Basic Reference Point Research Articles

Пивна та хмелева галузі України: кон’юнктура та інтеграція

The purpose. To analyze contemporary state of beer and hop branches of Ukraine, to mark out problems and reference points of their further integration. Methods. Economic-and-statistical; monographic; analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction; graphical and comparative. Results. Contemporary state and dynamics of development of beer and hop branches is studied. Their complementarity is justified. Reference points of integration development of beer and hop branches are specified. Conclusions. Beer and hop markets are interconnected and response on economic (prices, purchasing capacity) and technological (change of technique, overproduction) factors. Now the basic reference point of revitalization and development of hop branch is the solution of its basic proble – absence of sales of its produce in home market that restrains development of production of hop plant in Ukraine.

Gold Staters of Aspurgus and Mithridates iii and New Complexes with Coins and Jewellery Items from the Artezian Settlement

This paper examines new numismatic material serving as the basic chronological reference point of the burnt layer at the Artezian settlement in the Eastern Crimea, the early Citadel of which and adjoining quarters met their end during the Roman-Bosporan War ofad45-49. The 2013-2014 excavations yielded new finds of the remains of wooden caskets containing Bosporan coins dating from the end of the 1st centurybcto the first half of the 1st centuryad, and also gold, silver and bronze jewellery items and necklaces. Apart from caskets, a significant number of purses with Bosporan bronze, isolated cistophori of Ephesus and Pergamum, Roman denarii and hundreds of Bosporan coins bearing the names of the cities Caesarea (Panticapaeum) and Agrippia (Phanagoria), and also the names of the rulers Aspurgus, Gepaepyris and Mithridatesiiiwere found in the burnt level.There are ten gold staters of Aspurgus and Mithridatesiiiamong the most important recent discoveries. The find of a unique Mithridates’ stater marked with the year 343 of the Bosporan Era (=ad46/47) and the analysis of the archaeological context of the burnt layer allow us to re-date the fortress’ fall to autumnad46, or to the end of the summer – autumnad47. The new date of the catastrophe proves that Artezian and other fortresses of Mithridates situated in the European Bosporus, with synchronous layers of the ravages of war were also revealed by archaeology, had offered their resistance to Cotys I and the Romans in the course of a year or two after those seized the capital and the principal cities of the Bosporus.

Radiographic anatomical relationship between spinous process and pedicle in thoracolumbar and lumbar spine.

Pedicle screws are widely used in spinal surgeries, but it remains technically demanding to place. There are numerous studies on the anatomy of pedicle; however, there is very little insight on the relationship between the pedicle and the spinous process, which is an important part of the spinal posterior column.The aim of the study was to investigate the radiographic anatomical relationship between spinous processes and pedicles in the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine, in order to reveal a novel entrance point for pedicle screw insertion.Sixty candidates were enrolled in this study; cases were excluded with degenerative disorders and other disorders as osteoporosis, deformity, and tumor. Radiographs and computer tomography scans between T10 and L5 were obtained on each case. The distance was measured that between the superior margin of spinous process root and the superior border, the inferior border and the axis of pedicle. In laboratory, 5 fresh cadavers were used to imitate the pedicle screw insertion.The basic reference point was supposed as the intersection between the horizontal line of superior margin of spinous process root and the central vertical line of the superior facet. For T10 to T12, the pedicle axis was 5 mm beyond the reference point. For L1 to L4, the pedicle axis was at the reference point. At L5, the pedicle axis was 5 mm beneath the reference point. In laboratory, 80 screws were all inserted into pedicles successfully according to the newly referred entrance point.The study reveals the radiographic anatomical relationship between the pedicle and the spinous process. The pedicle axis is around the horizontal line of the superior margin of spinous process root. It provides a new anatomic mark of pedicle screw entrance point.

Generalized Ordered Weighted Reference Dependent Utility Aggregation Operators and Their Applications to Group Decision-Making

To quantify the influence of decision makers’ psychological factors on the group decision process, this paper develops a new class of aggregation operators based on reference-dependent utility functions (RUs) in multi-attribute group decision analysis. RUs include S-shaped RU and non-S-shaped RU. Each RU affords a framework where the psychological factors explicitly enter the decision problem via the basic utility function, reference point and loss aversion coefficient. Under the general framework, we derive a generalized ordered weighted S-shaped RU proportional averaging (GOSP) operator and a generalized ordered weighted non-S-shaped RU proportional averaging (GONSP) operator, respectively. The GOSP operator implies the risk attitude of the DM for relative losses is risk-seeking, while GONSP operator indicates the risk attitude in this case is risk-averse. As a special case, GONSP operator can degenerate into GOWPA operator which means that the attitude of the DM is risk-neutral. Each operator satisfies the desirable properties of general operator, i.e., monotonicity, commutativity, idempotency and boundedness. Furthermore, we consider hyperbolic absolute risk aversion (HARA) function as the basic utility function, and define an S-shaped HARA and a non-S-shaped HARA utility functions. Based on the two new RUs, we propose GOSP–HARA operator and GONSP–HARA operator. Every operator covers many existing aggregation operators. To ascertain weights of such operators, the paper builds an attribute-deviation weight model and a DMs-deviation weight model. Based on these RU operators and weight models, an approach is addressed for solving multiple attribute group decision-making problem. At last, an example is provided to show the feasible of our approach.

Francia: i dubbi del presente, i retaggi del passato

Looks at the impact of the different terrorist attacks in France during 2015. In a historical and sociological perspective it defends the idea that these traumatic events revealed a deep crisis of French national identity, characterized by an erosion of the basic points of reference of the French nation. But the author also argues that this is not only a French specificity: the French crisis is part of a more general transformation of European societies which have to deal with new challenges.

«Голоса снизу»: дискурсивные проекции крестьянских миров

The author, who has been studying the Russian countryside for years, focuses on presenting two interrelated processes which inevitably occur during sociological practices. The first initial process is expressively summed up in the well-known formula by Andrei Platonov: “Good ideas do not come in comfort, they come as a result of encountering people and events”. These prolonged “encounters” with the world of peasants, while being continuously engulfed in the tranquil music of their humble existence, gives us a chance to come across places and situations where the deep implications of their world start to become apparent. The author cites examples of different communicative stage settings which came forth during field work, while trying to assess their information-discourse capacity. This experience of being present and the degree of involvement in the peasant world can be considered a basic reference point, a magnetic field which forms and coordinates the examined vital discordance. This experience is formalized into a set of distinct ways of being involved in the peasant worlds, and is conveyed mainly in a lively fashion — as in “do what I do”. This article also describes the essence of a second investigative process — studying the discursive formats which are the consequences of peasants’ everyday life practices. The author talks about certain special observation methods, which are sociolinguistic in their disciplinary orientation, and which focus on the study and analysis of Russian peasants’ environments. To be specific, the author justifies the possibilities and methods of constructing discursive projections of everyday peasant life. The article summarizes both the theoretical / methodological research of the author and his sociological field tests in the examined area.

From Comparatism to Comparativity: Comparative Reasoning Reconsidered

Comparative literature was born with the national paradigm of literary historiography in the early nineteenth century when literary studies, together with other historical and comparative studies, were institutionalized as a particular field of research and higher education. The cognitive pattern generated by this paradigm comprises both national literary studies and comparative literature. They are both instances of comparatism, solidly anchored in a national context as its basic and indispensable point of reference rather than in the border crossing life of literary texts. In contrast, the comparative reasoning of the twenty first century, as exemplified by the emerging interest in world literature studies, attempts to cultivate the comparativity of the literary texts themselves – their potential to engage with several possible contexts of comparison beyond the standard theories and methods of comparatism and without giving an axiomatic priority to one of them. In the traditional aesthetics of imitation, European and non European, the double nature of any text as being organized around both an external centre and a domestic centre is already an integral part of the definition of literature in view, first of all, of their degree of canonicity. Today, more radically, all literary texts, irrespective of canonical position but as part of their status and function as literary texts, are assumed to possess the capacity to be part of several textual and cultural contexts beyond that of their place and time of origin. The paper traces the history of comparative reasoning, leading both to the national paradigm and the nineteenth century inspired comparatism and to the consequences for modern literary studies, opening a broader view of the comparative potentials of texts across time and space.

OBSERWATOR WOBEC BARIER POZNAWCZYCH

THE OBSERVER TOWARDS TO COGNITIVE BARRIERSThe purpose of this article is to prove the thesis of the possibility of rejection of anthropocentrism as the basic point of reference in the process of perception. It can be observed that barrier of anthropic reference point may cause a great damage in the preferred that is why, it can be said that focusing on the historical facts about the difficulties with accepting the idea of a heliocentric scientific objectivity. However, the quantum mechanics gives us the evidence of the possibility to reject that, due to the fact that defining the unique role of the observer in the process of studying about physical reality. What is more, in this piece of writing the thesis about science and human life, might be treated as a mathematical process, based on achieving the specific purpose. All in all, in this way the figure called an external observer is created and it exists as the outside observer.

Max Horkheimer: The struggle against Total Bureaucratization

In July 1973, at the age of 78, Max Horkheimer passed away In the Swiss town of Montagnola. If not the founder, he has at least the most important director of the Institute of Social Research at the University of Frankfurt, from which the famous name “Frankfurt School” is derived. Actually, if we can believe Habermas, who began his academic career as Adorno’s assistant, there was never a Frankfurt ‘’school’’ in the strict sense of the word, except of course in its first year in exile from Germany after the escape from Nazism. At any rate, Horkheimer, more than Adorno and with grater incisiveness than Marcuse and Fromm, represents a basic point of reference for an intellectual climate that has had, despite obvious limitation, a crucial influence on both Marxist and non-Marxist thought. More rigorous than Adorno, and more open to economic and practical reality than Marcuse, the cautious Horkheimer was throughout the secure point of reference, especially after his return in Frankfurt.

Pessimistic futures generation for pessimistic future generations? The youth has the future but the older has the authority

In this paper the German-Hungarian international representative comparative youth surveys have been used as basic reference points (15–24 years old youth, 1984/1985). The social changes in the last decade have had a dramatic effect on both the Hungarian and German societies, which are represented by university students’ opinion as well (1985–2000). The civilization theory of Margaret Mead proved to be a useful principle in interpretation of the common European youth cultural style. At the radical social changes, common high pessimistic characteristics can be found in the relation of the future-orientation and generations’ attitude scale of German and Hungarian youth. In the 10–15 year period after the political system change significant difference can be observed in the future-orientation of German and Hungarian youth attitude. In this paper we discuss in detail the connection between the pessimistic youth attitude and its effect on sustainable development. We argue that sustainable development can be imagined only if the optimistic youth attitude has effect on the negative demographical changes in Europe. Our goal was to discover new life sentiments which can be detected from the opinions of today's Hungarian youth. According to our hypothesis, young people experience the enlarging process of EU as peripheral participants representing that both the optimistic and pessimistic youth attitudes equally refuse to grow up more children in family, which suggest that the sustainable development is not in the focus of their future orientation.

Our Saving Grace: A Relational Mode of Being

Our Saving Grace: A Relational Mode of Being

A case study of the adoption of a reference standard for ISO 14006 in the lift industry

The Spanish UNE 150301 standard was used as a basic reference point in paving the way for the ISO 14006 ecodesign standard. This article aims to analyze the pioneering UNE 150301 standard, as well as its adoption process and its practical results in the lift industry. Since the UNE 150301 standard is in a very early stage of dissemination, an empirical study based on a qualitative methodology has been designed. An exploratory case study has therefore been carried out with the participation of a company from the lift industry which is, in fact, the first Spanish industrial company to have adopted the aforementioned ecodesign standard. The company subjected to analysis has integrated ecoindicators into the design process to analyze the environmental impact of its products on each stage of their life cycle. Using these ecoindicators, the company has observed that the main impact is evident in the usage stage, due to energy consumption. The company has managed to improve products by means of a continuous improvement process, with reductions in terms of both cost and environmental impact. The adoption of the standard UNE 150301 can be a useful tool in reducing the environmental impact of the products and in obtaining some competitive advantages, such as cost reduction, improvement in energy efficiency of the product, and a better adaptation to laws and regulations.

Semi-automated procedures for shoreline extraction using single RADARSAT-1 SAR image

Coastline identification is important for surveying and mapping reasons. Coastline serves as the basic point of reference and is used on nautical charts for navigation purposes. Its delineation has become crucial and more important in the wake of the many recent earthquakes and tsunamis resulting in complete change and redraw of some shorelines. In a tropical country like Malaysia, presence of cloud cover hinders the application of optical remote sensing data. In this study a semi-automated technique and procedures are presented for shoreline delineation from RADARSAT-1 image. A scene of RADARSAT-1 satellite image was processed using enhanced filtering technique to identify and extract the shoreline coast of Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. RADSARSAT image has many advantages over the optical data because of its ability to penetrate cloud cover and its night sensing capabilities. At first, speckles were removed from the image by using Lee sigma filter which was used to reduce random noise and to enhance the image and discriminate the boundary between land and water. The results showed an accurate and improved extraction and delineation of the entire coastline of Kuala Terrenganu. The study demonstrated the reliability of the image averaging filter in reducing random noise over the sea surface especially near the shoreline. It enhanced land-water boundary differentiation, enabling better delineation of the shoreline. Overall, the developed techniques showed the potential of radar imagery for accurate shoreline mapping and will be useful for monitoring shoreline changes during high and low tides as well as shoreline erosion in a tropical country like Malaysia.

Fallax Imago: Ovid's Narcissus and the seduction of mimesis in Roman wall painting

In the late first century CE, the myth of Narcissus became one of the most frequently represented subjects in Roman wall painting. The well-known, often reproduced images from the House of Octavius...

Developmental expression of heat shock proteins 60, 70, 90, and A2 in rabbit testis

Currently, no reports exist concerning the expression patterns and developmental changes of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the reproductive system of the male rabbit. In the present study, the testes of rabbits were collected at post-natal months 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 40. HSP60, HSC70, HSP90, and HSPA2 were detected by both Western blot and immunohistochemical methods. The expression levels of HSP60 and HSC70 showed no apparent change during the developmental progress. HSP90 increased at the second month; prior to the third month, HSPA2 was expressed at a low level. Immunohistochemistry localized HSP60 in the cytoplasm of all of the cell types in the testis and in the apical pole of the spermatids. The distribution pattern of HSC70 and HSP90 was similar, both being mainly located in the spermatids of stage VII-VIII and in the cytoplasm of the spermatogonium. HSPA2 staining was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids in testes of 3-, 4-, 5-, and 40-month-old rabbits. These results provide a basic reference point for studying the functions of HSPs in the male rabbit reproductive system and should be beneficial for the future determination of the mechanisms of heat shock on male rabbit fertility.

Paving the way for the ISO 14006 ecodesign standard: an exploratory study in Spanish companies

A Spanish ecodesign standard (the UNE 150301) is being used as a basic reference point in paving the way for the future ISO 14006 ecodesign standard which may foreseeably be passed in 2011. This article aims to analyze the experience regarding adoption of the UNE 150301 in Spain. Following an analysis of the standard’s structure, its objectives and scope, its real implementation process is then analyzed based on an exploratory qualitative study carried out in four Spanish companies that have been pioneers in adopting this environmental standard. The conclusion is drawn in the article that in all the cases analyzed, the greatest source of impact occurs in the phase in which the product is used and is related to energy consumption. Companies appear to be satisfied with the adoption of this standard and, in particular, point out that they have managed to reduce the environmental impact of their products. However, they draw attention to the fact that, to deal with certain instances of impact that increases in cost entail, administrative bodies need to establish mandatory regulations, as environmentally-friendly companies would otherwise lose competitiveness.

Synody diecezji włocławskiej przed Soborem Trydenckim

Synodal practice in Włocławek diocese in period before Trident Council has rich and interesting history. Synodal activity since the very beginning had been written into the life, activity and development of Włocławek’s Church and synods played very important ecclesial, legislative and organizational role for that local Church. Thanks to care, efforts and work of synodal legislators – Włocławek’s bishops as well as dispositions and orders included in synodal resolutions, religious, sacramental and disciplinary life was formed of the faithful clerical and secular people as well as organization and structures of diocese. Synodal statutes were basic reference point for the priesthood, administration and Church judicature. In period before Trident Council, calling and holding of at least twenty nine dioecesan and partial synods can be noted in Włocławek’s diocese. This number is probably a lot higher, especially if we are talking about the XIV-th century, but conquests of Teutonic Knights, the wars, annexations and unfavourable political conditions caused that news about synods and their statutes have not lasted till contemporary times. From twenty nine held synods of period before Trident Council, we know the redolutions of only ten of them. Not always are complete synodal statutes, because aften there ore only fragments of resolutions or letters of bishops calling the synod, or other documents presenting synodal orders. In the resolutions of synods held before Trident Council, synodal legislators undertook wide and important range of legislating, administration and judiciary cases, which they wanted to implement into the life of diocese. They were important instruments for Włocławek’s Church of that period, making management of large dioceses easier and more efficient, as well as they allowed bishops to introduce common and provincial law into life his dioceses, adopting in to local conditions. They created also a possibility to deal witch needs, which occurred in the diocese in relation to organization of church structures, religious life of the faithful secular people, task, rights, duties and discipline of priesthood, case connected with performing and taking the sacraments or managing the church prosperity. Their goal was also to watch over the purity of faith, announcing to the priesthood over the purity of faith, announcing to the priesthood the ordinance of The Holy See and resolutions of Provincial Synods as well own orders and instructions from diocese bishop, adjudicate especially complex or important disputes or especially official condemnation of faults or misdemeanours.

Refleksje wokół prawnych uwarunkowań wspomaganej prokreacji

The goal of the article is to determine the basic legal principles governing assisted procreation in Poland. The article presents a comparative analysis of legal regulations currently in force in European countries and in the United States. It concludes that there does not exist one “rational” regulative model that could serve as a model for Polish legislation. Legal systems – even those belonging to the European legal tradition – differ from one another fundamentally and are determined above all by the axiology of the respective constitutional systems. The article then presents the Polish constitutional standards that are the basic point of reference for generating sound legal regulations. It concludes that the constitution does not provide a basis for either a general prohibition of assisted procreation or for a subjective right to the extrasystemic production of human embryos. The legislature, however, cannot act arbitrarily in creating a system of assisted procreation. It is bound above all by constitutional guarantees protecting human life and dignity. Article Thirty of the Polish constitution contains a precisely formulated conception of human dignity and the individual rights and freedoms that follow from it.

The Subject as Drop-Out

In this paper, psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology are treated as exemplars that demonstrate the salience of social factors in the constitution of the discipline of psychology. There have been a number of efforts that have addressed this impertinent social factor that compromises psychology's claim to being a sort of natural science. Within the current climate of alternative positions in the discipline, it is often assumed that psychology can be absorbed into historical formations, as in social constructionist critique, science studies and the endorsement of indigenous psychologies. Within contemporary mainstream psychology, other disciplines (such as biology) seem to give warrant to psychology's cherished claim to objectivity. Drawing on theories in which psychologists addressed subjectivity, the paper examines psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology to see how each attempts to articulate its disciplinary basis. In this paper, I attempt to understand how the respective theories attempt to account for and finesse the inherent sociality of the psychological dimension. In the case of psychoanalysis, the basic reference point is Lacanian psychoanalysis. In the case of humanistic psychology, the concepts of potential and experience are interrogated to better understand their ethical and ontological function within a humanistic understanding of subjectivity. It is asserted that humanistic psychology may need to extend its basic precepts beyond its current appropriation of phenomenology in order to more fully understand the question of the subjective dimension in its relationship to its social foundations.

Kozioł dla Azazela

The rite included in Leviticus 16 belongs to penitential rites of purification. It may be a reminiscence of antic religious medical-magic rites, practiced in multiple regions of ancient world. The rites contained the idea of substitution, “magic elimination.” Sending the goat represents rejection of anything that should not and can not exist among the people of Israel. The desert as an “infertile” place, the theological idea of separating the good from the evil as well as the ancient idea of substitution point at the theology of penance expressed in the rite of separation. The text of Leviticus 16 applies the term sa‘ir for the goat. The same term is also applied in priestly text to describe demons relating to the misshapen form of Israel religion. There is an undoubted connection with the idea of Convenant that constitutes the basic background and point of reference for the rite of Leviticus 16.