Basic Space Research Articles

Reidemeister classes for coincidences between sections of a fiber bundle

Let $s_0,f_0$ be two sections of a fiber bundle $q: E\to B$ and the coincidence set $\Gamma(s_0,f_0)\neq \emptyset$. We consider the following question: Is there $s_0\simeq_B s_1$ (by the homotopies which cover the constant homotopy $\overline{I}_B$ on the basic space) such that $\Gamma(s_1, f_0)=\emptyset$? If $b_0\in \Gamma(s_0,f_0)$ and $F_0=q^{-1}(b_0)$ is the typical fiber, in this context we can use the homotopy lifting extension propriety of the fibration $q$ to obtain homotopies over $B$. When we make this and the basic point are fixed we can use the elements $s_0(\beta), f_0(\beta^{-1})$ where $\beta \in\pi_1(B,b_0)$ and the elements $\gamma\in \pi_1(F_0,e_0)$. So we will introduce the algebraic classes of Reidemeister relative to the subgroup $\pi_1(F_0,e_0)$. When the basic points are not fixed we need to consider the classes $[\til{s}]_L$ of lifting of $s_0$ defined on the universal covering $\til{B}$ to $\til{E}$. The present work relates the lifting classes $[\til{s}]_L$ of $s_0$ and the algebraic relative Reidemeister classes $R_A(s_0,f_0; \pi_1(F_0,e_0).$

Four phase (8/6) SRM with DTC for minimization of torque ripple

Fundamental drawback of SR (switched reluctance) motor is torque ripple which is caused because of the current switching in the phase windings and saliency. The torque ripple introduces acoustic noise and undesirable vibrations in SRM. In this paper, another solution is proposed, which can obtain direct torque control (DTC) with voltage states of minimum numbers. The converter power switches can be specifically controlled in view of the proposed space voltage vectors, and with the hysteresis-loop control of torque, the torque control can be accomplished. For SRM, the vectors with basic space voltage are transformed correspondingly to acknowledge DTC. To execute the DTC, the space voltage vectors are equivalently changed into space voltage vectors. The torque can be controlled by these developed equivalent space voltage vectors. DTC strategy has numerous points of interest, for example, simple algorithm, less torque ripple and instantaneous response to the torque command over conventional voltage control and current chopping mode control. The DTC algorithm described in this article is contrasted with ant lion optimization (ALO), non-dominating sorting search algorithm (NSGA-II) and combined moth flame optimization and genetic algorithm with recurrent neural network (CMFG-RNN) strategies.

Multi-Stage Hough Space Calculation for Lane Markings Detection via IMU and Vision Fusion.

It is challenging to achieve robust lane detection based on a single frame, particularly when complicated driving scenarios are present. A novel approach based on multiple frames is proposed in this paper by taking advantage of the fusion of vision and Inertial Measurement Units (IMU). Hough space is employed as a storage medium where lane markings can be stored and visited conveniently. The detection of lane markings is achieved by the following steps. Firstly, primary line segments are extracted from a basic Hough space, which is calculated by Hough Transform. Secondly, a CNN-based classifier is introduced to measure the confidence probability of each line segment, and transforms the basic Hough space into a probabilistic Hough space. In the third step, pose information provided by the IMU is applied to align previous probabilistic Hough spaces to the current one and a filtered probabilistic Hough space is acquired by smoothing the primary probabilistic Hough space across frames. Finally, valid line segments with probability higher than 0.7 are extracted from the filtered probabilistic Hough space. The proposed approach is applied experimentally, and the results demonstrate a satisfying performance compared to various existing methods.

Symmetry in a space of conceptual variables

A conceptual variable is any variable defined by a person or by a group of persons. Such variables may be inaccessible, meaning that they cannot be measured with arbitrary accuracy on the physical system under consideration at any given time. An example may be the spin vector of a particle; another example may be the vector (position and momentum). In this paper, a space of inaccessible conceptual variables is defined, and group actions are defined on this space. Accessible functions are then defined on the same space. Assuming this structure, the basic Hilbert space structure of quantum theory is derived: Operators on a Hilbert space corresponding to the accessible variables are introduced; when these operators have a discrete spectrum, a natural model reduction implies a new model in which the values of the accessible variables are the eigenvalues of the operator. The principle behind this model reduction demands that a group action may also be defined also on the accessible variables; this is possible if the corresponding functions are permissible, a term that is precisely defined. The following recent principle from statistics is assumed: every model reduction should be to an orbit or to a set of orbits of the group. From this derivation, a new interpretation of quantum theory is briefly discussed: I argue that a state vector may be interpreted as connected to a focused question posed to nature together with a definite answer to this question. Further discussion of these topics is provided in a recent book published by the author of this paper.

Increased growth rate and amikacin resistance of Salmonella enteritidis after one-month spaceflight on China's Shenzhou-11 spacecraft.

China launched the Tiangong‐2 space laboratory in 2016 and will eventually build a basic space station by the early 2020s. These spaceflight missions require astronauts to stay on the space station for more than 6 months, and they inevitably carry microbes into the space environment. It is known that the space environment affects microbial behavior, including growth rate, biofilm formation, virulence, drug resistance, and metabolism. However, the mechanisms of these alternations have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, it is beneficial to monitor microorganisms for preventing infections among astronauts in a space environment. Salmonella enteritidis is a Gram‐negative bacterial pathogen that commonly causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. In this study, to better understand the effects of the space environment on S. enteritidis, a S. enteritidis strain was taken into space by the Shenzhou‐11 spacecraft from 17 October 2016 to 18 November 2016, and a ground simulation with similar temperature conditions was simultaneously performed as a control. It was found that the flight strain displayed an increased growth rate, enhanced amikacin resistance, and some metabolism alterations compared with the ground strain. Enrichment analysis of proteome revealed that the increased growth rate might be associated with differentially expressed proteins involved in transmembrane transport and energy production and conversion assembly. A combined transcriptome and proteome analysis showed that the amikacin resistance was due to the downregulation of the oppA gene and oligopeptide transporter protein OppA. In conclusion, this study is the first systematic analysis of the phenotypic, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic variations in S. enteritidis during spaceflight and will provide beneficial insights for future studies on space microbiology.

Mitochondrial AAA-ATPase Msp1 detects mislocalized tail-anchored proteins through a dual-recognition mechanism.

The conserved AAA-ATPase Msp1 is embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane and removes mislocalized tail-anchored (TA) proteins upon dysfunction of the guided entry of tail-anchored (GET) pathway. It remains unclear how Msp1 recognizes its substrates. Here, we extensively characterize Msp1 and its substrates, including the mitochondrially targeted Pex15Δ30, and full-length Pex15, which mislocalizes to mitochondria upon dysfunction of Pex19 but not the GET pathway. Moreover, we identify two new substrates, Frt1 and Ysy6. Our results suggest that mislocalized TA proteins expose hydrophobic surfaces in the cytoplasm and are recognized by Msp1 through conserved hydrophobic residues. Introducing a hydrophobic patch into mitochondrial TA proteins transforms them into Msp1 substrates. In addition, Pex15Δ30 and Frt1 contain basic inter-membrane space (IMS) residues critical for their mitochondrial mistargeting. Remarkably, Msp1 recognizes this feature through the acidic D12 residue in its IMS domain. This dual-recognition mechanism involving interactions at the cytoplasmic and IMS domains of Msp1 and substrates greatly facilitates substrate recognition and is required by Msp1 to safeguard mitochondrial functions.

Applicability of Civil and Defense Dual Use to Space Situational Awareness System in Japan

This article deals with the possibilities and challenges of Japan's dual-use space situational awareness (SSA) systems. Japan is unique in a way that military use of outer space was completely prohibited for almost 40 years until the Basic Space Act (2008) became effective. The change in its space policy was decided because of the rapidly worsening security environment in East Asia, accompanied by preeminent threats to the safety, stability and sustainable use of outer space that constitutes a prerequisite for the safety and welfare of any country. This has led Japan to begin developing a full-scale SSA operation. However, Japan's long-standing non-military practice forces it to design and develop its SSA systems in a different manner than other advanced spacefaring nations. Given such conditions/restrictions, this article first identifies a Japanese means of constructing full-scale dual-use SSA systems, particularly taking into account the functions and capabilities of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the significance of the Japan-U.S. Alliance and a series of recent governmental decisions. The merits and challenges of Japan's whole-of-government construction of the dual-use SSA will then be explored; this involves difficult processes to coordinate different defense and civil mission requirements. The conclusion envisions a balance between the Japan Air Self Defense Force's superior air defense capability and JAXA's accumulated technical capabilities, which together would enable full-fledged defense space utilization starting with the SSA.

Contribution of balcony of Rusunawa Surabaya on the use of space

Balcony is actually not included as a basic functional space in the dwelling. However, for walk-up flats like rusunawa in Surabaya in which most masses are in double loaded, balcony can be the only space directly related to outer space where fresh air can be obtained. It must be noted that some of them are not real balconies, because they are covered with walls and glasses. Previous research has proven that balcony of rusunawa Surabaya is very effective in improving the thermal comfort of internal space. Rusunawa Surabaya, although it should be occupied temporarily for only 5-10 years, in reality many families still inhabit for longer period. Even many of them made changes on their space because their needs also increase spatially. Balconies often play an important role in terms of space adaptation. The purpose of this study is to find out how important the role of this balcony according to the residents of rusunawa in Surabaya. This research was descriptive explorative research. Data collection technique applied was field survey by spreading questioners on 110 respondents who were determined by stratified random sampling. The data collected was about whether the balcony was really desired by the occupants; what activities were carried out on the balcony; and the effectiveness of balcony in spatial adaptation. The result that is expected to assist provider of rusunawa ascertains that balcony is definitely required by the occupants.

Study on optimization of low carbon renewal system for residential area

Global climate change has been an impending cosmopolitan issue. As the basic part of the city, urban residential area is the basic space for the use of sustainable ideas to promote the construction of low carbon city. Along with urban expansion, social polarization and significant change of social space in China, the decline tendency of central city become significantly faster. Faced with the double test between climate change and residential area recession, traditional renewal methods no longer meet the needs of urban sustainable development. The urban renewal modes need a major transformation, and Low carbon renewal is an effective way not only to slow down the decline of residential areas but also promote sustainable development of the city. To put forward an analysis and optimization methods for low carbon renewal, we proposed a low carbon renewal system from six aspects: layout planning, road and traffic, architecture planning and design, environment engineering, municipal engineering and construction management. Moreover, we used Analytic Network Process (ANP) to analyse the internal feedback of the system. At last, the optimization process of residential low carbon renewal was proposed.

МАНИПУЛЯТИВНАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ НА ПОНИЖЕНИЕ

The article considers the manipulative strategy of discredit in the British mass media because the mass media are the basic communicative space, in which verbal manipulation takes place. Though they are not an exclusive sphere of verbal manipulation they largely surpass any other spheres of information circulation in the number of one-time recipients of certain verbal influence. The paper analyzes the basic tactics of the discredit strategy: accusation, impersonal accusation, denunciation, insult and threat. The conclusions are justified by the examples taken from the British periodicals “The Independent” and “The Guardian”. All the analyzed publications consider the issue of Great Britain’s attitude towards Russia.

Full and Special Colombeau Algebras

AbstractWe introduce full diffeomorphism-invariant Colombeau algebras with addedε-dependence in the basic space. This unites the full and special settings of the theory into one single framework. Using locality conditions we find the appropriate definition of point values in full Colombeau algebras and show that special generalized points suffice to characterize elements of full Colombeau algebras. Moreover, we specify sufficient conditions for the sheaf property to hold and give a definition of the sharp topology in this framework.

A Preference Prediction Method Based on the Optimization of Basic Similarity Space Distribution

A Preference Prediction Method Based on the Optimization of Basic Similarity Space Distribution

THE METHOD OF MULTIPLE SPATIAL PLANNING BASIC MAP

Abstract. The “Provincial Space Plan Pilot Program” issued in December 2016 pointed out that the existing space management and control information management platforms of various departments were integrated, and a spatial planning information management platform was established to integrate basic data, target indicators, space coordinates, and technical specifications. The planning and preparation will provide supportive decision support, digital monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the plan, implementation of various types of investment projects and space management and control departments involved in military construction projects in parallel to approve and approve, and improve the efficiency of administrative approval. The space planning system should be set up to delimit the control limits for the development of production, life and ecological space, and the control of use is implemented. On the one hand, it is necessary to clarify the functional orientation between various kinds of planning space. On the other hand, it is necessary to achieve “multi-compliance” of various space planning. Multiple spatial planning intergration need unified and standard basic map(geographic database and technical specificaton) to division of urban, agricultural, ecological three types of space and provide technical support for the refinement of the space control zoning for the relevant planning. The article analysis the main space datum, the land use classification standards, base map planning, planning basic platform main technical problems. Based on the geographic conditions, the results of the census preparation of spatial planning map, and Heilongjiang, Hainan many rules combined with a pilot application.

An improved approach to infer protein-protein interaction based on a hierarchical vector space model

BackgroundComparing and classifying functions of gene products are important in today’s biomedical research. The semantic similarity derived from the Gene Ontology (GO) annotation has been regarded as one of the most widely used indicators for protein interaction. Among the various approaches proposed, those based on the vector space model are relatively simple, but their effectiveness is far from satisfying.ResultsWe propose a Hierarchical Vector Space Model (HVSM) for computing semantic similarity between different genes or their products, which enhances the basic vector space model by introducing the relation between GO terms. Besides the directly annotated terms, HVSM also takes their ancestors and descendants related by “is_a” and “part_of” relations into account. Moreover, HVSM introduces the concept of a Certainty Factor to calibrate the semantic similarity based on the number of terms annotated to genes. To assess the performance of our method, we applied HVSM to Homo sapiens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein-protein interaction datasets. Compared with TCSS, Resnik, and other classic similarity measures, HVSM achieved significant improvement for distinguishing positive from negative protein interactions. We also tested its correlation with sequence, EC, and Pfam similarity using online tool CESSM.ConclusionsHVSM showed an improvement of up to 4% compared to TCSS, 8% compared to IntelliGO, 12% compared to basic VSM, 6% compared to Resnik, 8% compared to Lin, 11% compared to Jiang, 8% compared to Schlicker, and 11% compared to SimGIC using AUC scores. CESSM test showed HVSM was comparable to SimGIC, and superior to all other similarity measures in CESSM as well as TCSS. Supplementary information and the software are available at https://github.com/kejia1215/HVSM.

Color Enhancement for Four-Component Decomposed Polarimetric SAR Image Based on a CIE-Lab Encoding

Color enhancement of decomposed fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image is vital for visual understanding and interpretation of the polarimetric information about the target. It is common practice to use RGB or HIS color space to display the chromatic information for polarization-encoded, Pauli-basis images, or model-based target decomposition of PolSAR images. However, to represent the chroma for multi-polarization SAR data, the region of basic RGB color space does not fully cover the human perceptual system, leading to information loss. In this paper, we propose a color-encoding framework based on the CIE-Lab, a perceptually uniform color space, aiming at a better visual perception and information exploration. The effective interpretability in increasing chromatic, and thus visual enhancement, is presented using extensive datasets. In particular, the four decomposed components—volume scattering, surface scattering, double bounce, and helix scattering—along with total return power, are simultaneously mapped into the color space to improve the discernibility among the scattering components. The five channels derived from the four-component decomposition method can be simultaneously mapped to CIE-Lab color space intuitively. Results show that the proposed color enhancement not only preserves the color tone of the polarization signatures, but also magnifies the target information embedded in the total returned power.

The American Space Commerce Free Enterprise Act of 2017: The Latest Step in Regulating the Space Resources Utilization Industry or Something More?

On June 6, 2017, a draft bill entitled the American Space Commerce Free Enterprise Act was introduced to the US House of Representatives. Even though the bill has not been enacted into law yet, its relevance should not be underestimated. Indeed, it not only represents the latest step in regulating the nascent space mining industry but also contains several provisions that, to a large extent, challenges the traditional understanding of basic international space law rules. For example, the draft bill refers to the right of the US entities to engage in space undertaking without conditions or limitations, argues that not all the obligations of the Outer Space Treaty are imputable to those entities, and claims that outer space is not a global commons. In the light of the above, the purpose of the present viewpoint was to review the most innovative, yet controversial, elements of the draft bill and to assess their possible impact on future space resources utilization activities as well as on the overall stability of the space law regime.

Openness in higher education

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon of openness in higher education and its trends and technologies of expanding educational opportunities in the digital information society of Moldovan universities. The main concepts of openness in education are associated with the practice of online learning and constructivist approaches, technical optimization of delivering information, continuous professional development and globalization of higher education. Since skilled knowledge becomes the main value of the market, then higher education perspective as a tool of knowledge reproduction is transformed into the basic space of openness and accommodation to innovative use of educational resources. The key issues related to openness in order to impact higher education target the development of Open Educational Resources (OER), as well as implication of Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs), relatively new online learning trend. There are institutional practices of the adoption and use of open education technologies in some international universities and organizations, which could be extended as well to create an open learning system in the Republic of Moldova, focusing on national practices of education. Openness of Moldovan HEIs is a strategic choice for the future in a rapidly changing educational market that should proliferate.

Similar taste-nutrient relationships in commonly consumed Dutch and Malaysian foods

Three recent studies showed that taste intensity signals nutrient content. However, current data reflects only the food patterns in Western societies. No study has yet been performed in Asian culture. The Malaysian cuisine represents a mixture of Malay, Chinese and Indian foods. This study aimed to investigate the associations between taste intensity and nutrient content in commonly consumed Dutch (NL) and Malaysian (MY) foods. Perceived intensities of sweetness, sourness, bitterness, umami, saltiness and fat sensation were assessed for 469 Dutch and 423 Malaysian commonly consumed foods representing about 83% and 88% of an individual's average daily energy intake in each respective country. We used a trained Dutch (n = 15) and Malaysian panel (n = 20) with quantitative sensory Spectrum™ 100-point rating scales and reference solutions, R1 (13-point), R2 (33-point) and R3 (67-point). Dutch and Malaysian foods had relatively low mean sourness and bitterness (<R1), but higher mean sweetness, saltiness and fat sensation (between R1 and R2). Mean umami taste intensity of Malaysian foods (15-point) was higher than that of Dutch foods (8-point). Positive associations were found between sweetness and mono- and disaccharides (R2 = 0.67 (NL), 0.38 (MY)), between umami and protein (R2 = 0.29 (NL), 0.26 (MY)), between saltiness and sodium (R2 = 0.48 (NL), 0.27 (MY)), and between fat sensation and fat content (R2 = 0.56 (NL), 0.17(MY)) in Dutch and Malaysian foods (all, p < 0.001). The associations between taste intensity and nutrient content are not different between different countries, except for fat sensation-fat content. The two dimensional basic taste-nutrient space, representing the variance and associations between tastes and nutrients, is similar between Dutch and Malaysian commonly consumed foods.

The basic space of a revolutionary parliament: Scaling the Frankfurt Assembly of 1848/49

We examine whether there is a basic space in a parliament which grew out of a revolution and had no prior history of parliamentarism: the Frankfurt Assembly of 1848/49. We scale all 299 roll call votes to determine the dimensionality of voting as well as the positions of deputies and their party groups. We find two dimensions of disagreement and show that they can be interpreted in line with historical scholarship as conflict over who should govern (the people or the monarch) and conflict over state borders (inclusion or exclusion of Austria). We find that the party groups line up on the first dimension in ways consistent with historical scholarship on their political inclinations, but we also find wide variation in deputies’ positions within and across parties. Moreover, deputies’ positions turn out to be polarized on the territorial dimension but not on the government dimension. We conclude that ideological constraint was the primary structuring force in parliamentary voting. Our results underscore the pervasiveness of low dimensionality in parliamentary voting even in the absence of strong parties and agenda control.

Multidisciplinary and Historical Perspectives for Developing Intelligent and Resource-Efficient Systems

As communication and computation systems become more complex and target at higher performance, the fundamental limits of nature can be expected to constrain their development and optimization. This calls for intelligent use of basic resources, that is, materials, energy, information, time, frequency, and space. We present a multidisciplinary and historical review on the body of knowledge that can be applied in researching, such as intelligent and resource-efficient systems. We review general system theory, decision theory, control theory, computer science, and communication theory. While multidisciplinarity has been recognized as important, there are no earlier reviews covering all these five disciplines. Based on the review, we build a chronology of intelligent systems and identify connections between the disciplines. Optimization, decision-making, open- and closed-loop control, hierarchy, and degree of centralization turn out to be recurring themes in these disciplines, which have converged to similar solutions that are based on remote control, automation, autonomy, and self-organization. We use future wireless networks as an example to illustrate the open questions and how they can be addressed by applying multidisciplinary knowledge. This paper can help researchers to use knowledge outside their own field and avoid repeating the work done already. The resulting consolidated view can speed up research and is especially important when the fundamental limits of nature are approached and new insights are required to overcome the challenges. The general, long-standing problem to be tackled is multiobjective optimization with autonomous and distributed decision-making in an uncertain, dynamic, and nonlinear environment where the objectives are mutually conflicting.