Basic Medical Sciences Institute Research Articles

Workflow for integration and analysis of histological data in rodent brain Waxholm Space

Workflow for integration and analysis of histological data in rodent brain Waxholm Space

Specific Expression of Foreign Gene in Postnatal Mouse Glial Cells using Electroporation

Correspondence Ming Fan, Department of Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Tai ping Road 27, Beijing 100850, China. Tel./Fax: +86-10-68214026; E-mail: fanmingchinaa@126.com and William Z. Suo, Lab for Alzheimer’s Disease & Aging Res, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA. Tel: +1-816-861-4700, ext. 57084; Fax: +1-816-922-4667; E-mail: william.suo@va.gov Received 14 October 2013; revision 31 October 2013; accepted 2 November 2013

Implications of chemokine receptors and inflammatory lipids in cancer.

Inflammatory lipids receive much attention due to their important biological activities. Knowledge of the chemokine system has also reached a level that makes it interesting in clinics, which prompted clinical trials into compounds manipulating chemokines or their receptors. However, little attention has been devoted to understand the relations between these two systems. Here, we will review the role of inflammatory lipids and chemokines in innate and adaptive immunity with an attempt to link the two systems and with emphasis on their importance in cancer development.

Correction: Transcriptional Effects of E3 Ligase Atrogin-1/MAFbx on Apoptosis, Hypertrophy and Inflammation in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes

The author list for this article should be updated to include Junjie Li as co-first author for the work. The revised author list should thus read as follows: Yong Zeng*, Junjie Li*, Hong-Xia Wang, Shu-Bin Guo, Hui Yang, Xiang-Jun Zeng, Quan Fang, Chao-Shu Tang, Jie Du, Hui-Hua Li *These authors contributed equally Junjie Li is affiliated at the Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100005, China. Junjie Li declares no competing interests in relation to this work and contributed to the following aspects of the study: Performed experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, contributed analysis and tools. The correct citation is: Zeng Y, Li J, Wang H-X, Guo S-B, Yang H, Zeng X-J, et al. (2013) Transcriptional Effects of E3 Ligase Atrogin-1/MAFbx on Apoptosis, Hypertrophy and Inflammation in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes. PLoS ONE 8(1): e53831. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053831. The correct abbreviation in Contributions is: JL.

ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS;

Objective: To compare blood pressure lowering effects of angiotensin II type I receptor blocker candesartan cilexetil incomparison with calcium channel blocker amlodipine in essential hypertensive patients. Study design: Randomized, open-labeled,prospective comparative study. Place and duration: The study was carried out in the department of pharmacology and therapeutics,Basic Medical Sciences Institute (BMSI), Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi from July 2007 to January 2008.Subjects and methods: In this study (80) newly diagnosed essential hypertensive patients were enrolled and divided into two groups(DR1) and (DR2) respectively. DR1 patients received candesartan 16mg once a day and DR2 patients received Amlodipine 10mg once aday for 3 months duration. Results: The mean systolic blood pressure of DRI was 162.23 on day 0 which decreased to 141.05 on day 90,versus DR2 which decreased from 160.12 on day 0 to 140 on day 90. The mean diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly for DR 1group from 99.87 mmHg to 87 to 89. mmHg, versus DR2 which decreased from 98.5 to 86.25. All values of blood pressure have beentaken in mmHg. The results of this study were observed statistically significant. Conclusions: Candesartan cilexetil is a newer and saferalternative for the treatment of essential hypertensive patients in comparison to conventional antihypertensive treatment.

Managing and analysing brain data through use of digital atlasing tools and infrastructures

Managing and analysing brain data through use of digital atlasing tools and infrastructures

The role of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase in lymphocyte development

Event Abstract Back to Event The role of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase in lymphocyte development Jui Yen Lo1 and Li-Jin Hsu2* 1 National Cheng Kung University, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiwan 2 National Cheng Kung University, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taiwan WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WOX1) is a newly isolated tumor suppressor protein. Downregulation of WOX1 protein expression has been found in many types of human cancers. Previous studies have suggested that WOX1 is involved in many signaling pathways that regulate cell apoptosis. Ectopic WOX1 increases tumor necrosis factor, staurosporine, UV or p53-induced cell death. Conversely, functional suppression of WOX1 by dominant negative mutants or siRNA protects cells from apoptosis. Although many studies have revealed a role of WOX1 in regulating cancer cell apoptosis, whether WOX1 is involved in lymphocyte development is unknown. To explore the functional role of WOX1 in vivo, we have recently generated whole-body knockout murine models by targeting exon 1 or exons 2-4 of the gene. All WOX1-deficient mice died by three weeks of age. Reduced body weights and marked atrophy of the spleen and thymus were observed in WOX1-deficient mice. Significantly reduced cell numbers of splenocytes and thymocytes were determined in WOX1-deficient mice, as compared with the wild-type and heterozygous mice. By TUNEL assay, massive thymocyte apoptosis was found in WOX1-deficient mice. Together, using gene knockout mice, our study clearly demonstrates that WOX1 is a key regulator in lymphocyte development. Keywords: tumor suppressor, gene knockout, Thymocytes, splenocytes, Apoptosis Conference: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Milan, Italy, 22 Aug - 27 Aug, 2013. Presentation Type: Abstract Topic: Adaptive Immunity Citation: Lo J and Hsu L (2013). The role of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase in lymphocyte development. Front. Immunol. Conference Abstract: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI). doi: 10.3389/conf.fimmu.2013.02.01053 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 30 Jun 2013; Published Online: 22 Aug 2013. * Correspondence: Dr. Li-Jin Hsu, National Cheng Kung University, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, hsu.lijin@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Jui Yen Lo Li-Jin Hsu Google Jui Yen Lo Li-Jin Hsu Google Scholar Jui Yen Lo Li-Jin Hsu PubMed Jui Yen Lo Li-Jin Hsu Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Functional study of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase in T cells

Event Abstract Back to Event Functional study of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase in T cells Tsung-Hao Chang1 and Li-Jin Hsu2* 1 National Cheng Kung University, The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiwan 2 National Cheng Kung University, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Bio Technology, Taiwan WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (known as WOX1) has been shown to promote stress-induced cancer cell death and function as a tumor suppressor. Previous studies indicated that WOX1-deficient mice exhibit preweaning lethality, abnormal bone formation and growth retardation. However, whether WOX1 plays a role in the immune system is unknown. In this study, we investigated the functional role of WOX1 in lymphoid organs and found thymus atrophy in WOX1-deficient mice. Using cleaved caspase-3 staining and TUNEL assay, we examined higher levels of caspase activation and apoptosis in WOX1-deficient thymus. After ex vivo culture for 24 hours, WOX1-deficient thymocytes showed higher percentages of cell death than control, as determined by annexin-V and propidium iodide staining. The presence of a pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD, in cultures partially prevented apoptosis in WOX1-deficient thymocytes. These results suggest that WOX1-deficient thymocytes are prone to cell death. To explore the intrinsic or extrinsic defect that causes extensive apoptosis in WOX1-deficient thymocytes, wild-type or WOX1-deficient bone marrow cells carrying CD45.2 were transferred into CD45.1+ NOD.SCID mice. Our results demonstrated that wild-type bone marrow cells differentiated into mature T cells and showed normal distribution of thymocyte subpopulations in NOD.SCID recipients 6 weeks after adoptive transfer. However, WOX1-deficient bone marrow cells failed to differentiate into mature T cells in recipient mice. In summary, we show here that WOX1-deficient thymocytes exhibit intrinsic defects in sustaining cell differentiation and survival. These in vivo findings run against the role of WOX1 as a pro-apoptotic protein and unravel a novel function of WOX1 in thymocyte development. Keywords: WW domain-containing oxidoreductase, T cells, thymocyte development, tumor suppressor, Cell Death Conference: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Milan, Italy, 22 Aug - 27 Aug, 2013. Presentation Type: Abstract Topic: Adaptive Immunity Citation: Chang T and Hsu L (2013). Functional study of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase in T cells. Front. Immunol. Conference Abstract: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI). doi: 10.3389/conf.fimmu.2013.02.01016 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 30 Jun 2013; Published Online: 22 Aug 2013. * Correspondence: Dr. Li-Jin Hsu, National Cheng Kung University, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Bio Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, hsu.lijin@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Tsung-Hao Chang Li-Jin Hsu Google Tsung-Hao Chang Li-Jin Hsu Google Scholar Tsung-Hao Chang Li-Jin Hsu PubMed Tsung-Hao Chang Li-Jin Hsu Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Advances in High-Altitude Medicine and Hypoxic Physiology in China

This booklet, an editorial collaboration between the Custom Publishing Office at the journal Science and top researchers at the Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences in China, provides scientists around the globe with a window into some of the fascinating research being carried out in the area of high-altitude medicine and hypoxic physiology, using the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as a test bed. Brief reviews in an array of different areas of study are presented, together highlighting the many advances that have been made in the understanding, treatment, and prevention of high-altitude sickness. An array of studies are under way attempting to elucidate the underlying mechanism for high-altitude illnesses and thereby development suitable treatments. What researchers learn will have implications for the health and well-being of all high-altitude populations.

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Staph. aureus in burn patients. Setting: Department of Microbiology, BasicMedical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Period: July 2002 to December 2002. Material and Methods:Out of 52 patients 23 (44%) were found infected by 41 strains of S. aureus in which 10 strains were Methicillin resistant. Results: AllMethicillin sensitive and resistant strains were sensitive to Vancomycin and Chloramphenicol. Other effective drugs against MSSA wereImipenem (93.5%), Cephalothin (77.5%), Clindamycin (68%) while MRSA strains were highly resistant to all other drugs. Conclusions:Gram positive heavily colonize the wound at initial days following burn injury. Once Staph aureus specially MRSA establishing in burn unit,it is very difficult to eradicate these bacteria from burn unit. It is therefore all efforts must made to prevent burn patients from infectionspecially Staph. Aureus infection, by establising infection control team these burn units.

Dynamic alterations in the expression and localization of ACTL7a during capacitation in mouse spermatozoa

To demonstrate that capacitation in mouse spermatozoa involves alterations in the expression and localization of ACTL7a. Determine the alteration in the expression level and localization of ACTL7a in the induction of capacitation in mouse spermatozoa. The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, People's Republic of China. ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice. None. Western blot, indirect immunostaining. The expression of ACTL7a is upregulated via the PKA pathway and undergoes remodeling during the early period of capacitation in mouse spermatozoa. ACTL7a is an essential component of capacitation in mouse spermatozoa. The alteration in the expression and localization of ACTL7a may be the primary biochemical event in the induction of capacitation in mouse spermatozoa.

Regenerative Medicine in China

The field of regenerative medicine has been gaining increasing momentum in the past two decades. As our understanding of the inner workings of stem cells has grown, and as new stem cell types are discovered or created in the laboratory, the ability to regenerate many different tissues—potentially even complex organs—has moved from the realm of science fiction into a solid reality. This booklet, a special sponsored supplement to Science , describes recent advances achieved in regenerative medicine and stem cell research in China, where scientists are pushing the boundaries of what is possible and achieving impressive results in a clinical setting using pluripotent and multipotent stem cells. The focus is not just on understanding what is possible, but on moving potential therapies rapidly from the laboratory into the clinic in order to treat an array of debilitating ailments, with the singular aim of improving the health and standard of living for patients throughout China. In the words of Dr. Xiaobing Fu, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and director of the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences at the Chinese PLA General Hospital, "Within the next decade, substantial progress in regenerative medicine in China is expected in the following areas: the use of induced stem cells in the synchronized repair and regeneration of multiple tissue types following injury, reconstitution of large organs through tissue engineering, and the large-scale clinical application of tissue engineering products. These advances will provide hope for the improvement of health care and the creation of a healthier society."

Application of four‐dimensional computed tomography angiography in the study of vascular structure of the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator

To explore the vascular structure of the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator with the four‐dimensional computed tomography (CT) angiography. 10 abdominal specimens harvested from fresh cadavers were cannulated with trocar and injected with contrast medium in the deep inferior epigastric artery at different levels. During the perfusion of the contrast medium in the flap, the flap was scanned by three‐dimensional CT (four‐dimensional defined as three dimensional CT plus time). The CT data were sent to CT workstation and the images were processed and reformatted. The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator terminates in the subdermal vascular plexus, with bifurcating superior to the Scarps fascia and under the skin. The anastomosis in the abdominal midline occurs in the subdermal vascular plexus. The zone overlying the rectus muscle in the pedicle side has the best blood supply. The four‐dimensional CT is a useful method to study the vascular structure of the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator in the superficial fascia.Grant Funding Source: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences£¬Chinese Academy of Medical Science Funding(2008PY02)

Is the use of cholesterol in mortality risk algorithms in clinical guidelines valid? Ten years prospective data from the Norwegian HUNT 2 study

Physician, Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Statistician, Senior Researcher, Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Statistician, Senior Researcher, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells: regenerative medicine beyond umbilical cord blood

Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells: regenerative medicine beyond umbilical cord blood

Assessing the variability of the attributable causes of death

Assessing the variability of the attributable causes of death Wenjiang J Fu1, Tianshuang Wu2, Yu Wang3, Haiying Meng4, Jianshi Huang3 1Department of Epidemiology, 2Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; 3Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chaoyang District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China "This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Jianshi Huang, who passed away suddenly during the final proofreading of this article.  We thank him for his inspiration and encouragement for this work, as well as his leadership and commitment to public health." Abstract: The study of attributable causes of death (ACD) provides a new venue to quantify the external (nongenetic) causes of mortality, and may guide policymaking to address emerging issues in public health by focusing on the largely preventable risk factors. Given such importance, systematic methods to assess the variability of the attributable number of deaths (AND), including the standard errors and confidence intervals, need to be developed. In this article, we develop two statistical methods of the estimation of the standard errors and confidence intervals for the ANDs, one using multinomial distribution and the other using bootstrap sampling, and study the effect of the size of the mortality through simulations. Both methods are easy to implement and provide valid and efficient estimation of the standard errors and confidence intervals. While AND estimates and their standard errors increase with the size of the mortality, the ratio of the standard error to the AND estimate decreases. We demonstrate the methods with two data sets, the US national mortality data during the year 2006 and the mortality data of Chaoyang district of Beijing, China during the year 2007. We conclude that assessment of the variability is needed for small size mortality as the uncertainty is relatively large, but not for large size mortality. Keywords: attributable causes, bootstrap, confidence interval, mortality, population attributable fraction

BURN PATIENTS

Objectives: To study the micro flora in wounds of the burn patients from three tertiary care medical hospitals in Karachi. Introduction: In burn patient infections arise from multiple sources and infect burn wounds by a variety of micro-organisms. Gram negative bacterial infection results from translocation from colon, further more burn patients are infected by Hospital acquired bacteria by various invasive and non invasive procedures. Period: July 2002 to December 2002. Setting: This study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Study Design: Observational study. Material & Methods: A retrospective study of fifty five patients with burn wound infection was carried out at burn units of Civil Hospital Karachi, National Institute of Child health Karachi and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi. Patients who received burn injuries with clinical signs and symptoms of infection were included in this study. Results: In the present study 46(29%) isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered, in which most strains were MDR and their sensitivity against Imipenem was 38 (78%). The over all prevalence of the Oxidase negative Gram negative coli form bacteria was more than 70%, in which the most prevalent organism belongs to Proteus Spp;(27%) follows the Enterobacter Spp;.(15.5%). Conclusions: Bacteria belongs with family Enterobacteriacae were more prevalent i.e. >70% while P. aeruginosa was individually more prevalent than any member of family Enterobacteriacae and was most resistant to multiple antibiotics than any other bacteria. Imipenem was the most effective drug against all gram negative bacteria follows the 4th. generation Cephalosporin Cefepime.

Funding surgical research at the College

Meeting the costs of surgical research has always relied on the generosity of donors and philanthropists. As the College's post-war research strategy has evolved in response to advances in knowledge and technology the need to raise funds to support it has not diminished. The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IBMS), established at the College in 1950, attracted considerable charitable monies, notably from the property developer Jack Cotton, the trustees of the Rank Foundation and industrialist and motor racing financier Tony Vandervell. The Buckston Browne Surgical Research Farm at Downe, where significant post-war dental research took place, was donated to the College in 1933. And the successor to the IBMS, the Hunterian Institute, received significant financial help from among others Lord Levehulme, Edward Lumley and the Wolfson and Marks families.

Erratum: Mitochondrial comparative proteomics of human ovarian cancer cells and their platinum-resistant sublines

The authors and their affiliations for this paper should read as follows: Zhiqin Dai1*,**, Jie Yin1*, Haojie He1, Wenrui Li2, Chunmei Hou3, Xiaohong Qian2, Ning Mao3 and Lingya Pan1 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China 2 State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, P. R. China 3 Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China *These authors contributed equally to this work. **Current address: Department of Gynecological Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China

Three-dimensional atlas framework for mapping of projections from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal formation in rat

Event Abstract Back to Event Three-dimensional atlas framework for mapping of projections from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal formation in rat Lisa J Kjønigsen1*, Trygve B Leergaard1, Menno P Witter2 and Jan G Bjaalie1 1 University of Oslo, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Norway 2 VU University Medial Centre, Deptartment of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Netherlands Precise maps of the complex neural networks connecting different parts of the hippocampal formation and parahippocampus are needed to advance our understanding of mechanisms underlying memory and learning processes. The entorhinal cortex provides an interface between the hippocampal formation and the neocortex, and is considered to have a pivotal role in memory formation by gating signals to the hippocampus. Numerous investigations of the axonal connections between the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampal formation have provided an overwhelming amount of data describing laminar and topological patterns of organization. It is, however, challenging to appreciate both the subtle details as well as the overall organizational principles of these complex networks. To this end we have established a three-dimensional (3-D) atlas of the entorhinal projections to the hippocampal formation in rat. The atlas contains data from five experiments, in which an anterograde axonal tracer was injected at different locations in the entorhinal cortex. Images of histological sections showing the detailed trajectory of labelled axons are organized in a 3-D spatial framework, and image analysis tools are used to derive simplified representations of labelled axonal terminals. We demonstrate and compare regional and subregional topographical organization in the hippocampal formation. We conclude that this neuroinformatics based approach provides a powerful framework for gaining an overview of hippocampal neural networks, while simultaneously maintaining access to morphological details present in the original histological data. Keywords: digital atlasing Conference: 4th INCF Congress of Neuroinformatics, Boston, United States, 4 Sep - 6 Sep, 2011. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Digital atlasing Citation: Kjønigsen L, Leergaard T, Witter M and Bjaalie J (2011). Three-dimensional atlas framework for mapping of projections from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal formation in rat. Front. Neuroinform. Conference Abstract: 4th INCF Congress of Neuroinformatics. doi: 10.3389/conf.fninf.2011.08.00129 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 17 Oct 2011; Published Online: 19 Oct 2011. * Correspondence: Dr. Lisa J Kjønigsen, University of Oslo, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo, Norway, l.j.kjonigsen@medisin.uio.no Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Lisa J Kjønigsen Trygve B Leergaard Menno P Witter Jan G Bjaalie Google Lisa J Kjønigsen Trygve B Leergaard Menno P Witter Jan G Bjaalie Google Scholar Lisa J Kjønigsen Trygve B Leergaard Menno P Witter Jan G Bjaalie PubMed Lisa J Kjønigsen Trygve B Leergaard Menno P Witter Jan G Bjaalie Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.