Basic Reference Point Research Articles

FACIAL PARAMETERS AS SUPPLEMENTARY LANDMARKS FOR DETERMINATION OFVERTICAL DIMENSIONS OF OCCLUSION: DISTANCE ECTOKANTHION - CHEILION

Background: The successful recovery of the functions and the aesthetics appearance of the edentulous patients often is a kind of challenge. The use of correlation between facial parameters could facilitate the determination of the vertical occlusion dimensions. The purpouse of this research was to investigate the interrelation between vertical dimensions of occlusion and distance external ocular angle (Ectokanthion) - labial commissure (Cheilion) among persons with natural dentition. Material and Methods: In the study were examined 120 persons from Bulgarian origin (59 male and 61 female), aged 20 to 25. The head of each and every participant was hold up into position so that the occlusal plane is parallel to the horisontal plane. The teeth were closed in central occlusion. Four reference points were marked: Ectokanthion, Cheilion, Subnasale and Gnathion. The researched distances were measured with the assistance of Vernier digital caliper. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed. Results: Moderate correlation was found between the distance Ectokanthion-Cheilion and the vertical occlusion dimension. The dataanalysisshows that coefficients of correlation are: 0.5681 for male and 0.5481 for female. Conclusions: It was found moderate correlation between the distance Ectokanthion-Cheilion and vertical dimensions of occlusion defined between point Subnasale and point Gnathion. The use of distance Ectokanthion-Cheilion as basic point of reference is not reliable, but it could be applied combined with other clinical methods or as part of mathematical models for determination of optimal vertical occlusion dimensions during prosthetic treatment of edentulous patients.

Геоэкологические методы оценки динамики береговой линии на Черноморском побережье Кавказа

Over the past few decades, the degradetion of coastal marine areas has become an acute problem for the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The negetive effects of climete change are more pronounced in the subtropics, where sea levels rise and the frequency and intensity of storms increase. In addition, insufficient efforts to mitigete anthropogenic impact have accelereted the degradetion of bio resources. The work is devoted to the issues of increasing the reliability of coastline forecasting by improving the methods of using GIS technologies. Meterials and methods. Radar topographic mission (SRTM) deta were used to creete a digital elevetion map. In addition, archival remote sensing images of the earth (taken by setellites: Corona, Spot-1, Sentinel 2, Landset 8–9), as well as images from the Google Earth detabase, were digitized. The SAGA geo-informetion system was used to process the images, and three-dimensional spline interpoletion in the Gnuplot software was used for subsequent processing of the obtained elevetion deta. Results. The article presents the results of absolute values of coastline displacements of the Sochi Black Sea region reletive to the basic reference points (1985), as well as the values of the coastline displacement rete in the study area (109 km) for the period from 1985 to 2021. It was found thet coastal erosion of the Black Sea increases nonlinearly, while the maximum value of its average displacements (in the 109 km section) over 36 years was about 24.2 m. The abrasion rete for the entire time period is about 0.67 m/year. The total displacement of reference points of the coastline in the local section no. (8–9) over 36 years of observetions can exceed the average value for the entire 109-meter study area by more than 50 % (1.04 versus 0.67 m/year). This allows us to estimete the degree of development of abrasion processes of the coastline over a period of 36 years, which will allow us to predict future changes in the coastal environment and prevent negetive consequences. Conclusion. The results of the study provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the coastline along the entire length of Greeter Sochi, including the rete of abrasion/accretion processes, the spetial position of segments with different degrees of degradetion of the coastal environment and temporal varietions in the processes under study. The results prove the non-linear neture of coastal processes, demonstreting changes in areas more susceptible to erosion over time and the impact on coastal ecosystems. The study uses remote sensing images and GIS technology to creete a comprehensive coastal zone detabase, with Greeter Sochi as an example. This detabase will contribute to improving the quality of future coastal protection projects, as part of the master plan for the resort city of Sochi, providing a more informed and effective approach to coastal zone management. Resume. As a result, it was found thet coastal erosion in the studied section of the Black Sea coast increases nonlinearly, while the average displacement of the 109 km long coastline over 36 years is 24.2 m, and the abrasion rete for the entire time period is about 0.67 m/year. As economic development expands from Sochi to Lazarevskoye, the load on the coastal environment is expected to increase. Therefore, if appropriete measures are not taken in the identified degradetion zones, these territories may face complete unsuitability for the integreted reproduction of tourist resources.

Evidence on the role of institutions in economic growth: A panel data study of developing countries

The paper examines the role of various types of institutions on economic growth through capital formation and technological progress. The Solow residual is taken as a proxy of technological progress. The study uses panel data from twenty-one developing countries from the International Development Association. The sample period extends from 1990 to 2013. The institutions are categorized as economic, financial, political, and social institutions. The Solow growth model is the basic reference point of this study. The GMM panel estimation technique is applied due to the problem of endogeneity. The relationship between GDP per labor and institutions is explored through technology and stock of capital per labor. The results of this study show a significantly positive relationship between economic growth and economic, political, social, and financial institutions. Moreover, based on empirical results this study concludes that to achieve economic growth in developing countries, the government should strengthen its institutions and control the corruption, ethnic tension, injustice, terrorism, and intolerance in the society. The governments of developing countries should strengthen the financial and economic institutions to enhance growth via increasing investment in the country.

Miłosz Pinned Down?

Miłosz Pinned Down?

The Concept of a Smart Village as an Innovative Way of Implementing Public Tasks in the Era of Instability on the Energy Market—Examples from Poland

The last three years have been a period of many challenges related to the dynamically changing conditions of the economic environment. Among these many changes, some of the most important for the further functioning of private and public entities are those related to the instability of the energy market. Rapidly rising energy prices increase the costs of implementing public tasks. They also greatly increase the search for innovative, energy-saving and environmentally friendly ways of performing municipal tasks. The main aim of the article is to present the concept of a smart village as an instrument for the implementation of public tasks in rural areas. The theoretical basis of the smart village concept is the basic point of reference. The implementation of the assumptions of the smart village concept in Poland gives municipalities the possibility of an innovative approach to the implementation of local public services. In addition, examples of good practices implemented by rural local communities that can act as models for other groups of residents are also included. It was essential, from the point of view of measurable effects, to identify potential limitations and hazards in the implementation of the smart village concept, which may be identified in the outermost regions. Analysis and critical literature review were used to achieve the article’s goals. These methods are characteristic for review publications. At the beginning, we presented the theoretical foundations of the smart village concept. Secondly, we indicated how the smart village concept contributes to the improvement in public service delivery in rural areas. The authors demonstrated that there is no universal model for each unit. A smart village will implement solutions tailored to economic, social, cultural, and natural conditions.

National Identity of Poles in the Context of European Values

The article aims to refer to issues related to the understanding of national identity, assuming that the basic reference point for the theoretical analysis is the model of universally recognised European values. Attempting to concretise the concept of national identity and identify determinants affecting its shaping, reference was made to the problem of identifying Poles with European values. Since the problem of national identity was often the object of interest of researchers, especially during the intensification of integration processes in Europe and the impact of such phenomena as globalisation, migration or development of mass culture with a cosmopolitan character, there were observed increased anxieties of various nations encouraging underlining their own “separateness”, and also greater identification with the national community. The author does not treat this phenomenon as disturbing because, according to the latest trends related to the understanding of European identity, it can crystallise as the sum of the identity of European national countries.

Text Analysis on the Main Factors of Young Women's Clothing Consumption Demand

Young women are not only an important force in the clothing consumption market, but also the most flexible and non negligible group. This paper mainly uses a batch of questionnaire data about women's clothing consumption, and analyzes these data from the four elements of color, material, design and size through text analysis. This study found that among the four elements, young women pay more attention to design and size. These two aspects account for the largest proportion, are mentioned by consumers the most, and have the greatest impact on the overall evaluation. Young women relatively ignore color and materials. In addition, there are other influencing factors, such as whether clothing can meet consumers' expectations for activities and whether it can be used for different purposes, which are also part of the impact of consumers' evaluation. The analysis of the consumption demand of young women in this paper is not deep enough, which is the limitation of this research. This paper will provide some basic data and reference points for young women's clothing consumption.

IMPORTANCE OF TIME AS RESOURCE IN MANAGING ORGANIZATIONS

Time by considering as a resource gives a true measure of how an organization performs efficiently and effectively. Production and productivity are tuned to time, just as purchase and sales or cash flow and manpower. From time, the immemorial man had a sense of time which enabled him to calculate the life of all objects and the very process of ageing and obsolescence. Time is intangible, non-recurring, unstoppable and unpreserved. Therefore, managers to be successful need to have the skills in time management. In the emerging scenario of business management, time is becoming another area for management operations to address. All the peculiarities associated with time; it could be reckoned as a strategic force. This paper addresses the uniqueness of time as a management resource, and examine its role as a strategic force. The attempt is made to depict the life cycle of an organization into distinguishable growth models in relation to time. A time management matrix reflecting the convergence of professional demands and individual time is worked out and a hypothetical productivity time flowchart as a basic reference point of productive efficiency is conceptualized.

A Study on EFL Learners’ Perception of College General English Class Type in the COVID-19 Non-contact Era

This study investigated 301 college students who attended mandatory online general English classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic for the purpose of examining their preferred online instruction type, as well as their perception regarding post-pandemic instruction type for general English. The order of the preferred online instruction is as follows: 1) fully pre-recorded videos, 2) blended classes, and 3) fully real-time videos. However, their preferences showed significant difference depending on their interest in English learning and their majors. With regard to the instruction type of post-pandemic general English, the order of the positive response is fully in-person instruction, blended classes, and fully on-line instruction, which also showed a significant difference depending on gender, year, major, and interest in English learning. Of course, since the data was gathered from a single instructor’s students, and thus are not generalizable, we might fairly expect that these results could be utilized as a basic reference point when it comes to the planning and designing of general English languages programs during and after the pandemic.

Regional specific features of architectural space ecologization for preschool education in the Urals

The article is concerned with the study of methods on architectural space ecologization for preschool education in Ural region of Russia. The main goal of introducing architectural methods is to educate the child in the correct attitude toward nature, to form a basic reference point in the education of preschool children by architectural means.

Sztuka radości i praktyka anarchii. O powieści Goliardy Sapienzy i kilku polskich utworach

The article discusses the Polish translation (2018) of Goliarda Sapienza’s novel L’arte della gioia (The Art of Joy, in Polish Sztuka radości, trans. by Tomasz Kwiecień) in relation to the selected works of Inga Iwasiów and Sylwia Zientek. Anarchism, which provides the ideological background of the Italian book, serves as the basic point of reference for this interpretation. The author points to the issues from Sapienza’s novel which are important from the perspective of anarchism and which can also be found in the Polish texts mentioned in the article. The aim of this analysis is to discuss the context in which The Art of Joy functions in Poland and to suggest the possible lines of interpretation that can be drawn between this novel and contemporary Polish literature.

Beyond The Good Earth: Transnational Perspectives on Pearl S. Buck, by Jay Cole and John Haddad, eds.

<i>Beyond</i> The Good Earth: <i>Transnational Perspectives on Pearl S. Buck</i>, by Jay Cole and John Haddad, eds.

Roman Republican Augury: Freedom and Control by L.G. Driediger-Murphy

Reviewed by: Roman Republican Augury: Freedom and Control by L.G. Driediger-Murphy Andrzej Gillmeister Driediger-Murphy, L.G. 2019. Roman Republican Augury: Freedom and Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 304. ISBN 978-0-19-883443-4. £75.00. The author of this book has undertaken an interesting and very difficult task. The difficulty arises from the necessity of engaging with the masterful work of Jerzy Linderski, which has been the basic point of reference on augury for over thirty years,2 and also with the critical verification of the most recent literature on the subject, the most significant of which is the excellent work of Yann Berthelet.3 The work reviewed here is composed of an introduction, three well-developed chapters, and a short and a rather insufficient conclusion. Each part of the book is composed of sub-chapters. The extensive introduction (pp. 1–50) is of a largely methodological nature. It contains a competent discussion of the scholarship on the auspices up to the present day and outlines the author's main premises. The first chapter, 'Do as I say, not as I do? Report versus reality in augury' (pp. 51–126), is a masterful analysis of the sources concerning this ritual, aimed at proving the thesis that the rules of the auspices provided those who performed them with much less freedom than researchers had previously thought. Driediger-Murphy concludes that the Romans gave Jupiter the time and freedom to express his will, with which they felt connected. In any case, in the Republican period, 'they did not expect him to be silent' (p. 126). [End Page 264] In Chapter Two, 'Convenience or conversation: why "watching the sky" was more than wishful thinking' (pp. 127–60), the author considers servare de caelo as one of the augural techniques. It is mainly known for its use by M. Calpurnius Bibulus in 59 BC. Bibulus, fulfilling the role of consul along with Julius Caesar, used the sky-watching procedure for obstructive purposes. This commonly known use of augury, treated as proof of political exploitation, is interpreted by Driediger-Murphy as questioning the opinions of the Romans about their own religion and Jupiter's place within it. The chapter ends with a collection of sources concerning the Bibulus affair. The last chapter, 'Out of control: the effects of augury on Roman public life' (pp. 161–202), summarises Driediger-Murphy's comments on the role of the gods, particularly Jupiter, in augury. She argues that the main role in the procedure, binding for those who led the auspices, was played by the gods. The work finishes with a short conclusion (pp. 202–8) which briefly recapitulates the author's points in their entirety. The work contains an extensive bibliography and two useful indexes. Scholars of Roman religion are confronted by numerous limitations, the most basic being the impossibility of properly describing the context of the events referred to in the sources. This can clearly be seen in the case of Roman divination. The main problem for researchers is defining whether it belonged to the political or the religious order. Even taking into account the qualification that in Ancient Rome religion was inextricable from other aspects of social life, it is often assumed that it was of a political nature. But, as Driediger-Murphy rightly points out, this reduces religion, and in particular official divination practices, to a state function. In addition, the sources preserved up to the present day are extremely thin on descriptions or analyses of everyday, oft-repeated events during the lives of the Romans, such as the taking of auspices. Sources often provide information about exceptional situations and departures from the norm, usually not supplying what was actually considered the norm, since for contemporary readers this was obvious. This situation creates difficulties for scholars today for two reasons. First it makes it harder to draw general conclusions and second the danger arises of considering common phenomena to be exceptional. Driediger-Murphy is conscious of this. The main task that Driediger-Murphy has set herself is the reinstatement of the role of Jupiter in Roman augury. The author correctly observes that in the literature up until now, more space...

Willingness To Pay For Improving The Quality Of Public Transportation

This study aims to know the magnitude of the estimated average value of willingness to pay service users BRT Trans Semarang to improve the service quality and to know the change of the desired service quality improvement from the users of BRT Trans Semarang. Quantitative descriptive research approach with Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is used to analysis the data from 100 respondents. Sampling techniques are carried out by means of purposive random sampling. The finding shows that the magnitude of the average value of willingness to pay IDR. 4,000 and quality service that needs to be fixed are a convenient bus stop placement, more emphasis on user safety, timeliness the potential as well as the necessity to depart and the priority age of BRT users. Government can review back the tariff policy of BRT Trans Semarang set appropriate response from the respondents because the estimated average value of WTP can be the basic reference point for setting the rates and can improve the quality of service to make it more adequate so that users feel at ease when using the BRT Trans Semarang

Seismic Vulnerability and Old Towns. A Cost-Based Programming Model

Vulnerability is a big issue for small inland urban centres, which are exposed to the risk of depopulation. In the climate of the centre-northern part of Italy, and in the context of the recent concentration of a high number of earthquakes in that area, seismic vulnerability can become the determinant cause of the final abandonment of a small town. In some Italian regions, as well as in Emilia Romagna, municipalities are implementing seismic vulnerability reduction policies based on the Emergency Limit Condition, which has become a basic point of reference for ordinary land planning. This study proposes an approach to seismic vulnerability reduction based on valuation planning for implementation within the general planning framework of the Faentina Union, a group of five small towns located in the southwestern part of the Province of Ravenna, Italy. This approach consists of three main stages: knowledge—the typological, constructive, and technological descriptions of the buildings, specifically concerning their degree of vulnerability; interpretation—analysis with the aim of outlining a range of hypotheses with respect to damage in case of a prospective earthquake; and planning—the identification of the courses of action intended to meaningfully reduce the vulnerability of buildings. This stage includes a cost modelling tool aimed at defining the trade-off between the extension and the intensity of the vulnerability reduction works, given the budget.

Transposition of a national sports event into a transnational one on the example of the Spanish El Clásico

Abstract The presented article focuses on the analysis of the transposition of a national event into supranational one, the most striking example of which is the confrontation of Real Madrid with FC Barcelona, known as El Clásico. The text will examine the elements used in the process of recasting the event, which are decisive for giving it a meaning beyond the framework of a single country. The hypothesis is as follows: “While still functioning in the Spanish symbolic space, Real Madrid and FC Barcelona have transposed the mutual rivalry through permutation of the national event into supranational one, using elements that constitute and determine the specificity of the club. It was possible through reification of identity and orientation towards the idea of social identity”. It indicates the direction of research, which differs from treating this phenomenon only in marketing terms. It also outlines two basic points of reference, focusing the analysis on aspects related to identification issues. These, as will be shown in the text, determine the possibility of emotional involvement of supporters all over the world in experiencing a national holiday such as the confrontation of the Los Blancos and Blaugrana, without having to decode the primordial component which is political and social conflict.

Инновационная деятельность в современной школе: опыт реализации

We consider the influence of innovative activities implemented in the comprehensive organization on improving the quality of students education. Also we present a characteristic of a functioning school-based apprenticeship sites innovative content. Particular attention is paid to the basic concepts and options of innovation in the educational organization. We define and reveal the basic reference points and key directions of innovative school activity, its purposes and tasks. Materials on school-laboratory of innovative development are analyzed and generalized. We develop and realize a set of innovative approaches to achieve a new quality of education and the innovative students competencies formation. As an example, we consider the main forms of the work: the department management system, the “Researchers forum”, which presents the results of design and research activities, the annual days of science, the methodological council “Development” and others. We summarize the experience of the organization of school social partnership with the region leading universities.

Epitypification of Fusarium oxysporum - clearing the taxonomic chaos.

Fusarium oxysporum is the most economically important and commonly encountered species of Fusarium. This soil-borne fungus is known to harbour both pathogenic (plant, animal and human) and non-pathogenic strains. However, in its current concept F. oxysporum is a species complex consisting of numerous cryptic species. Identification and naming these cryptic species is complicated by multiple subspecific classification systems and the lack of living ex-type material to serve as basic reference point for phylogenetic inference. Therefore, to advance and stabilise the taxonomic position of F. oxysporum as a species and allow naming of the multiple cryptic species recognised in this species complex, an epitype is designated for F. oxysporum. Using multi-locus phylogenetic inference and subtle morphological differences with the newly established epitype of F. oxysporum as reference point, 15 cryptic taxa are resolved in this study and described as species.

European context of Petro Kudriavtsev’s historical-philosophical conception

The article analyzes Petro Kudriavtsev’s historical philosophical conception in the context of basic tendencies and reference points of development of historical philosophical science in Europe in 19th – the beginning of 20th cent. For this purpose, the place and significance of reception of European philosophy in the P. Kudriavtsev’s historic philosophical works are identified. Furthermore, the article discusses the complex of philosophical and historical ideas that appeared to be productive for development of Kudriavtsev’s original historical philosophical conception. The latter is proved to be formulated in the process of deep creative interpretation of European historical philosophical studies achievements (Hegel, Wilhelm Windelband, Kuno Fisсher), such as ethics and philosophical constructions of the European thought (Kant, Theodor Lipps, Friedrih Paulsen, Joseph Petzold, Ernst Mach, Herbert Spencer, Auguste Comte). The author finds out the particularity of the P. Kudriavtsev’s original approach to understanding of historical philosophical process, based on comprehension of rationalism and empiricism (positivism), two opposite models of historical philosophical knowledge. Besides, the author argues for the similarity in approach to the history of philosophy between P. Kudriavtsev and the representatives of historical-philosophical tradition after Hegel (Wilhelm Windelband, Kuno Fisсher). Reconstruction of P. Kudriavtsev’s historical philosophical conception allows the author to conclude, on the one hand, that conception reflected one of the central problems in Western European philosophy on the edge of 19 th – 20 th centuries – the problem of values. On the other hand, the conception was aimed to oppose the relativistic and nihilistic tendencies, which dominated in Modern European philosophy.Article received 26.02.2018

Kierunki rozwoju nauki publicznego prawa gospodarczego z perspektywy instytucji i wartości konstytucyjnych

DIRECTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENCE OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC LAW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND VALUESThe axiological justification of legal norms is an important area of research on general legal problems. Legal norms should be embedded in values, and constitutional institutions and values constitute the basic point of reference for adopted legal regulations, setting the direction of regulation. In the research on public economic law, the method of recognition and the constitutional guarantee of the economic system are of particular importance. This approach has a direct reference to the functioning of public administration in the economy economic administration as a directive of its specifi c activity, defining a system of values protected by public economic law. Constitution is the source of fundamental values and legal institutions that give legal constructs a uniform meaning for the whole science of public economic law. Institutions and constitutional values order the actions of public administration in a specific sphere, which is the economy.