Basic Terms Research Articles

PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND FIGHT ARE AGAINST CHANGES OF CLIMATE IN CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT OF «GREEN» ECONOMY

The article examines environmentalization as continuous introduction of new technique and technologies for a production and modern forms of organization of labour. Introduction of new principles in to the system of the balanced development of Ukraine are basic tasks that is sent to provide of ecological constituent of industries of economy. It is marked that on the whole in a public policy tasks stand about reduction to the booty of natural resources for the use in a national economy, reduction of accumulation of contaminating wastes at the production of different types of products and separately each and general production on the whole. It is marked that an ecologization of industries of economy is an important constituent in their competitiveness and to compatibility with the basic terms of rational of nature management. Certainly, that beginning of ecologization of productive process is potential of increase of production volumes, where maintenance is and comes true passing to the speed-up increase of quality indexes of environmental preservation. It is marked the result of it, that in resource return come forward as basic quality ecological and economic indexes, ecological efficiency of economy, ecologization, ecofriendlyness, that in the future will become a base during realization of certain chart of management of operations. Essence of ecologization is considered from positions of the small and scale understanding. It is distinguished, that to the in the first case the ecologization – it is development and introduction of principles in relation to technical replacement; substituting by new technologies and organizations of labour, as a result they show up in the reduction of contamination of environment or in his renewal. In second case the ecologization – it is changes in a technique, to productive technology and in a production, that diminish the expenses of resources of natural environment in a count on unit of mine-out products or rendered service of corresponding quality. It is educed that as definition «ecologization» has changed in time and in accordance with the stages of ecologization in the context of world development. Materials of conferences of steady development are considered United Nations are on questions an environment. Materials of conference of the UNO are analyzed on questions the change of climate, where during two weeks discussed further steps for limitation of raising of middle global temperature within the framework of the Parisian agreement. It is indicated that at participating of Ukraine in a conference it was announced establishment of two initiatives: the Global platform for the estimation of losses to the environment and climate on that wars and initiatives influence in relation to creation of the «Green grain-growing corridors». The brought possible amount over of extrass of greenhouse gases, that get in an atmosphere in the consequence of an increase amount of fires through the conduct of battle actions and moving of people in the safe regions of country. The brought possible amount over of extras of greenhouse gases as a result of battle actions, that take place as a result of an increase amount of fires and moving of people in the safe regions of the country.

PS-C19-5: SAFETY PROFILES OF SACUBITRIL/VALSARTAN IN EARLY POST-MARKETING PHASE VIGILANCE FOR THE INDICATION OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE AND HYPERTENSION

Background: The objective was to investigate and report the safety profile of Sacubitril Valsartan Sodium Hydrate (Sacubitril/Valsartan) (Entresto®) in Early Post-marketing Phase Vigilance (EPPV). Methods: In accordance with the regulation, the 6-month EPPV was conducted for the physicians or pharmacists at all medical institutions to which the drug was delivered. Safety information was collected and tabulated for the indication Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) (August 26, 2020 - February 25, 2021) and Hypertension (September 27, 2021 - March 26, 2022). The adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were classified using the basic terms of Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). In addition, we focused on the five risks (hypotension, renal dysfunction/renal failure, hyperkalemia, angioedema, and dehydration) listed as Safety Specification in the Risk Management Plan (RMP). Results: The estimated number of patients treated with Sacubitril/Valsartan for the indication of CHF and hypertension was 24,898 and 165,000 during the data collection period. The number of ADRs were confirmed to be 850 (345 serious) for CHF and 455 (84 serious) for hypertension. No new safety findings were identified in both EPPVs. For both indications, the most common RMP-related ADRs were hypotension-related ADRs that occurred within 30 days after initiation were 87 (162 had, followed by renal dysfunction-related ADRs. Furthermore, hypotension-related ADRs were 268 (75 serious) for CHF and 93 (three serious) for hypertension. Hypotension-related ADRs that occurred within 30 days after initiation were 87 (162 had an unavailable date of onset) for CHF and 19 (71 had an unavailable date) for hypertension. Regarding renal dysfunction-related ADRs, the number of ADRs were 45 (45serious) for CHF and 19 (19serious) for hypertension. Renal dysfunction-related ADRs that occurred within 30 days after initiation were 17 (23 had an unavailable date of onset) for CHF and three (14 had an unavailable date) for hypertension. The number of hyperkalemia-related ADRs, angioedema, and dehydration were 35 (including 19 serious), five (five serious), and 25 (two serious) for CHF, and nine (five serious), four (four serious), and four (sero serious) for hypertension, respectively. Conclusion: No new safety findings were identified during the 6-month EPPV. Furthermore, there were no differences in safety profile by indication.

О некоторых проблемах использования цифровых технологий в процессе реализации прав и свобод личности

Introduction. Today, it is impossible to imagine modern society without digital technologies. The introduction of such technologies has also affected the sphere of law, in which digitalization has become the formative legal basis of society. The relevance of thisresearch topic is expressed in the need to identify the main problems of using digital technologies in the process of realizing individual rights and freedoms. Materials and Methods. Based on a critical analysis of the provisions of legislation and various points of view that have developed in the general theory of law and branch sciences, the problems of using digital technologies in the process of realizing individual rights and freedoms have been identified. When writing this article, such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, abstraction method and modeling were also used. Analysis. The author highlights such problems as possible discrimination based on digital data about citizens, voluntary use of digital technologies by citizens when interacting with the state. The problem of possible violations of human rights on the Internet when using digital services is revealed. It is indicated that the state must constantly develop technologies that prevent the violation of citizens’ rights in the digital space. The issue of digital competence, skills necessary for the use of electronic administrative services by both citizens themselves and civil servants, employees of organizations that use appropriate technologies in their activities is another problem that needs to be solved. There is a need for new educational technologies and specialties that allow you to form skills for the implementation of individual rights on the Internet. The problem of a theoretical nature is the lack of a unified approach to the definition of basic terms and concepts in the legislation. The opinion is expressed that the regulation of any public relations begins precisely with the development of a single conceptual framework. The author raises the issues of the lack of uniformity of norms in the regulation of procedures for the implementation of citizens’ rights and freedoms using digital technologies and the need to adopt the Digital Code of the Russian Federation. Results. Based on the results of the conducted research, it can be concluded that there is a global need to regulate the legal realization process through the use of digital technologies.

Կոլեկտիվ անվտանգության տարածաշրջանային կազմակերպությունների առանձնահատկությունները. Քաղաքագիտական վերլուծություն ՆԱՏՕ-ի և ՀԱՊԿ-ի օրինակով / Peculiarities of regional collective security organizations: Politological case study of NATO and CSTO

Comparative analysis of alliance models of regional collective security systems, carried out at the level of theoretical developments, including corresponding official documents of leading states and concepts, as well as performance of NATO and CSTO, enables drawing out some structural principles, typical of such models, and acitivity mechanisms of such organizations with specific peculiarities, inherent to particularly NATO and CSTO. More specifically, the principle of indivisibility of security, meaning that the security of one state ought not to be gained on another state’s expense, is underlying the idea of collective security. The willingness of each of the members to view any aggression against one as aggression against all the members, and the exclusion of power solution of any contradictions within the given organization are a basic term for shaping an alliance model of collective security. NATO was established as a counterweight to the Socialist Camp, setting up in Eastern Europe. The goal for this union of states within the NATO system was to ensure the military security of separate states on account of collective military, political and economic power of the Organization as a whole, i. e., the corporate power of all of its members. At present, NATO at times undertakes functions, not provided by its founding treaty. The USA, being nowadays the world’s leading power, steps up as the leader of NATO, this greatly providing for the Alliance’s strength and authority in the international relations system. Though CSTO has been set with the same goals as NATO, but it remains purely regional organization with limited area of responsibility. In this regard, in the course of the years the Organization has carried out only one peacemaking operation (Kazakhstan, 2022). CSTO is characterized by certain specific features, which allow for a number of objective and subjective factors hindering its efficient performance. Thus, for instance, the membership of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in CSTO, while being at the same time members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Organization of Turkic States, has led to the fact that in the CSTO framework, Armenia has practically cooperated and still cooperates in the bilateral format only with Russia (Belarus “having leant towards” Islam). No wonder that CSTO has to some degree ignored numorous acts of aggression Azerbaijan carried out against Armenia, and avoided real in-depth political assessments of these acts. As a main hindrance for CSTO’s efficient performance can be viewed the fact that the titular nations of the majority of members didn’t have their own statehood, and lacked any experience in shaping international realtions before.

Assessing Personality in SLA: Type- and Trait-Focused Approaches

The study of personality has long been one of the major themes in Psychology. Nevertheless, within the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), this research area has not received a lot of recognition, despite the strong ties of both disciplines. The objective of this paper is to describe the concept of personality and its role within the SLA field, as well as to outline the dominating research methodologies that are based on distinctive theoretical approaches. For this purpose, in Section 1 of the paper, the basic term of personality is defined, and its role in the process of foreign language acquisition is described, together with an outline of the most frequent problems encountered in the empirical studies of the concept therein. Sections 2 and 3 are devoted to the outline of the dominant theories of the study of personality: type and trait approaches. They are completed with a presentation of the most popular inventories and measuring scales assessing the concept in question that could be reliably applied in SLA research.

Presentation of the World of Politics (Consideration on the Book of Amir Karić the Dictionary of Politics)

Amir Karic's The Dictionary of Politics ambitiously contains around 300 wide range of terms, from the basic categories of political science, law, and other related scientific disciplines, to the terms used in colloquial speech. The terms have been arranged in alphabetical order, which indicates that the author has already presented the world of politics through political concepts defined as separate units, and not through relations between terms and conceptual clusters. The author's approach in defining most of the terms in The Dictionary of Politics is by defining them as separate entities/units, without consideration of their relation to other terms, and even less so, their consideration from the aspect of certain conceptual clusters and ideological doctrines. Therefore, the conception of the world of politics in The Dictionary of Politics by Prof. Karic, often looks blurred and unclear. It is a world of extracted separate particularities whose understanding is just guessed, without an internal connection between them that would form a more complete depiction of the world of politics. The main reason for deficiencies in definitions of fundamental concepts of politics by Prof. Amir Karic is that he overlooked the complex relations between the concepts of politics and political, or political, as the ontological assumption of politics. But it is necessary to say that the author did not even have such ambitions. The dictionary is exclusively the function of training students of political science, and other related scientific disciplines, for whom it is known that they do not yet possess the knowledge of the meanings of basic political, sociological, and legal terms, which would allow them to follow and comprehend lectures held by professor Karić. In this way, we have received a dictionary of an informative nature for the needs of elemental understanding of basic terms in lectures of political, and related sciences. As such, it can serve its planned purpose (elemental literacy of students to understand the world of politics), but it cannot represent the basis for understanding the foundations of political science.

Toward the next Edition of the International Vocabulary of Metrology

The International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM) is presently available in its 3rd Edition (2012) (VIM3). VIM3 has been a major achievement, with numerous comments found in the literature concerning the assessment of it that will be taken here as references for future developments.
 The present paper is mainly based on the concept that such a Vocabulary is assumed to be of great help for practitioners in metrology, i.e., in general for people that must correctly apply the idiom of metrology according to the current meaning of its terms.
 The core of VIM3, i.e., its few basic terms, which are those currently used in metrology (defined according to the paper’s Glossary), are identified, and their current meaning will be recalled together with the rationale of having chosen them.
 The Author’s position will be given, as assuming that the Metrology Vocabulary is not supposed to be of much interest for the scientists whose activity already develops under the discipline of metrology, since they are supposed to be well-informed on its terminology. Rather, such a Vocabulary is assumed to be of great help for practitioners in metrology, i.e., in general for people that must correctly apply the idiom of metrology according to the current meaning of its terms.
 In addition, the International Vocabulary is assumed being used in every Country of the World, accounting for the need of easy and unambiguous translations in many different languages as much as possible, when the local metrological idioms may be expressed differently, which is a major difficulty.
 The core of VIM3, i.e. its main basic terms, which are those currently used in metrology, are identified as being: “Quantity” vs. “Amount”, “Magnitude”; “Quantity” vs. “Property”; “Value” vs. “Scale”. Their current meaning will be recalled, together with the rationale of having chosen them. The above-mentioned terms are compared with recently proposed changes for several of them, including some new terms to be introduced.
 The analysis will also account for the fact that, for the basic terms, any substantial change in their meaning, or the suppression of some of them, should be carefully pondered for being strictly necessary, because it may entail unnecessary confusion for many users. In fact, it is possible and reasonable that in other disciplines the same terms might express different concepts and express differently according to the specific idiom of those disciplines − e.g., according to an idiom basically originating from branches of philosophy of science or from set theory, where important differences in the meaning could be inappropriate or difficult to understand in measurement science, and in metrology particularly.

Intonation as Means of Logic-Emotional Expressiveness in Professional Actor’s Verbal Action

The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiar features of intonation as one of the most essential means of a professional actor’s logic-emotional expressiveness, as well as to define the specificity of logical intonation of an utterance in the context of verbal activity. The research methodology. The author has applied typological, systems methods and the method of functional analysis to analyse intonation in the context of verbal activity by a professional actor. The method of terminological analysis has been used to specify basic terms and definitions of the research. The method of cognitive analysis has enabled the extrapolation of theoretical foundations of linguistics to the theatrical art. Scientific novelty. The article presents the research of intonation as the main means of logic-emotional expressiveness in the context of a professional actor’s verbal activity. The author has analysed the functions of intonation, peculiar features of its components, such as logical and verbal stress, pauses, rising and falling tones, speech melody, voice timbre, tempo, as well as intonation constructions in the theatrical speech. Moreover, the author has described some types of utterances with different emotional shades in the context of selecting language means by an actor to make a character expressive/well-marked. Conclusions. Connotative and emotional-stylistic differences in an actor’s speech when in an image appear as a result of cooperation between sentence syntactic structure, the lexis, intonation patterns used and denotative relations in the context. Emotional verbal expressiveness of a professional actor is a result of a complex work at all language levels: lexical, syntactical, and prosodic. Using intonation an actor can express various character’s emotions such as surprise, elation, joy, sadness, fear, and anger. Logical intonation in the professional actor’s speech comprises speech melody, tempo, and timbre. It is an inseparable component of a speech act and a powerful tool of influence on the audience. The spectators can understand through intonation only a specific emotion the actor expresses during the character presentation. Mastering stage speech at the professional level means a thorough selection of intonation means according to their communicative and pragmatic potential in a specific dramaturgic piece. Taking into account the influence of intonation pattern of a character’s mother tongue is one the essential elements of selecting verbal means of an actor’s expressiveness in the process of creating an image.
 Key words: intonation, logical intonation, logic-emotional expressiveness, stage speech, professional actor.

CONNOTATIVE MEANINGS OF THE SERBIAN BASIC COLOUR TERMS SIVA (GREY) AND RUŽIČASTA OR ROZE/A (PINK) FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTRA-COLOUR ANTONYMY

Following Almalech (2014: 748), certain basic colour terms (BCTs) display intra-colour antonymy and can have opposite meanings. It is demonstrated by the Serbian colour adjectives siva; grey, and ružičasta or roze/roza; pink, both of which are also the BCTs. In the Serbian cultural and linguistic setting, siva is the colour with predominantly negative connotative meanings. Opposed to this ružičasta or roze/roza are both attributed predominantly positive connotative meanings. Nevertheless, siva has also some positive connotative meanings, and a number of negative connotations are attributed to ružičasta and roze/a. This invalidates the either-or semantics of the Serbian BCTs (the most obvious examples of such a classification being the colours bela; white, which is typically associated with purity, innocence, goodness, heaven, brilliance, etc., and crna; black, which is commonly attributed the meaning of death, evil, fear, aggression, etc.). 
 

The meaning of the basic term for the colour black in Czech, Polish and Upper Sorbian

In European culture the colour black has quite a diverse and complex symbolism, which is also confirmed in the phrases containing black and referring to human life and the surrounding nature. This article is a comparative analysis of the meanings (figurative and literal) and connotations of the term “black” in three genetically close languages: Czech, Polish and Upper Sorbian. The comparative approach has brought out both the similarities in the conceptualization of this colour and its connotations, which are typical for two languages or only one. The semantic connotations of black in the analysed languages confirm their high compliance, which results from the linguistic and cultural proximity. The differences relate primarily to the wealth of expressions that implement the appropriate connotations. There is a visible lack of symmetry between Czech and Polish ??on the one hand, and Upper Sorbian on the other. In Upper Sorbian, as a minority language, one can also notice the influence of the German language (clichés of German expressions), which results from the closeness of Upper Sorbian with German.

POETICS OF THE LITERARY SIMULACRUM

The article describes the poetic features of one of the basic terms of postmodern literature - simulacrum. The global trend of postmodernism has brought many new changes to society. Naturally, when changing society, consciousness and literature, and requirements to them, and measures to present it, are updated. Modern scholars identify three dominant properties of postmodernism. These include dialogue, play, and intertextuality. However, among the characteristics listed, there is no core of governance to organize the unity of application. Thus, simulacrum is analyzed as a universal category of post-modernist aesthetics and as a key element of the poetry of the postmodernist text. That is, it will be one of the tools to study postmodernist works. Along with the history of the origin and establishment of the simulacrum category, the historical basis in the writings of Plato in the early centuries is differentiated, the interpretation as the main term of postmodern philosophy in the research of the French poststructuralists G. Bataille, P. Klassovski, J. Derrida in the following centuries. The concepts of J. Baudrillard «Simulacrum and simulation», representations of G. Deleuze about the connections between religion and simulacrum have been comprehensively analyzed. The works of the Russian literary scholar M. Bakhtin cover theories concerning the problems of the artistic text, the author and the hero. On the basis of the theory of «Author-hero» of the scientist, the interrelation of the problem of integrity of the author and the hero with the concept of simulacrum is examined.

Mengiplementasikan Vector Space Model Similarity Euclidean Distance Menggunakan TFIDF Pada Klasifikasi Teks Bahasa Indonesia

Weighting based on the term with stemming techniques to get the basic word form term in question. This will the application of the Indonesian language text classification machine using the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm and the Vector Space Model method on the TFIDF frequency weighting of the number of words and the Euclidean Distance function. comparison between the test documents and the test sample collection Using news documents as learning documents, a total of 10 (10) documents with 3 (three) categories, produces an Precision and Recall 90.00% for k = 5 using frequency weighting in words with the Euclidean Distance function.

Основные языковые источники современной терминологии

Frequently encountered sources and methods of term formation in the Russian language are presented in the article. The main forms for their construction are basic terms, generalscientific, general-technical, and global semantics terms. The article presents the importance of the language system and forms, which have a great impact on the creation and formation of terminology.

„Z vnějšku“ a „z nitra“

This article offers one of the possibilities of establishing a design for general anthropology. It works with the categories of “inwardness” (Innerlichkeit) and points to possible solutions of combining the spiritual, semiotic, or psychological “from the inside” with the empirical “from the outside”. Using the example of the discussion on “basic colour terms”, the article considers various levels of the evolution of designating colour (genetic, epigenetic, the level of coevolution of genes and culture, the level of evolution and diffusion of culture, the level of language development). At the same time, it considers the options of how to formulate testable theories that would combine ontogenesis, (cultural) phylogenesis, and cultural-historical developments.

ENGLISH INJECTION FOR THALASSEMIA: PELATIHAN BAHASA INGGRIS BAGI PENYANDANG THALASSEMIA BANYUMAS DI UNIVERSITAS NAHDLATUL ULAMA PURWOKERTO

Thalassemia is a hereditary disease caused by abnormalities in red blood cells in which the individual has a gene disorder that causes reduced production of hemoglobin in red blood cells. People with Thalassemia, especially the type of Thalassemia Major, need routine therapy and medication. These routine therapy and medication activities sometimes cause various problems and obstacles in the lives of people with thalassemia both physically and psychologically. Individuals with thalassemia also show impaired psychosocial and school functioning. The desire and enthusiasm for learning decreased, giving rise to human resources with low educational backgrounds. The lack of education especially the knowledge of health terms in English is one of the problems. The program of English Injection for Thalassemia intended to create an English learning space for people with Thalassemia. English Injection for Thalassemia aimed to provide English education, especially information about medical terms which are important in the treatment of thalassemia. The object of the program is the members of the Association of Indonesian Thalassemia Patients, commonly called PPTI Banyumas. The method of implementing this program was used fun learning methods and media. It provided English training in groups through indoor and outdoor activities with basic English expressions and English medical terms for Thalassemia

ИСКУССТВЕННЫЕ НЕЙРОННЫЕ СЕТИ: БАЗОВЫЕ ПРИНЦИПЫ И ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ

There are many tasks solved by people that can be partially or completely automated. One of the most prom- ising tools for these purposes are artificial neural networks. Neural networks are a technology at the intersection of many disciplines: physics, mathematics, statistics, computer science and technology. They find application in a wide range of tasks, such as time series analysis, regression analysis, pattern recognition in images, etc. It is im- possible not to note an important feature of neural networks: to learn from data both with the participation of a teacher, and to go through the learning process without a teacher. This article discusses the basic terms and basic principles of the functioning of artificial neural networks. At the beginning, a mathematical model of the operation of an artificial neuron is given. The main constituent elements of an artificial neuron, such as synapses, inputs, axons, etc., are described. Some subtleties in optimization processes are generalized, and the main types of activa- tion functions are given. Examples of software implementations of neural networks are given, specific application cases are considered, their strengths are noted, as well as some limitations. Given the limitations, an alternative technology is presented: hardware implementations of artificial neural networks. A brief description of the use of neural networks in the world is given, after which the classification of hardware implementations is considered. Each class highlights the features of using such technologies, including strengths and weaknesses. At the end of the article, the question of the relevance of the problem of finding an element base for building hardware solutions in the field of artificial neural networks is raised, arguments are given in favor of the development of hardware solutions. It is shown that it is necessary to further develop the element base for the construction of artificial neu- ral networks.

Is Purple Lost in Translation? The Affective Meaning of Purple, Violet, and Lilac Cognates in 16 Languages and 30 Populations.

Colour-emotion association data show a universal consistency in colour-emotion associations, apart from emotion associations withPURPLE. Possibly, its heterogeneity was due to different cognates used as basic colour terms between languages. We analysed emotion associations with PURPLE across 30 populations, 28 countries, and 16 languages (4,008 participants in total). Crucially, these languages usedthe cognates of purple, lilac, or violet to denote the basic PURPLE category. We found small but systematic affective differences between these cognates. They were ordered as purple > lilac > violet on valence, arousal, and power biases. Statistically, the cognate purple was the most strongly biased towards associations withpositiveemotions, and lilac was biased more strongly than violet. Purple was more biased towards high power emotions than violet, but cognates did not differ on arousal biases. Additionally, affective biases differed by population, suggesting high variability within each cognate. Thus, cognates partly account for inconsistencies in the meaning of PURPLE, without explaining their origins.

A Metrological Perspective on Reproducibility in NLP*

Abstract Reproducibility has become an increasingly debated topic in NLP and ML over recent years, but so far, no commonly accepted definitions of even basic terms or concepts have emerged. The range of different definitions proposed within NLP/ML not only do not agree with each other, they are also not aligned with standard scientific definitions. This article examines the standard definitions of repeatability and reproducibility provided by the meta-science of metrology, and explores what they imply in terms of how to assess reproducibility, and what adopting them would mean for reproducibility assessment in NLP/ML. It turns out the standard definitions lead directly to a method for assessing reproducibility in quantified terms that renders results from reproduction studies comparable across multiple reproductions of the same original study, as well as reproductions of different original studies. The article considers where this method sits in relation to other aspects of NLP work one might wish to assess in the context of reproducibility.

Different Intensities of Evening Exercise on Sleep in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

The effects of different intensities of evening exercise on subsequent sleep remain contradictory. Thus, this systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to compare and rank the effects of different intensities of acute evening exercise on sleep in healthy adults with good sleep. Articles were systematically searched journals indexed in the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus databases from inception to the 5th of May, 2022. The basic search terms included exercise, sleep and timing, which were combined with AND. Of the 12,203 retrieved, twenty-eight studies with 325 participants met the inclusion criteria. Results revealed that there were no significant differences in terms of impacts on sleep caused by different intensities of acute evening exercise, except that when compared to no exercise, acute evening high-intensity exercise decreased rapid eye movement sleep (mean difference [MD] = -1.95%, 95% credible interval [CI] = -3.58 to -0.35). Compared to no exercise, acute evening moderate-intensity exercise was ranked as the most potential method to improve sleep, displaying a trend to improve wake time after sleep onset (MD = -2.50 min, 95% CI = -8.17 to 1.62), sleep efficiency (MD = +0.41%, 95% CI = -0.71 to 1.66), the proportion of stage N1 (MD = -0.72%, 95% CI = -2.08 to 0.71) and N3 sleep (slow-wave sleep) (MD = +0.84%, 95% CI = -1.17 to 2.78). Acute evening low-intensity exercise displayed the greatest tendency to shorten sleep onset latency (MD = -1.02 min, 95% CI = -4.39 to 2.50) compared to no exercise. Overall, regardless of intensity, acute evening exercise completed before bedtime does not disrupt subsequent sleep in healthy young and middle-aged adults.

Corneal biomechanics for beginners – Understanding the basics

AbstractCovering the basic aspects on biomechanical properties of the cornea, my talk will deal with the definition of it. I will refer to both the viscous and the elastic behaviour of the cornea, how these properties change naturally through age and pathologically in case of a corneal diseases. I will briefly analyse basic terms such as visco‐elasticity, stress–strain curve, elastic modulus, stiffness and hysteresis, how these parameters help us understand the corneal tissue better and how this understanding becomes a valuable diagnostic tool.