Basic Analysis Methods Research Articles

Analysis Method of Subjective Uncertainty

Understanding the uncertainty of objective things in actual engineering is inevitable, and it has a direct impact on engineering decision-making. In view of this, there are many theories—fuzzy mathematics, evidence theory and other related theories have been put forward, and which have been widely applied in practical engineering at present. However, these theories are based on their specific uncertainties, which are large different from each other and do not completely reveal the common attributes of such uncertainties. In this paper, a basic analysis method of subjective uncertainty is established by based on the concepts of degree of belief and unascertained quantity. The paper will introduce the axiomatic operation rules of degree of belief, and further elaborate the subjective uncertainty analysis method. Based on the basic analysis methods of fuzzy mathematics and evidence theory, a unified method of subjective uncertainty analysis is reviewed and improved. It can help to establish a unified understanding of subjective uncertainty, and can help to comprehensively analyze the influence of various subjective uncertainties on engineering decision-making.

The E-DVA method: A new approach for multi-modal pushover analysis under multi-component earthquakes

Pushover analysis is an incremental quasi-static procedure for evaluating the seismic behavior of buildings accounting for their non-linear behavior. The simplest and classical version of this method is based on the following assumptions: (i) the structure has a vertical plane of symmetry; (ii) there is a single horizontal earthquake component, parallel to the plane of symmetry; (iii) the structural dynamic behavior in this plane is governed by a dominant mode of vibration. These assumptions prevent asymmetric buildings to be accurately analyzed accounting for torsion effects. Moreover, even for symmetric structures and single component earthquakes, the effect of higher modes is not taken into account. In order to overcome these limitations, several multi-modal generalizations of the basic pushover analysis method have been proposed in the past years. In this paper, a new multi-modal approach is presented. Inspired by the Direct Vectorial Addition (DVA) method, the load pattern for the pushover analysis is defined as a linear combination of modal load patterns. The novel approach improves the original DVA by introducing an operative procedure for the calculation of modal combination factors (called “α-factors”). This Enhanced DVA (E-DVA) method is based on the notion of elliptical response envelopes and allows several earthquake components to be taken into account simultaneously. In addition, an approach is proposed for the identification of dominant modes and for their use into the definition of the pushover load pattern. Furthermore, this paper describes a method to obtain the equivalent Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDoF) oscillator properties in the general multi-modal case under multi-component earthquake, with the corresponding factors for the capacity curve normalization. The definition of response spectrum for multi-component earthquakes is also given. For illustrative purposes, the E-DVA method is applied to a non-symmetric structure (SPEAR building), and the main results are presented and discussed.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE QUANTITIES IN MEDICINE

The purpose of the work is to summarize information on the basic methods of data analysis presented at nominal scales.The methodology for describing relative values is presented, and the criteria for comparing groups in this case are also considered. In particular, the conditions andalgorithms for using the Pearson 2 test, the Fisher exact test, the odds ratio, the relativerisk, and the McNemar test are presented. Practical examples are considered by allcriteria.Conclusions. It is determined that Pearson test 2 for comparison of independent samplesis recommended for statistical analysis of medical research results, if in all cells thenumber is greater than 10;Fisher's exact test to compare small independent samples; odds ratio for assessingrelative risk in case studies;relative risk for prospective research analysis; McNemar test for comparison ofdependent samples.

Research on hydraulic vibration reduction with variable stiffness based on finite element

ABSTRACT Aiming at the vibration reduction system widely used in suspension systems of heavy machinery, trains and automobiles, the effects of elastic modulus and viscosity of shock absorber oil on the stiffness of hydraulic spring are studied. Based on the basic theory and method of fluid-solid coupling analysis, four working conditions simulation models of two kinds of methyl silicone oil are established by using finite element software of ADINA, and the dynamic characteristics of shock absorber stiffness are calculated. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the liquid compressibility and viscosity have obvious influence on the liquid stiffness and the reliability of the shock absorber, which provides a good technical support for the engineering design and application of the shock absorber.

Makluan i Debre - teorijsko (ne)saglasje

The subject of this paper is a comparative presentation of certain aspects of theoretical views of communication between two researchers with a very different academic background, Marshall McLuhan and Régis Debray. Starting from the hypothesis that, to the extent that their research interests overlap, the conclusions reached are related or at least complementary, our goal is to identify, on the one hand, possible links, which would in some way represent additional confirmation of the value of their theories, and on the other hand, what are the dividing lines that drive Debray to a kind of "clash" with McLuhan. By applying the basic scientific methods of analysis and deduction to their theoretical concepts, and their comparison, we found that the intersection of the two theories represents the emphasized role of technology in the processes of cultural dynamics.

Combining Curriculum Construction of Control Theory with Cloud Platform Based Virtual Case Simulation

With the wide application of AI in various fields, Control Theory, an indispensable curriculum for the new generation of AI related specialties, has become increasingly important. Taking full account of the rapid development of intelligent car industry and the characteristics of Control Theory curriculum, a virtual simulation laboratory is designed based on cloud platform service, conducting virtual simulation of optimal control of active suspension, optimal design of ABS, optimal control of four-wheel steering system, and autopilot system so on. Through case analyzing, students can master basic concepts, modeling methods, basic analysis and correction methods of Control Theory, and make all the portions work together well. Simultaneously, the skill of modeling, simulation and optimization of actual system is greatly enhanced for the students.

Study on Basic Analysis Method of Critical Heat Flux in Energy System

The parameters of molten salt heat storage power generation system are continuously improved. The boiling crisis caused by deterioration of heat transfer in such system is studied and the basic mechanism and influencing factors are explored. In traditional theory the dry area of the bubbles are the cause of sudden overburning. In this paper the physical phenomenon is simulated by a variable heat convection boundary condition. Based on Fluent, four factors, including growth rate of dry area, size of dry area, size of pipe and shape of pipe, are simulated and analysed numerically to figure out what effect they have on wall temperature rise. The calculation results show that if final size of dry area is consistent, the dry area’s expansion rate will have little influence on wall temperature because time for temperature to rise is much more than that for dry area to grow; The highest temperature rise is directly dependent on the size of dry area, and is also affected by the size of pipe, which is related to volume heat flux; Corner of square pipe is more likely to face the boiling crisis than centre region. In order to burn the pipe wall, there must be a large area of heat transfer deterioration lasting for quite a long time, so the most cases of the wall damage is due to thermal stress instead of traditional statement “burning”. This method provides a new analytical perspective and has guiding significance for experiment and theoretical analysis in the next research plan.

Clinical-economic analysis in urology

The modern approaches of clinical and economic analysis used to study the economic efficiency of medical technologies in medicine are described. It is known that one of the main directions of increasing the effectiveness of medical care is the optimization of healthcare costs. The criterion for assessing this activity is a clinical and economic analysis, which is based on a comparative assessment of the quality of two or more methods of prevention, diagnosis, drug and non-drug treatment, rehabilitation as well. In world practice, five basic methods of clinical and economic analysis are used: analysis of «minimizing costs», analysis of «costs – efficiency, analysis of «costs – benefits», analysis of «costs – utility», methods of economic modeling. In Russia, according to the industry standard «Clinical and economic research. General Provisions» (InStd 57525-2017), that is improved by order № 655-st of the Federal Agency for technical regulation and metrology on july 6-th 2017, distinguish between the main (correlation between costs and results obtained) and auxiliary clinical and economic analysis methods. It has been established that the most common option for clinical and economic analysis in urological practice is the «cost minimization» methodology, which allows one to evaluate the economic efficiency of two or more medical treatment methods with the same clinical performance but different cost. An insignificant number of publications on this problem may indicate insufficient attention of specialists to the issues of clinical and economic analysis in the treatment of urological diseases.

Forming a methodology of basic matrices in the study of poorly conditioned linear systems

Algorithm of the basic matrix method for analysis of properties of the system of linear arithmetic equation (SLAE) in various changes introduced in the model, in particular, when including-excluding a group of rows and columns (based on framing) without re-solving the problem from beginning has been improved. Conditions of compatibility (incompatibility) of restrictions were established and vectors of the fundamental solution system in a case of compatibility were established. Influence of accuracy of representing the model elements (mantis length, order value, thresholds of machine zero and overflow) and variants of computation organization on solution properties was studied. Specifically, effect of magnitude and completeness of rank was studied on an example of a SLAE with a poorly conditioned constraint matrix. A program was developed for implementation of conducting calculations using the basic matrix methods (BMM) and Gauss method, that is, long arithmetic was used for models with rational elements. Algorithms and computer-aided implementation of Gaussian methods and artificial basic matrices (as a variant of the basic matrix method) in MATLAB and Visual C++ environments with the use of the technology of exact calculation of the method elements, first of all, for poorly conditioned systems with different dimensions were proposed.Using as an example Hilbert matrices, which are characterized as inconvenient matrices, an experiment was conducted to analyze properties of a linear system at different dimensions, accuracy of the input data and computation scenarios. Formats (exact and inexact) of representation of model elements (mantis length, order value, thresholds of machine zero and overflow) as well as variants of organization of basic computation operations during calculation and their influence on solution properties have been developed. In particular, influence of rank magnitude and completeness was traced on an example of an SLAE with a poorly conditioned constraint matrix

Part II: A Qualitative Study of Social Risk Screening Acceptability in Patients and Caregivers

This study aimed to better understand patient and caregiver perspectives on social risk screening across different healthcare settings. As part of a mixed-methods multisite study, the authors conducted semistructured interviews with a subset of adult patients and adult caregivers of pediatric patients who had completed the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation Accountable Health Communities social risk screening tool between July 2018 and February 2019. Interviews, conducted in English or Spanish, asked about reactions to screening, screening acceptability, preferences for administration, prior screening experiences that informed perspectives, and expectations for social assistance. Basic thematic analysis and constant comparative methods were used to code and develop themes. Fifty interviews were conducted across 10 study sites in 9 states, including 6 primary care clinics and 4 emergency departments. There was broad consensus among interviewees across all sites that social risk screening was acceptable. The following 4 main themes emerged: (1) participants believed screening for social risks is important; (2) participants expressed insight into the connections between social risks and overall health; (3) participants emphasized the importance of patient-centered implementation of social risk screening; and (4) participants recognized limits to the healthcare sector's capacity to address or resolve social risks. Despite gaps in the availability of social risk-related interventions in healthcare settings, patient-centered social risk screening, including empathy and attention to privacy, may strengthen relationships between patients and healthcare teams. This article is part of a supplement entitled Identifying and Intervening on Social Needs in Clinical Settings: Evidence and Evidence Gaps, which is sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Kaiser Permanente, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Plant wax compounds and soil microbial DNA profiles to ascertain urban land use type

Abstract Soil material found on questioned items (such as footwear, tools or vehicles) during a police enquiry can provide powerful forensic intelligence (and evidence) relating to geographical origin. We evaluated the potential of organic biomarkers (i.e. plant wax compounds n -alkanes and fatty alcohols) and microbial community DNA profiles (bacterial and fungal) in providing land-use-based intelligence within two geographically separated urban study areas. Our results demonstrate the limited potential of basic soil physico-chemical analysis, mineralogy (X-ray diffraction) and spectroscopic (colour and Fourier transform infrared) methods in providing land-use intelligence within these specific localized urban environments. Our results also demonstrate the complementary nature of biochemical/biological analysis to mineralogy, providing important information about the variability of analysis in localized urban environments. However the n -alkane compounds proved variable within land-use types. Bacterial DNA profiles were influenced by both land use and the urban/geographical origin. Fatty alcohol compounds and fungal DNA profiles provided characteristic analyses that discriminated grass-dominated, flowerbed, woodland and roadside soils, regardless of urban/geographic origin. Supported by appropriate knowledge of landscape variability (e.g. spatial, temporal), these methods demonstrate potential to provide rapid and cost-effective land-use-based intelligence to complement soil inorganic information over a greater definition of scale relevant to a contact point location at a locus.

Changes in Potato Production and Consumption in Poland in 2001-2020

The aim of the article is to analyse and assess changes in the potato market in Poland. The area of potato cultivation in Poland is gradually decreasing. The scale of this phenomenon is very large - unparalleled in any other country. Unprocessed, fresh potato are replaced more and more often with ready-made preserves and cereal products, e.g. groats, rice and pasta. The study uses statistical materials published by The Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics - National Research Institute and the Central Statistical Office. The time range of these data covers the years 2001-2019. During the development of the data, the basic methods of statistical analysis were used, i.e. correlation, change dynamics, arithmetic mean and standard deviation.

Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Platform for Clinical Data Sharing and Analysis.

Collection and management of clinical data for administration and analysis is a time-consuming and complex task, especially when multiple data providers been involved. Even if people are willing to take on the burden for it, there is still no mature solution to protect data privacy for distributed data providers. Distributed ledger is an emerging technology that supports decentralized data sharing and management. Based on this, we present a platform which enables distributed and truthful data collection and serves privacy-preserving needs in clinical data management. Our system, built on Hyperledger Fabric, used smart contract to execute data aggregation and provide basic analysis methods. The system used ledger and world status to record data access history and other metadata. This decentralized platform enables data providers to proactively share and protect their data, Thus can simplify clinical data collection procedure and promote efficient collaboration between providers.

Interactive virtue and vice in systems of arguments: a logocratic analysis

The Logocratic Method, and the Logocratic theory that underwrites it, provide a philosophical explanation of three purposes or goals that arguers have for their arguments: to make arguments that are internally strong (the premises follow from the conclusions, to a greater or lesser degree—greatest degree in valid deductive arguments), or that are dialectically strong (win in some forum of argument competition, as for example in litigation contests of plaintiffs or prosecutors on the one hand, and defendants, on the other), or that are rhetorically strong (effective at persuading a targeted audience). This article presents the basic terms and methods of Logocratic analysis and then uses a case study to illustrate the Logocratic explanation of arguments. Highlights of this explanation are: the use of a (non-moral) virtue (and vice) framework to explicate the three strengths and weaknesses of arguments that are of greatest interest to arguers in many contexts (including but not limited to the context of legal argument), the Logocratic explication of the structure of abduction generally and of legal abduction specifically, the concept of a system of arguments, and the concept of the dynamic interactive virtue (and vice) of arguments—a property of systems of arguments in which the system of arguments as a whole (for example, the set of several arguments typically offered by a plaintiff or by a defendant) is as virtuous (or vicious) as are the component arguments that comprise the system. This is especially important since, according to Logocratic theory (and as illustrated in detail in this paper), some arguments, such as abduction and analogical argument, are themselves comprised of different logical forms (for example, abduction always plays a role within analogical argument, and either deduction or defeasible modus ponens, always plays a role within legal abduction).

Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Model of Forecast Demand in Distribution Centre

Demand forecasting is very important to be done in order to meet the demand for nail products that are available in every DC. This article tries to present the basic method of time series analysis and forecasting performance of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Model. The study uses this ARIMA model because this model can include the variables used and the type of time series data. Calculation of forecasting errors to be used is Mean Square Error (MSE). From the results of data processing analysis, the best ARIMA model for DC Aceh demand forecasting is ARIMA (3,0,2) with 63,578 units of nails, DC Padang is ARIMA (3.0,3) with a forecasting result of 59,853 units of nails, DC Pekanbaru is ARIMA (1,0,2) with forecasting results of 53,043 units of nails, DC Palembang is ARIMA (3.0,1) with forecasting results of 57,682 units of nails, and DC Medan is ARIMA (2.0,1) with results forecasting 63,699 units of nails.

Wpływ środków UE dedykowanych małym i średnim przedsiębiorstwom na wielkość akcji kredytowej w sektorze bankowym

Małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa (MŚP), tak jak pozostałe podmioty sfery realnej, aby funkcjonować i rozwijać się, muszą podejmować decyzje związane z wyborem odpowiedniego źródła finansowania, uwzględniając jego dostępność oraz warunki pozyskania. W artykule wskazano na kierunkowe badania dotyczące wpływu środków UE na gospodarkę. W badaniach posłużono się następującymi metodami: podstawowe metody analizy szeregów czasowych oraz metody indeksowe służące do analizy szeregów, służące do określania przyrostu obserwowanego zjawiska w badanym okresie w porównaniu z okresem bazowych (dynamika zmienności). Dokonano analizy alokacji środków UE celem ustalenia, czy mają one istotny wpływ na zmiany wartości akcji kredytowej banków w odniesieniu do sektora MŚP? oraz ustalono, czy wystąpiły zmiany w jakości portfela kredytowego podmiotów z sektora MŚP? Przeprowadzone analizy miały za cel przybliżenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy środki UE mają wpływ na wielkość akcji kredytowej banków dedykowanej MŚP.

Analysis of Biological Samples in a Contemporary Laboratory Practice (Review)

Introduction. In the present publication highlights the key points of the main stages of development of methods for determining trace amounts of drugs and metabolites in biological samples using chromatographic and chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. The main sources of errors are specified. The main attention is paid to chromatography-mass spectrometry, which is the basic method of analysis of small molecules in biological samples. Examples from literary sources and authors' own practice are given.Text. The review highlights some of the practical issues of preparation of calibration samples, method of increasing the stability of the sample at the stage of sampling and plasma preparation. In particular, the influence of various anticoagulants on the accuracy of the analysis is reflected. Specify the method of reducing back conversion of some metabolites of carboxyl-containing drugs to parent compound to prevent overestimation of the results of quantitative determination. Some methods of sample preparation, which have become widespread recently, are noted. For example, solid supported liquid-liquid extraction, based on the extraction of the component of interest from the water sample into the liquid layer distributed on a solid high-polar carrier, followed by eluting by a system of non-polar solvents that do not mix with this layer. Recommendations on the use of internal standards, the preparation of the mobile phase for HPLC, on chromatographic separation, validation techniques are given. In the section «Mass spectrometric detection» features of preparation of a mobile phase for chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments are given. The questions of carry-over reduction, ion suppression, matrix effect are covered. The phenomenon of cross-talk in the study of drug metabolism by chromatography-mass spectrometry is discussed. It consists in the mutual distortion of the mass spectrometric response, when the same mass fragments are formed from different ions-precursors. Features of development of techniques for high-performance pharmacokinetic screening are given.Conclusion. The authors hope that the presented material will be useful for scientists and specialists in the field of pharmacokinetics, biomarker discovery and clinical analyses.

Effect of chemical activation on the cellular structure of biopitch-derived green carbon foam

Current researches pay particular attention to cost-effective and abundant raw materials such as biomass as an alternative to fossil-derived-carbonaceous precursors. The aim of this study is to examine the usability of pyrolytic oil as a biopitch source in the foaming process and to investigate the effect of chemical activation on the characteristics of carbon foam. The elemental analysis of the biopitch supported the fact that the H/C and O/C ratios of wood-tar-based-pitch had high oxygenated and aliphatic carbons in contrast to fossil-pitches. Various basic analysis methods such as elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption isotherms, Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, true/bulk density and compressive strength tests were applied to analyze carbon foams. When the results of nitrogen sorption analysis were examined, it was determined that the surface area of carbon foam increased to about 31 times after activation. According to the pore size distribution graphs, the foams had regular pore distribution; additionally, the pore size in the mesopore region was determined to shift to the micropore region with activation. Compressive strength values were in the range of 0.40–1.97 MPa. Moreover, an increase in porosity values and a decrease in compressive strength values were observed due to enhancing porosity as a result of the activation process.

Effective Use of the Potential of Rail Freight Corridors in the East - West Direction

Abstract The development of the transport sector is a long-term and continual process. This leads to a gradual increase in economic performance, economic growth and a deeper integration of the EU countries into the global economic structures. This contribution is focused on the problem of usage of the east – west corridors for the freight transport in transit. There are proposed for the new transport connections between China and Europe. The aim of the new connections is speed up of transport process of good flows. When proposing new corridor routes and new options for interconnection of the European rail network, basic deterministic methods of network analysis - the critical path method of the CPM and the CCM critical chain can be used. The aim is also to offer new options for development of rail transportation.

High-Throughput Field Imaging and Basic Image Analysis in a Wheat Breeding Programme.

Visual assessment of colour-based traits plays a key role within field-crop breeding programmes, though the process is subjective and time-consuming. Digital image analysis has previously been investigated as an objective alternative to visual assessment for a limited number of traits, showing suitability and slight improvement to throughput over visual assessment. However, easily adoptable, field-based high-throughput methods are still lacking. The aim of the current study was to produce a high-throughput digital imaging and analysis pipeline for the assessment of colour-based traits within a wheat breeding programme. This was achieved through the steps of (i) a proof-of-concept study demonstrating basic image analysis methods in a greenhouse, (ii) application of these methods to field trials using hand-held imaging, and (iii) developing a field-based high-throughput imaging infrastructure for data collection. The proof of concept study showed a strong correlation (r = 0.95) between visual and digital assessments of wheat physiological yellowing (PY) in a greenhouse environment, with both scores having similar heritability (H2 = 0.85 and 0.76, respectively). Digital assessment of hand-held field images showed strong correlations to visual scores for PY (r = 0.61 and 0.78), senescence (r = 0.74 and 0.75) and Septoria tritici blotch (STB; r = 0.76), with greater heritability of digital scores, excluding STB. Development of the high-throughput imaging infrastructure allowed for images of field plots to be collected at a rate of 7,400 plots per hour. Images of an advanced breeding trial collected with this system were analysed for canopy cover at two time-points, with digital scores correlating strongly to visual scores (r = 0.88 and 0.86) and having similar or greater heritability. This study details how high-throughput digital phenotyping can be applied to colour-based traits within field trials of a wheat breeding programme. It discusses the logistics of implementing such systems with minimal disruption to the programme, provides a detailed methodology for the basic image analysis methods utilized, and has potential for application to other field-crop breeding or research programmes.