Basic Technological Scheme Research Articles

Разработка принципиальной технологической схемы изготовления функциональных растворимых напитков на основе цикория

Разработка принципиальной технологической схемы изготовления функциональных растворимых напитков на основе цикория

Means of filling gas-filled cars. Lecture No 7. Part 2. Design features of mobile automobile gas filling stations with liquefied petroleum gas (AGZS)

The characteristics and parameters of mobile means of transportation and refueling of LPG are given. The characteristics of a mobile automobile gas filling station of frame and frameless construction are analyzed. The basic technological scheme of the APCT-9611 gas tanker is given. The characteristics and operating principle of the shut-off and safety equipment of the transport tank are given. A design diagram of an electric pump for supplying LPG to a mobile gas tanker is presented. A schematic diagram of a reciprocating LPG flow volume Converter is presented. The features of the mechanical and electromagnetic LPG level indicator in a transport tank are described. A schematic diagram of a mobile universal (discharge/filling) gas process module UTMG-01 is shown. Keywords: liquefied petroleum gas; mobile frame and frameless construction of a tanker truck; characteristics and parameters of the station; gas equipment, pumping unit; gas meter; principle and operating modes of the LPG level indicator. pdo@mospolytech.ru

Біоконверсія жировмісної фази стоків рибопереробних підприємств у кормову добавку

The technology of utilization of fat-containing phase of fish processing effluents on the basis of combination of physical and chemical influence and biological oxidation is offered. It was found that the most promising biodestructor of fats is the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, selected for the substrate. A basic technological scheme of bioconversion of the fat-containing phase of effluents of fish processing enterprises into yeast biomass for feed purposes has been developed.

Development of methods of gas chromatographic analysis of technological media of the main circulation pumps of a nuclear power plant

During the operation of power plant equipment, technological media are used – water, turbine oils. Diagnostics of equipment by chromatographic determination of diagnostic components (gases Н 2 , СН 4 , С 2 Н 6 , С 2 Н 4 , С 2 Н 2 , СО, СО 2 , О 2 , N 2 ), water, Ionol in these media is urgent. For this, 5 chromatographs are used. An increase in the reliability of the main circulation pumps of a nuclear power plant can be due to an increase in the reliability of its system. The influence of ultrasonic vibrations on the generation of gases in the systems oil – diagnostic gas, oil – water – diagnostic gas with the use of turbine Тп-22s is studied. Gas concentrations increase with an increase in the duration of exposure for 1600 s at a frequency of 35–125 kHz and a power of 20 W. The dependences of the concentrations Ci of dissolved gases on the irradiation time τ of technological media is expressed by the equation Сi=А∙τ+В Coefficients A, B and correlation coefficients R2 have specific values for each dissolved gas. So, 0.95≤R2≤0.995, which indicates the adequacy of the obtained equations to the experimental data. This makes it possible to determine turbine in water after irradiation and subsequent chromatographic determination of the generated dissolved gases. The technical requirements for a 5-channel chromatograph were established and its structural diagram was developed. This makes it possible to reduce the number of measurement operations and chromatographs. The thresholds for determining the diagnostic components in the corresponding technological environments have been determined: 2 ррm (Н 2 ); 1 ррm (СН 4 , С 2 Н 6 , С 2 Н 4 ); 0,5 ррm (С 2 Н 2 ); 5 ррm (СО, СО 2 ); 1,5 ppm (О 2 , N 2 ); 0.05 wt. % (Ionol); 2 g/t (water in turbine oil) 0.02 mg/dm3 (turbine in water). The basic technological scheme of the system for the main circulation pumps of the NPP has been developed. It is proposed to continuously: degassing the turbine flow; sorption purification of cooling water, analysis of turbine and cooling water by chromatography methods. This will reduce the degradation of turbine and increase the reliability of the system of the NPP main circulation pumps

The use of sweet potatoes in the technology of cake dough products

The article highlights the research aimed at proving the prospects of using valuable local raw materials – sweet potatoes to increase the nutritional and biological value, as well as reducing the caloric content of flour products from cake dough. The range of flour confectionery products and the peculiarity of manufacturing technology are analyzed. Cake flour products occupy a significant place in the general structure in terms of production, although the analysis of their physical and chemical composition gives grounds to claim that they do not always have a high degree of nutritional and biological value, balanced chemical composition. This is due to the high proportion of carbohydrates, fats and low content of proteins, vitamins and other biologically active compounds. In addition to nutritional value, the shelf life of products is an important factor. Cake products belong to the fat-containing flour confectionery products, and accordingly they are subjected to oxidative treatment, which encourages the search for new antioxidants of natural origin. The aim of the work is to improve the technology of cake batter with the use of sweet potato puree and to study the influence of additives of local plant raw materials on the structural-mechanical and organoleptic characteristics of finished products. The local raw material of sweet potatoes, which is characterized by a valuable chemical composition as a source of vitamins, micro- and macroelements of pectin and dyes, was chosen as an improver. The main indicators of the quality of sweet potato puree were determined experimentally. The influence of sweet potato puree on the organoleptic characteristics of the finished products was investigated, and it was found that the introduction of 20 % puree by weight of flour is optimal. As the concentration of the puree increases, the taste of the product deteriorates, as well as the porosity decreases and the color changes. The positive effect of sweet potato puree on physico-chemical indicators of the quality of finished products has been established. When adding puree in the amount of 20 % by weight of flour, the porosity is increased by 8 % in comparison with the control sample. The technology of obtaining a cake from sweet potato puree has been developed. The prescription composition and the basic technological scheme of their production are substantiated. It is proved that flour products with the addition of sweet potato puree in the amount of 20 % to the weight of the flour are slower to harden and retain their properties for 9 days of storage. The safety of prolonged storage has been confirmed by microbiological studies. Thus, the expediency of using sweet potato puree in the technology of cake dough products in order to reduce calories, increase the biological value, improve organoleptic characteristics. As well as the possibility of replacing artificial improvers in the structure, taste and aroma of cakes, due to the substances contained in sweet potato puree.

Detoxication of Waste Water from the Production of Components of Energy-Saturated Materials

The paper presents the results of research on detoxication and treatment of waste water containing nitroesters by ozonation, determines the factors that affect the efficiency of treatment and the conditions of the process, and develops a basic technological scheme for wastewater treatment. The possibility of using ultraviolet irradiation (UFI) for neutralization of wastewater containing nitramines has been established. It is shown that to activate and intensify the destruction of nitramines, the UFI process should be carried out in the presence of sulfuric acid. The technological parameters and chemistry of the process were determined, and a basic technological scheme for wastewater treatment with the return of treated water to the technological cycle was developed.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ СУХИХ СМЕШАННЫХ СОЛЕЙ ОЗЕРА КАРАУМБЕТ НА СУЛЬФАТА НАТРИЯ

Results on processing of the dry mixed salts of Lake Karaumbet and extraction of myrabelit are resulted and processing it into high quality sodium sulfate and processing of its high-quality sodium sulfate. The basic technological scheme has been developed and the norms of the technological mode of production of sodium sulfate from the dry mixed salts of Lake Karaumbet have been established.

The Current Status of the Heavy Water Detritiation Facility at the NRC (Kurchatov Institute) – PNPI

The multifunctional Tritium Removal Facility (TRF) has been designed for the heavy water research reactor PIK in Russia. Along with the extraction of tritium and protium from a heavy water reflector of the reactor, the TRF provides the processing of heavy water waste and the production of tritium-free heavy water. The combined electrolysis catalytic exchange process and hydrogen cryogenic distillation are used at the TRF. A number of investigations have been made to obtain data for the TRF design. At present, the facility is under construction and a detailed design is being completed. The possibility of processing heavy water waste to produce heavy water simultaneously with the extraction of tritium and protium from the heavy water reactor will improve the functionality and economic efficiency of the TRF. The basic technological scheme of the facility and the main modes of its operation are presented along with the progress of the construction of the facility building and engineering systems.

Оценка технико-экономической эффективности пирометаллургической технологии переработки пылей электросталеплавильного производства

An evaluation of technical and economic efficiency parameters of a previously proposed technological solution for processing dust from electric steel production by the pyrometallurgical method is presented. The technological approach consists in the reduction of iron and zinc from their oxygen-containing forms (ZnFe 2 O 4 and ZnO) by active carbon-containing materials. Experiments were carried out on samples with a 26.02 and 37.7%wt. of ZnO and Fe 2 O 3 , respectively, to evaluate the processing of industrial dust of PJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works in a laboratory facility based on the LHT 08/17 high-temperature furnace (Nabertherm, Germany). "Small long-flame nut" brand charcoal was applied as a carbon reducing agent, with lime and quartz sand serving as sources of slag-forming components. Commercial products were obtained in the form of granular cast iron (96.75 and 2.92%wt. of Fe and C, respectively) and a zinc oxide product (90.21%wt. of ZnO). The extraction of iron and zinc in cast iron comprised the values of 94.0 and 91.0%, respectively. As a result, an annular hearth furnace is recommended as the main technological unit for the industrial implementation of the process. The basic technological scheme is proposed including dosing raw materials, preparing charge briquettes, performing reduction smelting, separation of smelting products (cast iron and slag) and trapping zinc-containing sublimates. To assess the technical and economic efficiency of the developed technology on an industrial scale, the costs of building a dust processing plant involving one annular furnace with an average diameter of 12 m having a steel production capacity of 15 000 tonnes per year were taken into account. The proposed technology was shown to be capable of supporting commercial granular cast iron and zinc oxide products in the amount of 33264 and 4435 tonnes per year, respectively. Considering the investment period, the estimated payback period is determined to be 34 months with the expected net profit equal to 535.59 million rubles/year.

Substantiation of technological approaches to creation of a functional product based on creamy pumpkin composition

Scientific research and practice show that a certain part of the population of the Russian Federation has nutritional disorders. In particular, the deficiency in β-carotene is within 20%, vitamin C - 25%, iron - 35%, zinc - 35 - 45%. The analysis found that on the basis of widespread raw materials of plant origin and, in particular, carotene-containing, it is possible and advisable to create functional products containing a complex of vitamin and mineral substances with a synergistic (strengthening) effect. At the same time, the assumption was used about the possibility and feasibility of extracting β-carotene from pumpkin pulp by the fatty component of cream with a mass fraction of fat from 10% to 20%. Taking into account this approach, a basic technological scheme for obtaining food systems enriched with β-carotene has been developed. On the basis of the cream and pumpkin composition obtained according to one of the options, the recipe for the dessert chocolate paste “Armeyskaya” was developed. The possibility and expediency of creating a mayonnaise product with a relatively high protein content, a rational ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as significant concentrations of vitamins has been substantiated. Rheological dependences and consumer properties of a mayonnaise product with a given physiological effect have been established. It was found that it contains an antioxidant complex: β-carotene + vitamin C + Zn, which has a synergistic effect. It makes it possible to recommend the product as having the effect of maintaining the activity of the cardiovascular system in accordance with the Russian national standard GOST R-54059-2010.

Comparative analysis of competing variants for the basic technological scheme of the liquefied methane cooling system for refueling the launch vehicle with underheated methane of increased density

Comparative analysis of competing variants for the basic technological scheme of the liquefied methane cooling system for refueling the launch vehicle with underheated methane of increased density

Improvement of the bitumen extraction technology from bituminous sand deposits

Today considerable experience in the development of tar sands is accumulated. However, well-known mining technologies do not cover the entire depth range of natural bitumen deposits. In addition, there are significant energy-intensive technologies and negative environmental impacts. In view of this, the purpose of this work is to improve the method of extracting natural bitumen in site for a deposit interval of 75 – 200 m and to substantiate the basic technological scheme of this method. The proposed method of extracting bitumen from poorly cemented reservoirs in the depth range of 50 – 400 m provides: creation of artificial mine working; the transfer of the rock into the water mixture composition under the action of high pressure jets of a heated mixture of water, a hydrocarbon solvent and a flotation agent; separation from the rock and concentration of bitumen in the production as a result of its heating, dissolution and flotation; selection of depleted bitum slurry from the mine working by gas lift method. The proposed method of extracting bitumen is the transfer of the rock at the site of its occurrence to the suspension condition on the excavation created by the hydraulic production method, separation and concentration of bitumen by dissolving it with a heated hydrocarbon solvent and a flotation agent (hydrocarbon reagents), and extraction in the composition of depleted rock slurry to the surface by the gas lift method. As the preliminary calculations show, the proposed method will allow the efficient extraction of bitumen and highly viscous oil from weakly cemented reservoirs in the depth range of 50 – 400 m. Also, the proposed technology creates the preconditions for the development of oil sands at a depth of 75 – 200 m since there is currently no effective technology for the interval. In addition, it can significantly reduce energy costs, environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

The Use of Energy Industry Waste as Sorption Material in the Purification of Reverse Osmosis Concentrate

The article proposes an adsorption technology for the treatment of salt wastewater and concentrate of reverse osmosis plants to remove sulfates and chlorides by multi-tonnage waste from the energy industry — chemical water treatment sludge formed at the wastewater pre-treatment stage. Curves of adsorption of sulfate and chloride ions by granular sorption material in dynamic conditions were obtained. According to the Shilov equation, the time and coefficient of protective action of the loading layer during adsorption purification from sulfate and chloride ions under dynamic conditions were calculated. The basic technological scheme of the pilot wastewater treatment plant and reverse osmosis concentrates of the plant at PJSC Nizhnekamskneftekhim is proposed. The economic benefit and prevented environmental damages implemented using this technology are calculated.

INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR FERTILIZATION OF WINTER WHEAT WITH WATER SOLUBLE COMPOUND FERTILIZER WITH MICROELEMENTS "POLY-FEED" FOR YIELD AND QUALITY GRAIN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE ORYOL REGION

Often in the soils of crop rotations of grain crops, including on black soil, the content of mobile forms of copper, manganese, zinc and other trace elements is low. Improving the efficiency of making micronutrients for grain crops and determining the best ways and doses of their introduction are topical issues that need to be addressed in order to increase the productivity of crops. The purpose of research is to identify the effectiveness of the use of water soluble compound fertilizer with microelements of the company “Haifa Chemicals” in the technology of growing winter wheat on leached chernozem under conditions of the Oryol Region. Field production experiments were established in 2017-2018 on the basis of Orlovsky Leader LLC Branch №5” located in Livensky district. Field experience with the use of Haifa Chemicals products: Poly-Feed micronutrients 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME and Poly-Feed 6-15-38 + 3 + ME was laid on soft winter wheat varieties Moskovskaya-56.The control variant was the basic technological scheme used in the household for carrying out leaf dressings with mineral fertilizers together with the organic fertilizer Gumostim. As a result of the research, it has been established that the use of double foliar feeding water soluble compound fertilizer with microelements Poly-Feed 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME in the tillering stage and at the end of flowering and a single Poly-Feed 6-15-38 + 3 + IU in the subflag phase - flag leaf, increases the height of the plants, as well as the productive characteristics of the ear: the size of the ear, the number of grains in the ear, the mass of grains and their best quality, which in general provides a reliable increase in the yield of grain of winter wheat. At the same time, it was found that, due to leaf feeding, the impact of adverse weather conditions under which the development of winter wheat plants took place in 2018 and their productive properties were laid was leveled out. Due to relatively low additional costs, the use of complex fertilizers of the Poly-Feed brand for winter wheat is economically feasible and can bring additional economic income: based on the maximum level of minimum prices for the grain of the 2018 harvest, it will be 2.07-2.28 thousand rubles / ha regarding base technology. Thus, water-soluble fertilizers, which include Poly-Feed company "Haifa Chemicals" are recommended to domestic agricultural producers for mass introduction in practice of the technology of intensive sheet nutrition of grain and other crops.

The improvement of rhenium recovery technology from W-Re alloys

The lack of rhenium raw materials sources on the territory of Russia leads to the necessity of this valuable metal recovery from wastes and secondary raw materials, in particular, from tungsten-rhenium alloys. The using of hydrometallurgical and electrochemical technologies is the most promising way to dissolve and recovery these metals in the form of prospective precursors. It is considered, that the fundamentals of an improved technology of rhenium recovery in the form of perrhenic acid from binary W-Re alloys. It is shown the desirability of avoiding the precipitation of metal in the form of potassium perrhenate. A basic technological scheme of the Re recovery process is proposed. It includes anodic dissolution of W-Re alloys, precipitation of calcium tungstate from the electrolyte and electrodialysis of rhenium in the form of perrhenic acid.

DEVELOPMENT OF REACTION-RECTIFICATION PROCESS OF OBTAINING MESITYL OXIDE. I. SIMULATION OF KINETICS AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN THE REACTION SYSTEM

Mesityl oxide is an important product of organic synthesis, which is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and as a solvent. The demand for mesityl oxide is growing, which determines the need for further improvement of its production. The disadvantages of the traditional methods of obtaining mesityl oxide are low values of reagent conversion and selectivity. To eliminate them, it is proposed to obtain mesityl oxide in a combined reaction-rectification process. The combination of chemical transformation and separation of the resulting reaction mixture by means of rectification in one apparatus allows for a continuous withdrawal of the formed products from the reaction zone, which increases the rate of the target reaction, conversion and selectivity. In accordance with the modern strategy for the development of chemical-technological processes, the collection and processing of physical and chemical information on the properties of the components and mixtures contained in the reaction system was performed. Based on the experimental data, the parameters of the phase equilibrium model are determined, and its adequacy is estimated. The phase equilibrium model was used to construct a distillation diagram, to verify its consistency, and to conduct computational studies of the reaction-rectification process. The thermochemical parameters of the target reactions are calculated, the equilibrium constants are determined, and their temperature dependence is established. On the basis of the analysis of the literature data, a kinetic model of the process is proposed, and the conditions favorable for the course of the desired chemical transformation are determined with the use of this model. The obtained data are necessary for carrying out the analysis of the statics, constructing the basic technological scheme and calculating its static parameters.

TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCING SYMBIOTIC BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ADDITIVE

The article presents data on the development of the technology of multicomponent probiotics from two bacterial strains: Bifidobacterium longum-Ya3 and Propionibacterium shermanii-4. The ability of bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium to have a selective stimulating effect on the growth of bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium has been characterised. Based on the experimental data obtained with the MATLAB software, optimal conditions were determined for the accumulation of the maximum amount of biomass of the consortium of Bifidobacterium longum-Ya3 and Propionibacterium shermanii-4. The main parameters that determined the yield of biomass in the process of cultivation under different temperature conditions (T=30°С, Т=34 °С, Т=37 °С) have been taken as the optimality criteria. These parameters are the number of colony-forming units and the active acidity. It has been established that the optimal time for cultivating a consortium of bifidobacteria and propionibacteria in a soy-lactose medium is 24 hours at a temperature of 34°C. On the basis of the data obtained, we have created a symbiotic BAA (biologically active additive) and developed a basic technological scheme for its production. The biologically active additive was created on the basis of the symbiotic consortium of bifido and propionibacteria containing 4 × 1010 CFU/cm3 of B. longum-Ya3, and 3 × 1010 CFU/cm3 of P. shermanii-4. The microbiological control of the quality of the obtained dietary supplement based on the consortium of the bacteria Bifidobacterium longum-Ya3 and Propionibacterium shermanii-4 has found no pathogenic and sanitary indicator microorganisms. It means that the finished product is safe and suitable for consumption. As for the organoleptic parameters, the BAA obtained is of a powder-like structure, beige-coloured, with a specific taste and smell.

ПАСТЕРИЗОВАННЫЕ КОНСЕРВЫ ИЗ ТРЕСКИ И ЛОСОСЯ С ДОБАВЛЕНИЕМ МАСЛА С ОПТИМИЗИРОВАННЫМ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫМ СОСТАВОМ

The regional market of sterilized canned fish of the Murmansk region has been investigated. Based on the study of consumer demands, it has been revealed that the quality is in the first place among the respondents; in the second is the presence of properties that allow positioning products as a "healthy food product"; and in the third - the price and manufacturer. The urgency of creation and advance on the food market of new types of pasteurized canned food is established. The analysis of consumer preferences on the range allowed to allocate two groups of canned food: natural and natural with addition of oil as potentially the most demanded by consumers and attractive for developers of technologies. The basic technological scheme of pasteurized canned fish from cod and salmon with addition of oil was developed. There has been worked out the most acceptable mode of pasteurization of canned "Cod and salmon with addition of oil" (packaged in a can № 2, net weight of the product is 160 g), determined the actual mortality of the regime, which was 111.0 cond. min. The composition of pasteurized canned food was optimized for two population groups: canned food of social orientation and of premium class. The rotatable composite plan of the second order for two factors has been applied at establishing optimum parameters of composite structure of canned food. As optimization parameters there were chosen: the level of quality according to organoleptic evaluation of pasteurized canned food in points (for premium canned food); the level of quality according to organoleptic evaluation and the cost of raw materials in rubles, determining the price availability of the product (for canned food for social purposes). Values of these optimum factors for production of social appointment are established: the ratio of salmon fillet and cod fillet made 26 and 74%, correspondingly; quantity of vegetable oil-14.5 g; for premium canned food-46 and 54% correspondingly; the mass of vegetable oil -13,5 g, respectively.

Processing of converter sludges on the basis of thermal-oxidative coking with coals

The paper deals with the solution of an important problem related to the recycling of converter sludge. High moisture and fine fractional composition of waste causes the application of their deep dehydration and lumping. To reduce environmental emissions the non-thermal method of dehydration is considered – adsorption-contact drying. As a sorbent, the pyrolysis product of coals from the Kansko-Achinsky basin – brown coal semi-coke (BSC) obtained by the technology “Thermokoks”. Experimental data on the dehydration of high-moisture wastes with the help of BSC showed high efficiency of the selected material. The lumping of the dried converter dust was carried out by thermo-chemical coking with coals of grades GZh (gas fat coal) and Zh (fat coal). As a result, an iron-containing product was obtained – ferrocoke, which is characterized by almost complete reduction of iron oxides, as well as zinc transition into a vapor state, and is removed with gaseous process products. Based on the results of the experimental data a process basic diagram of the utilization of converter sludge to produce ferrocoke was, which can be effectively used in various metallurgical aggregates, for example, blast furnaces, converters and electric arc furnaces. In the basic technological scheme heat generated by ferrocoke cooling and the energy of the combustion products after the separation of zinc in the gas turbine plant will be used.

Comprehensive Utilization of Mineralized Geothermal Waters as a Solution to Environmental Problem

We prove the prospect of comprehensive utilization of mineralized thermal waters as a source of thermal energy and valuable chemicals. For the processing of geothermal waters to produce lithium carbonate, magnesite caustic powder and salt developed basic technological scheme of. Implementation of the proposed technology only in one self-emission geothermal field of Dagestan will contribute to import substitution in Russia lithium carbonate, edible salt and other chemicals, as well as solving the acute environmental problems on protection against pollution of the coastal resort area of the Caspian Sea.