefficient R. We estimated a new conversion factor using a global wood technology database where values to use this formula are available for 4022 trees collected in 64 countries (mostly tropical) and representing 872 species. We show that previous conversion factors used to convert densities at 12% moisture into basic wood densities are inconsistent. Based on theory and data, we found that basic wood density could be inferred from the density at 12% moisture using the following formula: Db = 0.828D12 . This value of 0.828 provides basic wood density estimates 4-5% smaller than values inferred from previous conversion factors. This new conversion factor should be used to derive basic wood densities in global wood density databases. Its use would prevent overestimating global forest carbon stocks and allow predicting better tree species community dynamics from wood density.

Air-drying of eucalypts logs: Genetic variations along time and stem profile

Knowledge of wood drying potential is relevant in forestry and biomaterials technology field, being directly related with timber transport, lumber properties, charcoal yield and pulping process. Using mixed models approach by REML-BLUP procedure, we aimed to evaluate the moisture content loss potential among different eucalypt genotypes, by means of genetic correlations, heritabilities, coefficients of variation and determination of wood air-drying over 154 drying days and in five tree stem heights. Moreover, we tested three possible auxiliary traits (Heartwood/Sapwood ratio, Log Circumference, and Basic Wood Density) for indirect selection on wood air-drying rate. The highest air-drying heritabilities occurred at the two most basal stem heights and only after the 98th day. However, genetic correlations across the drying measurements were considerably high from day 42. The three auxiliary traits demonstrated potential for indirect selection, suggesting the possibility of integrating wood air-drying to future Eucalyptus sp. breeding programs. There is no need to wait for industrial moisture content to carry out genetic evaluation. Besides, perform selection at trees basal region is the safest way to improve the air-drying rate of genotypes.

RNA-seq analysis of lignocellulose-related genes in hybrid Eucalyptus with contrasting wood basic density

BackgroundWood basic density (WBD), the biomass of plant cell walls per unit volume, is an important trait for elite tree selection in kraft pulp production. Here, we investigated the correlation between WBD and wood volumes or wood properties using 98 open-pollinated, 2.4 to 2.8 year-old hybrid Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis). Transcript levels of lignocellulose biosynthesis-related genes were studied.ResultsThe progeny plants had average WBD of 516 kg/m3 with normal distribution and did not show any correlations between WBD and wood volume or components of α-cellulose, hemicellulose and Klason lignin content. Transcriptomic analysis of two groups of five plants each with high (570–609 kg/m3) or low (378–409 kg/m3) WBD was carried out by RNA-Seq analysis with total RNAs extracted from developing xylem tissues at a breast height. Lignocellulose biosynthesis-related genes, such as cellulose synthase, invertase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase showed higher transcript levels in the high WBD group. Among plant cell wall modifying genes, increased transcript levels of several expansin and xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase genes were also found in high WBD plants. Interestingly, strong transcript levels of several cytoskeleton genes encoding tubulin, actin and myosin were observed in high WBD plants. Furthermore, we also found elevated transcript levels of genes encoding NAC, MYB, basic helix-loop-helix, homeodomain, WRKY and LIM transcription factors in the high WBD plants. All these results indicate that the high WBD in plants has been associated with the increased transcription of many genes related to lignocellulose formation.ConclusionsMost lignocellulose biosynthesis related genes exhibited a tendency to transcribe at relatively higher level in high WBD plants. These results suggest that lignocellulose biosynthesis-related genes may be associated with WBD.

Growth and wood quality traits in the genetic selection of potential Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden clones for pulp production

The Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden is an outstanding species for growth and wood quality traits. However, important wood quality traits for pulp and paper production are disregarded in tree breeding. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of growth and wood quality traits and establish selection criteria to increase pulp production in E. dunnii clones in different environments. The clonal test of E. dunnii was established in a randomized complete block design with a single-tree-plot in three environments. Growth values were obtained from 3.5-year-old trees. Wood quality values were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. The phenotype index mean annual pulp increment was calculated using the values of mean annual increment, basic wood density, and pulp yield. A mixed linear model via REML/BLUP was used to obtain the genetic parameters and the rank of genotypic values considering several environments. Results revealed genetic variance for wood quality traits in E. dunnii. Klason Lignin presented high broad-sense heritability; basic wood density, pulp yield, mean annual pulp increment, and mean annual volume increment had moderate broad-sense heritability; and total extractives and diameter at breast height showed low broad-sense heritability. All traits presented high to very high selective accuracy. Simple clones x environments interactions were observed for the tested environments. An elite clone of E. dunnii were better than the commercial control clone for annual pulp increment mean. Therefore, the selection based on growth and wood quality traits is essential for pulp and paper sector.

ANATOMICAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL, PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL WOOD PROPERTIES OF TWO-YEAR-OLD Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla CLONES

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus wood from adult trees is used for several purposes; however, the wood of younger trees has limited use. This study aims to characterize and propose uses of two-year-old eucalyptus wood. Six two-year-old Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones have been selected and their anatomical, ultrastructural, physical and mechanical wood characteristics evaluated. The wood of Clone A shows more robust fibers with better microfibril arrangement, resulting in better mechanical properties, and therefore, a better performance for structural use. Clone F showed a low variation of wood basic density in the radial direction, facilitating its machinability, and with the Clone B, showed a lower anisotropy, and therefore, the wood is recommended for locations with high variations of humidity. The heterogeneity of the wood characteristics of the evaluated clones confirms the need for further studies, to choose those most adequate to each use.

Parámetros genéticos de calidad de madera, crecimiento y ramificación en Pinus patula

La determinación de parámetros genéticos en características de valor económico relacionadas con la productividad y calidad de la madera es importante para definir la estrategia más adecuada de mejora genética en especies forestales. En este trabajo se estimó la heredabilidad y las correlaciones genéticas y fenotípicas de características asociadas con la calidad de la madera (densidad de la madera, longitud de traqueidas), el crecimiento (altura total, diámetro normal y volumen del tronco) y la ramificación (número, diámetro y ángulo de ramas, y número de verticilos) en progenies de Pinus patula de ocho años de edad, obtenidas de polinización libre. Se encontró una variabilidad genética amplia en la mayoría de las características, pero el control genético fue de bajo a moderado en ellas (≤ 0.10 h2i ≤ 0.25), excepto para longitud de traqueidas y numero de ramas, en las que no se encontró una variación genética significativa (P &gt; 0.05). La estructura de correlaciones mostró una relación favorable en la mayoría de las características, con correlaciones genéticas que variaron de -0.23 a 0.98 y fenotípicas de 0.02 a 0.93. Los resultados muestran que es posible utilizar algunas características como criterios de selección de manera independiente o combinada para aumentar el crecimiento y calidad de la madera sin ocasionar efectos colaterales negativos en las otras características de importancia económica.

Predicting wood density of growth increments of Douglas-fir stands in New Zealand

BackgroundDouglas-fir comprises 6% of New Zealand’s planted forest area and contributes to the national carbon sequestration estimate. Carbon stock changes in Douglas-fir stem wood can be calculated by multiplying the increment in stem volume under bark by the density of the growth sheath and the carbon fraction. This paper describes a new model developed to predict variation in wood density of Douglas-fir growth sheaths from known wood density drivers.MethodsDatasets used to parameterise the wood density model contained: (1) mean breast height (1.4 m above ground) outerwood (based on 50 mm long cores) density of 30 trees per stand from 32 semi-mature and mature stands with soil and climate data, for predicting wood basic density from environmental factors; (2) basic density of wood samples taken at breast height and at regular height intervals along the stem of 75 trees from 10 stands, for predicting the weighted mean wood basic density of pre-defined growth sheaths; and (3) breast height pith-to-bark radial density profiles based on 500 trees from 47 stands, for predicting wood density of individual annual growth rings at breast height. Linear and non-linear mixed models were developed using these data to explain the variation in wood density of growth sheaths.ResultsBreast height outerwood density was positively related to mean annual air temperature and negatively related to soil nitrogen fertility. This environmental model jointly explaining 83% of the variation in wood basic density at breast height of ring 30 from the pith. The radial pattern of wood density variation of annual growth rings at breast height was calibrated to a site using predictions from the environmental model. The ratio of growth sheath density to breast height ring density was applied to the predicted density of annual growth rings at breast height. This ratio decreased from 1.05 close to the pith to 0.95 in outerwood rings of mature trees, with ring number from pith explaining 49% of the variation in this ratio.ConclusionsA wood density model that incorporates the important drivers of variation in density of stem wood growth sheaths in New Zealand-grown Douglas-fir will improve the accuracy of carbon stock and stock change estimates in NZ’s planted forest estate. The new wood density model has been linked to the Forest Carbon Predictor which predicts carbon stocks in live and dead biomass pools from inventory plot measurements, site mean annual temperature, and soil nitrogen fertility information.

Щільність основних компонентів фітомаси стовбурів дерев робінії несправжньоакації в умовах Північного степу України

Здійснення лісогосподарських заходів, спрямованих на отримання якісної деревини, раціональне перероблення деревної сировини неможливі без аналізу варіабельності щільності компонентів надземної фітомаси стовбурів – деревини і кори. Наведено результати оцінювання середньої природної та базисної щільності деревини та кори стовбурів робінії несправжньоакації в умовах Північного Степу України. Дослідження проведено на 20 тимчасових пробних площах у робінієвих деревостанах у найпоширеніших групах типів лісу (С0–С1), віком від 3 до 89 років, продуктивністю IА–III класів бонітету. Проаналізовано зміну локальної щільності з віком модельних дерев та відносною висотою стовбурів. Середню локальну природну та базисну щільність фракцій фітомаси стовбурів розраховано з використанням комп'ютерної програми PLOT. Встановлено, що показники локальної природної та базисної щільності деревини і кори дерев робінії несправжньоакації в умовах Північного Степу України мають комбінований тип змін із відносною висотою стовбура: від окоренкової частини стовбура до відносної висоти 0,5h відбувається збільшення щільності з подальшим поступовим її зменшенням від середини стовбура до верхівки дерева. Локальна базисна щільність деревини молодих дерев (3–20 років) має стрімке зростання від окоренкової частини до відносної висоти 0,1h з подальшими змінами, характерними для інших груп віку. Найщільніша деревина і кора в дерев робінії несправжньоакації формується на середині стовбура (0,5h) у віці 41–60 років.

Densidad básica de la madera y poder calorífico en vástagos de tres cultivos dendroenergéticos

La densidad básica (DB) y poder calorífico superior (PCS) son atributos importantes en la producción de biomasa con fines dendroenergéticos. El objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en determinar la densidad básica de la madera y el poder calorífico superior en vástagos provenientes de tocones de tres cultivos dendroenergéticos. El estudio se realizó en la región del Biobío, Chile, en una plantación de Eucalyptus globulus, E. denticulata y Acacia dealbata con densidades de 5 000, 10 000 y 15 000 árboles por hectárea. Se observaron diferencias para DB de la madera entre especies y E. denticulata registró el nivel más alto en las tres densidades de plantación, con valores entre 0.46 y 0.49 g cm-3. Eucalyptus globulus y A. dealbata mostraron DB similar, con valores entre 0.38 y 0.45 g cm-3. El PCS presentó diferencias entre taxones, en cada tipo de vástago (adventicios y proventicios). Las hojas de vástagos proventicios tuvieron el PCS más alto, con valores de 5 280 kcal kg-1 (22.1 MJ kg-1) en E. globulus; 5 150 kcal kg-1 (21.5 MJ kg-1) en E. denticulata y 4 927 kcal kg-1 (20.6 MJ kg-1) en A. dealbata. En tallos y ramas se observaron niveles de PCS de 4 399 kcal kg-1 (18.4 MJ kg-1) a 4 691 kcal kg-1 (19.6 MJ kg-1). En los vástagos proventicios de E. globulus, E. denticulata y, en menor medida, A. dealbata se registraron valores aceptables para DB y PCS, lo que hace recomendable su uso con fines dendroenergéticos. Se sugieren podas y aclareos para manejar dos vástagos proventicios por tocón y con ello mejorar la DB y el PCS.

Association of SRAP markers with juvenile wood basic density and growth traits in Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook

Association of SRAP markers with juvenile wood basic density and growth traits in Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook

Biomass and Carbon in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest in Minas Gerais

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to quantify the biomass and carbon stock in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest remnant in southern Minas Gerais. Forest inventory data taken between 2010 and 2013 in permanent plots, was used to estimate biomass with an allometric equation. Basic wood density (Db) and carbon content were determined in the laboratory and the carbon stock was obtained by multiplying biomass by carbon content. The species with the lowest and highest Db were Nectandra lanceolata (0.38 g cm-3) and Machaerium villosum (0.77 g cm-3). The species that showed the lowest and highest carbon content values were Casearia decandra (41.85%) and Nectandra oppositifolia (46.57%). The biomass stock for the area was 126.92 ± 0.09 t ha-1, which corresponded to 55.91 ± 0.05 t ha -1 of carbon stock and a periodic annual increment of 3.07 t ha-1 year -1.