Basic Immunization Research Articles

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION LEVEL AND MATERNAL TIME AVAILABILITY WITH COMPLETENESS OF BASIC IMMUNIZATION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SUKOHARJO

Background: Immunization is an attempt to generate immunity against a particular disease so that when exposed to disease, the body will not get sick or if sick only in mild conditions. This study aimed to determine the relationship between education level and time availability with the completeness of basic immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sukoharjo Regency, Indonesia. Methods: This type of research is analytic observational with a sample of 100 mothers with children aged 0-20 months in Sukoharjo Regency. The research sample was collected through a non-probability sampling technique with quota sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and MCH handbook in April?October 2021. Data analysis was carried out using the Chi-square test. Results: The research findings showed that the proportion of children who received complete basic immunization was 66%. The results of the bivariate analysis of basic immunization completeness with education level obtained p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05) and time availability obtained p-value = 0.004 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the level of education and the availability of time with the completeness of basic immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sukoharjo Regency.

Pediatric Infectious Diseases Encountered During Wartime-Part 1: Experiences and Lessons Learned From Armed Conflict in the Modern Era.

Purpose of ReviewArmed conflicts occur globally, with some regions experiencing heightened instability for many years. A better understanding of the infectious disease impact on children in armed conflict will allow aid organizations to anticipate and mitigate the most serious problems.Recent FindingsArmed conflicts are estimated to have caused approximately 30 million civilian deaths during the past 27 years, with two-thirds occurring in women and children. Children are extremely vulnerable to the mass population displacements, experiencing a combined loss of safety, nutrition, shelter, hygiene, and health care. Under these circumstances, the emergence and prevalence of multiple infectious diseases can result in heightened morbidity and mortality long after active conflict ceases.SummaryFactors leading to increased infectious diseases in populations in crisis due to armed conflict and lessons learned from recent outbreaks are discussed in detail. Acute respiratory infections, diphtheria, measles, varicella, and cholera are a few of the more common infectious diseases that take advantage of populations displaced or disrupted by conflict. Key issues include the ability of countries or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to keep up with basic childhood immunizations, and how rapidly disease outbreaks are recognized and addressed with disease-specific interventions.

COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: the national health response.

With the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), most countries rushed to take early measures to control this disease. This paper describes and evaluates the Saudi Arabian strategic preparedness and response plan on COVID-19 up to 31 December 2020. Saudi Arabia adopted the World Health Organization's guidelines on response to COVID-19, which are based on nine pillars of public health preparedness and response. The measures Saudi Arabia took are assessed against these pillars. In response to COVID-19, Saudi Arabia prepared public and private institutions to deal with the pandemic. Saudi authorities established a governance system comprised of responsible committees to continuously monitor national and international updates, trace contacts, screen the population, raise awareness and take proper actions to contain the spread of this disease. After the announcement of the first case in Saudi Arabia, all schools, social events, sports activities, domestic travel and international flights were suspended. Restrictions on social movement, social and religious gatherings, travel and businesses were imposed ahead of the first 100 confirmed COVID-19 cases. The Hajj pilgrimage for 2020 was scaled down to limit participants and no cases of COVID-19 were detected among pilgrims. The country maintained all basic health services and immunization programmes and supported all proposals for COVID-19 drugs and vaccines. The country is working to develop its capacity to produce these products and achieve self-sufficiency. Saudi Arabia took extreme measures to respond to COVID-19 which contributed to limiting the spread and effect of the disease.

Analysis of Basic Immunization Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic at Public Health Centers in Semarang

BACKGROUND: The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected public health services, including routine immunization services. If this condition continues, the national immunization coverage will decrease, thereby potentially increasing the risk of immunization preventable diseases. AIM: This study aims to determine the coverage of complete basic immunization services in Semarang before (December 2019) and during the pandemic (May 2020) and the factors that affect the coverage of complete basic immunization services. METHODS: This study describes complete basic immunization based on data taken in June-August 2021 at three health centers in Semarang. The data used were the number of visits and the type of immunization obtained from the medical records of the Health Center Management Information System. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with the person in charge of the immunization program at the Public Health Center (Puskesmas) to determine the influence factors of the immunization coverage. The data from the interviews were then analyzed thematically. RESULTS: There were 3594 infants who received immunization services, consisting of 2401 before the pandemic and 1193 during the pandemic. The average decrease in the number of basic immunization services was 50.31%. The decrease in the number of basic immunization services occurred in all network public health centers with an average of Puskesmas Genuk (−36.63%), Halmahera (−40%), and Pandanaran (−26.35%). The mother’s fear of COVID-19 contagious, service time and patients restrictions by the PHC, and IPV vaccine stock out have reduced the basic vaccination coverage in all public health centers. CONCLUSION: There was a decline in basic immunization coverage during the pandemic, so it is necessary to fulfill basic immunization needs and service inn

The Healthy Indonesia Program and Family Role In Dealing with Covid-19 In Indonesia

The Healthy Indonesia Program with a Family Approach (PIS-PK) aims to improve the quality of life of Indonesian citizens from the smallest unit of society, namely the family. This program is the family's main capital in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of the Healthy Indonesia program and the role of families in dealing with Covid-19 in Indonesia. Literature review was conducted during 27 July 2021 to 07 August 2021, and literature search used Publish or Perish software for the time period of 2020-2021. Search keywords include: Coronavirus, Vaccines, Covid-19, Healthy Indonesia Program, Family Planning, delivery in health facilities, complete basic immunization, Exclusive Breastfeeding, growth monitoring, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, mental disorders, smoking, National Health Insurance, access to clean water facilities and healthy latrines. Study findings showed that family planning services, delivery in health facilities, complete basic immunization, and growth monitoring could still be implemented by families in Indonesia. Likewise, the treatment of tuberculosis, hypertension, mental disorders is carried out on a limited basis. The behavior of exclusive breastfeeding, no smoking family members, families which have become members of the National Health Insurance and families which have access to clean water facilities are family capital in dealing with the covid-19 pandemic. In conclusion, the more complete the status of a healthy family based on 12 indicators, the more resilient each family will be in dealing the covid-19 pandemic.

IMMUNECARE: The Innovation of Basic Immunization Services with Android Application for Public Health Center in Palembang

One of the main issues of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2019 is the scope of complete basic immunization. One of the problems in the implementation of basic immunization is rejection from the community due to a lack of communication and information from health workers or the media. Based on the results of a preliminary study at Alang-Alang Lebar Public Health Center and 23 Ilir Public Health Center Palembang in 2019, it was found that the utilization of the KIA book was low (81.8%), and there was a lack of mother’s knowledge of basic immunization (40.9%). Along with the development of the 4.0 industrial revolution that changes how humans work from manual to digitalization, an application can be used as a representation in public service. This study aimed to produce an android-based Immunecare application on basic immunization services. This study used a research and development model. The source of data for this study was obtained from mothers with children aged 0-11 months, midwives, material experts, and media experts. The results of the feasibility test for this application by a material expert was highly feasible (94%), media expert was feasible (73%), and field practitioners was feasible (72%). The results of the questionnaire on Immunecare application showed a very good category from mothers (73%) and showed a very good category from midwives (82%), and mothers with good knowledge (86.7%). This study concluded that the Immunecare application is feasible (79.6%) to be used on basic immunization services.

TANGERANG CITY GOVERNMENT POLICY TO DEVELOP CHILD FRIENDLY CITY

Community service research aims to find out the Policy Development of the City Government (Pemkot) of South Tangerang (Tangsel) in implementing Women's Empowerment and Child Protection of the Republic of Indonesia in accordance with Ministerial Regulation Number 11 of 2011, concerning Child Friendly City Development Policies (KLA) in South Tangerang City Government Banten Province. Using a descriptive qualitative approach research method. That is to explain the phenomenon in depth through data collection. This type of research provides an overview, objectively precise explanation of the actual state of the object under study. Research design in research writing uses the theory of public policy making according to Metter and Horn. The results of the research on the development of South Africa's KLA generally went well. Among them; the achievement of basic health and welfare, the large number of breastfeeding facilities and the ASI corner, the high percentage of complete basic immunization for children, the low prevalence of malnutrition in children under five, the low infant mortality rate (IMR), and the active and successful PIKKRR (Adolescent Reproductive Health Counseling Information Center) .

PENGARUH EDUKASI MEDIA BOOKLET TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP ORANG TUA TENTANG IMUNISASI DASAR PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

The Indonesian government is taking several steps to ensure the control of COVID-19 and strengthen the capacity of the health care system to handle the pandemic period. One of them is the coverage of basic immunization to prevent diseases in children such as measles, rubella, and diphtheria which is decreasing, including the number of immunization coverage for diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT3) and measles and rubella (MR1) has decreased by more than 35%. Immunization services are reopened to prevent Extraordinary Events (KLB) of diseases in children that can be prevented by immunization (PD3I), to socialize a series of guidelines, standard operating procedures (SOP), as well as communication, information, and education (KIE). This study aims to determine the effect of booklet media education on parents' knowledge and attitudes towards basic immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research Design Nonrandomized pre-test post-test with control group design. The total sample of 158 respondents was divided into 2 groups, the intervention group which was educated with booklet media and the control group without booklet education. The results showed that booklet media education was very influential (p = 0.001) on parents' knowledge and attitudes about basic immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic, this proves that booklet media is a communication tool that can be used by health workers to help increase parents' knowledge so as not to worry about bringing children to health services to keep immunizing during this COVID-19 pandemic.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Related to the Incident of Toddler Pneumonia

According to the Regional Task Unit of Banda Raya Public Health Service, Banda Aceh City, there was an increase in Pneumonia Toddlers from 62 patients in 2017 to 135 patients in 2018. This study aims to determine the intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors related to the incidence of toddlers pneumonia in the work area of the Regional Task Unit of Banda Raya Public Health Service, Banda Aceh City, in 2019. Spatial analysis was used to analyze and describe the results of toddler pneumonia distribution and to see the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the incidence of toddlers pneumonia using a Case-Control Study or Retrospective Study design. This study uses a total population sample of 142 people, consisting of 71 cases and 71 controls using a 1:1 ratio. The results showed that the variables associated with pneumonia were education (OR=2.47; 95% CI=1.51-5.32; p value=0.049), vitamin A administration (OR=4.56; 95% CI=1.81-11.49; p value=0.001), and exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.35; 95% CI=0.11- 1.09; p value=0.072). Intrinsic factors related to the incidence of pneumonia are vitamin A administration and exclusive breastfeeding. Then the Extrinsic factor related is edu­cation. The recommendation is to improve MCH management, such as complete basic immunization, vitamin A administration, and others.

Determinant Factor of Childhood Basic Immunization Compliance during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jambi City, Jambi Province, Indonesia

Background: The coverage of immunization among children in Jambi City decreased during COVID-19 pandemic.Purpose: This study aims to identify the factors that might be associated with basic vaccination compliance among mothers in Jambi, Indonesia.Methods: This study uses a case control design in 5 Jambi City Regions in March-May 2021. The sample in this study is mothers who have children in age 9-24 months. The sampling that is used in this study is cluster sampling with total sample of 506 mothers. The data analysis used in this study is descriptive statistical analysis of univariate, bivariate using chi square test.Results: The results of data analysis showed that the variables related to compliance were perceptions of receiving immunization, attitudes, knowledge, husband's support with p value &lt; 0.01, and distance traveled with p value &lt; 0.05.Conclusion: Effort to improve compliance in the pediatric immunization Pandemic are needed to strengthen mother’s perception, knowledge, attitudes during COVID-19. Analysis with predictive models is highly recommended to determine the odd-ratios and adjusted odd-ratios between factors related to the complying for basic vaccination.

FACTORS AFFECTING MOTHERS ON BASIC IMMUNIZATION STATUS IN INFANTS AGED 12-24 MONTHS IN BARINGIN RAYA VILLAGE WORKING AREA OF PAMATANG RAYA PUSKESMAS DISTRICT

The decline in the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in recent times illustrates an increase in the quality of life and public health services. The decrease in IMR was partly due to an increase in the coverage of infant immunization, an increase in the coverage of deliveries by health personnel, the placement of midwives in villages and an increase in the proportion of mothers with higher education. According to Ibrahim (2006) said that if basic immunization is carried out in a complete and regular manner, then immunization can reduce the morbidity and mortality of children under five by around 80-95%. Regular means adhering to the immunization schedule and frequency while complete basic immunization is having received all types of basic immunization when the child was less than 11 months old. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the mother's basic immunization status in infants aged 12-24 months in Baringin Raya Village, Working Area of ​​the Pamatang Raya Health Center, Simalungun Regency, in 2016. The research method was carried out quantitatively with a descriptive correlation design with a cross approach. sectional. The subjects of this study were mothers who had babies aged 12-24 months who were recorded in the Baringin Raya Village in the working area of ​​the Pamatang Raya Health Center, as many as 40 respondents. The sampling technique for the mother group was using purposive sampling. Statistical analysis used the chi-sguare test. Statistical results show that there is a relationship between age (p value = 0.001, OR=0.008), education (p value=0.004, OR=7.286), occupation (p=0.001, OR=0.086), number of living children (p value=0.000, OR=0, 014) and knowledge (p=0.00, OR=0.014). It is hoped that it will provide insight and knowledge about the importance of basic immunization in infants.

Ecological Analysis Of Complete Basic Immunization Coverage For Infants In Indonesia (2017-2019)

Background: Complete basic immunization for infants in Indonesia is an obligation in an effort to protect infant health. It is one of the important indicators in determining the quality of health services in a certain area. However, the coverage of complete basic immunization in Indonesia in 2017 and 2018 has not been achieved nationally with National Strategic Planning and it has not been achieved the targets of 80% of districts/cities in 2019. Objective: This study aims to analyze the factors correlated to the complete basic immunization coverage of infants in Indonesia in 2017-2019. Methods: Ecological analysis was carried out using secondary data from the report of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2017-2019. Univariate analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and one sample Kolmogorov Smirnov. Bivariate analysis was conducted by correlation test (Pearson and Spearman) and scatter plot. Results: Complete basic immunization for infants had a significant correlation with the adequacy of midwives at the primary health care in 2017 (r = -0.337). There was significant correlation between poverty and complete basic immunization in 2017 and 2018 (r = -0.362 and r = -0.535). In 2019, active Integrated Service Post (Posyandu) was correlated to the complete basic immunization (r = 0.444). The first neonatal visit was correlated to the complete basic immunization of infants for three consecutive years (2017-2019). Conclusion: Efforts that can be made to increase the coverage of complete basic immunization in Indonesia are increasing the distribution of midwives in Indonesia, increasing the coverage of the first neonatal visit by paying attention to Posyandu cadres, especially in provinces with high poverty rates.

Low vaccination coverage of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in Shanghai, China: A database analysis based on birth cohorts from 2012 to 2020

BackgroundPneumococcal vaccines have been developed to protect infants and young children from pneumococcal diseases. Vaccination coverage studies are important in determining a population’s vaccination status and strategically adjusting national immunization programs (NIP). In this paper, we aim to describe the coverage of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) immunization for birth cohorts from 2012 to 2020 and discussed the factors influencing the coverage. MethodsVaccination data were collected via the vaccination information database in Shanghai, China, for children born from 2012 to 2020. The population data used in this study were collected from each community from 2012 to 2020. The coverage of initial immunization (1st dose), basic immunization (three doses) and full immunization (3 + 1 doses) for PCVs was calculated according to the number of doses received. As vaccination coverage was assessed each year, Annual Growth Rate (AGR) was used to describe the variation trend of vaccination coverage. Immunization time and completeness of different PCVs were also analyzed. ResultsThe total number of births from 2012 to 2020 was 38,268 in Huangpu District, Shanghai, China. The initial immunization coverage of PCVs increased from 12.26% in 2012 to 49.65% in 2020, and the highest coverage was 50.61% in 2019. The cumulative vaccination coverage of PCVs was 19.4% for initial immunization and 16.8% for basic immunization from 2012 to 2020. And cumulative full immunization coverage of PCVs was 12.3% from 2012 to 2019. The PCVs coverage of most vaccination statuses showed an obvious upward trend from 2017 to 2020. ConclusionsDespite an upward trend in vaccination coverage of PCVs, the vaccination coverage of initial, basic and full immunization among children is still low. And given the heavy burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) among children in China and the fact that the current vaccination coverage cannot effectively protect children, it is recommended that the government include PCVs into the NIP as soon as possible.

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ibu dalam memberikan imunisasi rutin lengkap di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Inuman

Infant and toddler mortality rates due to diseases that can be prevented by immunization still show quite high rates. Basic immunization serves to protect and reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality from diseases that can be prevented by immunization. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence mothers in providing routine routine immunizations in the work area of Inuman Health Center. This type of research is observational analytic with the "cross sectional" approach. The population in this study is mothers who have under two years (under two years) with a sample of 176 people with a sampling technique is purposive sampling. Data were analyzed by Univariate and Bivariate with Chi Square Test. Statistical test results found that there is a significant relationship between knowledge factors (p value: 0,000 α 0.05), education (p value: 0.018 α 0.05), employment (p value: 0,000 α 0.05), attitude (p value: 0,000 α 0.05), income (p value: 0,000 α 0.05), family support (p value: 0,000 α 0.05) and affordability to the posyandu service center (p value: 0,000 α 0.05) towards the provision of complete routine immunizations in the Inuman Community Health Center Work Area. It is recommended that the results of this study be considered by Inuman Health Center to conduct health promotion in the form of education about the importance of immunization for mothers who have babies and their families

Analisis Peran Kader terhadap Cakupan Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap di Posyandu Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kereng Bangkirai Palangka Raya

The coverage of child immunization in WHO member countries (World Health Organization) has reached 90%; it is estimated that 85% of babies worldwide have been immunized. But there are still 19.3% million babies and children who have not fully received vaccinations at risk of developing PD3I. In Central Kalimantan PD3I cases, namely tetanus neonatrum, 2 cases died with no immunization status, measles had 569 cases with 424 cases of non- immunization status, diphtheria had 2 cases with non-immunization status. For the City of Palangka Raya, the PD3I case is measles suspicion, 260 cases with 197 cases not immunized, diphtheria 1 case with immunization status, Kereng Bangkirai Community Health Center. There are 2 cases of measles suspected. This study aims to determine the relationship of the role of cadres with complete basic immunization coverage in infants aged 0-11 months at the Posyandu in Kereng Bangkirai Health Center, Palangka Raya City. The study used correlational research; the study design was cross-sectional with an accidental sampling technique, the number of respondents was 35. The results of Chi-Square analysis obtained a value of 0.003 &lt;(α = 0.05), thenH1 was accepted, there was a relationship between the role of cadres with complete basic immunization coverage in infants aged 0-11 months at Posyanduin Kereng Bangkirai Health Center, Palangka Raya City. It can be concluded that the role of important cadres in complete basic immunization, especially in providing information and motivation about the importance of immunization to improve health status in the community. Research sites are expected to motivate parents to pay attention to the completeness of immunizations to their babies and provide information on the importance of immunization.

Using a mobile application ("PrimaKu") to promote childhood immunization in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study.

Universal immunization coverage among children in Indonesia is low compared to the global target. Many children in Indonesia are not fully immunized as recommended by the government, which results in a high mortality rate. The government has developed a mobile application (PrimaKu) to provide information on vaccinations and reminder features. However, the successful use of the immunization features of the app has not been widely studied. This study aimed to evaluate the use of PrimaKu on maternal attitudes toward immunization and complete basic immunizations status among Indonesian children aged 12 to 24 months. A cross-sectional research was conducted at a public health center in West Java Province, Indonesia, from August to December 2020. Convenience sampling was used to select the respondents. Data were collected using validated questionnaires and analyzed using binomial logistic regression. A total of 119 mothers were included. About 44.5% of children had a complete basic immunization status. Mothers who had a supportive attitude toward immunization were 3.58 times (95% CI 1.49-8.57, p 0.003) more likely to complete the basic immunization, and those who used the mobile app were 3.23 times (95% CI 1.18-8.87, p 0.034) more likely to complete the immunization. Using the PrimaKu mobile application could increase maternal attitudes toward immunization and complete basic immunization status. Therefore, public health nurses should provide comprehensive education and improve mothers' literacy to use the application.

Strategies for reducing the burden of climate-sensitive diarrheal infections on young children

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Climate-sensitive infectious diseases are an issue of growing concern due to global warming and the related increase in extreme climate and weather events. Diarrhea, which is strongly associated with climatic factors, remains among the leading causes of child death globally, disproportionately affecting populations in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: We use Demographic and Health Survey data for 28 low- to middle-income countries in combination with high resolution climate data to estimate the association between precipitation shocks and symptoms of diarrhea in children under 3. We account for difference in exposure risk by climate zone and explore cost-effective intervention strategies, including immunization and caregiving practices. RESULTS:We find that anomalously dry weather increases the risk of diarrhea symptoms in the tropical savannah regions. In the humid subtropical regions, the same health risk is increased due to anomalously wet weather. Our analysis of effect modifiers reveals that different interventions may be effective in both climate zones. Improved feeding practices are found to significantly reduce children’s susceptibility to diarrheal infections associated with droughts. Basic immunization seems to provide some protection against diarrheal infections following heavy precipitation events. Moreover, we find evidence that the rotavirus vaccine can significantly reduce or even eliminate the risk of diarrhea symptoms associated with both droughts and heavy precipitation events. CONCLUSIONS:We identified areas of intervention that can reduce the burden of climate-sensitive infectious diseases on children, focusing on diarrheal infections. The presented findings call for urgent action to improve child feeding practices and expand access to the rotavirus vaccine in low- and middle-income countries where climate change poses considerable risk to population health. Future research needs to explore other cost-effective interventions that can address the mounting risks to child health posed by climate change. KEYWORDS: precipitation, childhood diarrhea, immunization, child feeding practices

The Timeliness of Baby’s Basic Immunization in Pandemic Based on Mother's Knowledge about Covid-19

The Covid-19 pandemic situation has an impact on the implementation of health services which cause delays in immunization services in health facilities. National  data showed a decrease in the basic immunization from 55,2% in 2018 to 53,07% in 2019. Meanwhile, East Java basic immunization was from 67,02% in 2018 to 61,33% in 2019. The data obtained in Blitar districts showed the number of immunization was BCG of 99,27%, Polio of 95,57%, measles and MMR of 80,04% and hepatitis B of 98,04%. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between mother's knowledge about Covid-19 and the timeliness of basic immunization in infants in Tulungrejo Village, Gandusari District, Blitar Regency. The study used analytical observational method with cross sectional study approach. The independent variable was (mother's knowledge about Covid-19) and the dependent variable was the timeliness of basic infant immunization. The study was conducted on 28th August to 20thOctober 2020. in Tulungrejo Village, Gandusari District, Blitar Regency. Population of 87 mothers who have babies. The sample was 71 respondents taken by simple random sampling technique. The instrument used a questionnaire. The data analysis used the chi square test with a value of α 0.05. Results : The results showed that out of 71 respondents, there were 63 (88.7%) categories of good knowledge, the timeliness of the right immunization was 62 (87.3%). Meanwhile, 8 (11.3%) respondents with sufficient knowledge and 9 (12.7%) had inappropriate immunization accuracy. While the chi square statistical test obtained p value = 0.001 (α &lt;0.05), and with closeness value og 0.371 or low category.It can be concluded that there was a correlation between the mother's knowledge of Covid-19 and the timeliness of basic immunization in infants in Tulungrejo Village, Gandusari District, Blitar Regency.

Prenatal and postnatal determinants of stunting at age 0-11 months: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia.

Childhood stunting remains the most challenging consequence of undernutrition because it is associated with suboptimal brain development and the subsequent increased risk of metabolic diseases and decreased earnings in adult life. The Sambas District in Indonesia has a high prevalence of stunting (28.4%), followed by underweight (25.5.%) and wasting (14.4%) among children, as well chronic energy deficiency (27%) and anemia (62%) among pregnant women. The present study sought to determine significant factors in childhood stunting with a focus on maternal and child nutrition and prenatal and postnatal determinants. This prospective, repeat, cross-sectional study investigated factors associated with stunting among 559 infants age 0-11 months in Sambas District, Indonesia. Anthropometric measurements were performed by trained enumerators. Data from a 2016 survey of pregnant women and a 2017 survey on mothers and their children were used for postnatal data collection to quantify the prevalence of stunting at age 0-11 months. Using 20 potential predictors of stunting categorized by household characteristics, maternal characteristics, antenatal care services, and child characteristics, logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the adjusted association between stunting and these factors. Of 559 children analyzed, 20.8% were stunted. In the model with low birth weight (LBW) as predictor for stunting, the odds of stunting increased significantly among children who weighed <2.500 g at birth; children who had diarrhea in the past 2 weeks and children who had incomplete basic immunization coverage as infants age 9-11 months. In model without LBW, the odds of stunting increased significantly among children who had preterm at birth, short maternal stature and children who had incomplete basic immunization coverage for 9-11 months infants. Postnatal factors-preterm birth, low birth weight, diarrhea and complete basic immunization coverage-were associated with infant stunting in Sambas District, Indonesia. The prenatal factors such as short maternal stature were significant in the multivariate model. Policy makers, especially in the government, should recommend measures focused on those prenatal and postnatal factors to prevent stunting in children and to avoid the sequelae of childhood stunting in adult life.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Stunting pada Anak: Studi Literatur

Stunting is a global health problem and in Indonesia, both in urban and rural areas. Stunting occurs in children and if preventive actions are not taken such as nutrition, immunization, and maintain a clean environment, it may cause disturbances in children in brain development, body metabolism, and physical growth. Risk factors for stunting in children’s parental habits , basic immunization, basic sanitation, history of infectious diseases, smoking habits, and upper respiratory tract infections. The purpose of this study is to provide information on factors that play a role in the risk of stunting according to a review study. This study uses a descriptive method with a literature review approach using previous research from the Sinta database. The review criteria used are indexed by Sinta 2, 3, 4, and 5, published times over the last 5 years. The conclusion of this literature review study is that there are several factors associated with the incidence of stunting such as the parenting habits of children, basic immunization, basic sanitation, history of infectious diseases, smoking habits, and incidence of respiratory infections.