Basic Formation Research Articles

The fabric and its formation mechanism of porous-compact laminae in the stalagmite from Shihua Cave, Beijing

The stalagmites in Shihua Cave, Beijing have been intensely studied as archives of regional palaeoclimate. They yield high resolution time series of multi-proxy records which have greatly improved the understanding of the relationship between speleothem formation and climate changes. The stalagmites studied in this cave were composed of fibrous calcite with clear visible and fluorescent laminae. Recently, porous-compact layers at the top 4 mm were found on an actively growing stalagmite (XMG). It consists of visible transparent-opaque layers. A noteworthy observation is that the laminae of calcite fabrics occurred on the top of XMG which formed after the cave open for tourism. The results from scanning electron microscopy analysis on this stalagmite indicates that the opaque microcrystalline calcite (MCC) porous sub-layers are composed of granular mosaic structures, comparing to the compact transparent fibrous columnar calcite (FCC) sub-layers with structures almost oriented perpendicular to the growth surface. Further analysis on the modern carbonate of this site was carried to investigate its formation mechanisms. Based on the size and habit of crystal, these modern carbonate crystallite formations can be categorized into three types. Type I contains larger rhombohedral grains, most of which are formed in the dry season of January–March. Most crystals with c -axis (along the growth direction) represent scales larger than 10 μm and structures of FCC. Type II includes the mixture of large rhombohedrons and small microcrystalline with a scale of less than 4 µm during the transition period of dry to rainy season, with deposition in April−May and October−December. During this period, the scale of large crystals with a diameter of more than 10 µm gradually decreases and the microcrystalline crystals begin growing. Type III consists of calcite precipitates with a spherical habit in the rainy season of June–September. Crystallites with diameters of less than 1 µm can be observed in this period, which is highly related to the new water recharge during this season. To investigate their elemental compositions, both the rhombohedral crystallites and microcrystalline were analyzed through an elemental spectrum analyzer. The results show that the elemental consistency is highly associated with the scales of crystallites. Trace elements, including silicon, aluminum, magnesium, etc. could be obtained on the microcrystalline specimen. On the contrary, only the basic formation elements of calcium carbonate as carbon, oxygen and calcium are detected on rhombohedral structures. Based on these observations, there are two hypotheses on this formation mechanism. Hypothesis I is that, FCC corresponded to the relatively decreased drip rates. During the dry season, the recharge contains high calcite saturation from a stable soil-water-rock interaction over the cave. On the other hand, new water inputs during the rain seasons of increased drip rates result in increased variables including lower index of calcite saturation, complex soil-water-rock interaction and variable amounts of prior calcite precipitation. Hereby, it presents a result of increased MCC with more impurities. Hypothesis II is that, the changed structure might be related to the cave tourism conditions. As the new structure is observed after the cave open to the public, it is expected to suggest a correlation to the tourist patterns. Moreover, both the increased CO2 level and aerosol levels inside cave systems are highly associated with increased visitors, which result in more venting as well as external air inputs. It is likely that the impurities from the external aerosol are the key factors of MCC Formation during the transition period. These anthropogenic factors might play a vital role in the thicker microcrystalline calcite layers formation.

THE MAIN VECTORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD SECURITY

In this study, on the basis of a comprehensive review of scientific publications, the definition of "foodsecurity" is defined. The level of safety is determined on the basis of the structure of consumption of food bythe population, gross output by main types of agricultural products. The basic conditions and components ofthe formation of food security of the region are outlined. It has been proved that the issue of food security isa priority in the country's economic security, and the vector of the solution of the problem in Ukraine, which isthe gradual and systematic implementation of economic changes, is determined. Two criteria are defined todefine the definition of "food security": the first is focused on the import of food products, or on self-provision,the second on the combination of imports and own food products. Food security implies: firstly, the physicalavailability of food, food should be in full and in line with accepted consumption norms, and secondly, foodsecurity, quality of raw materials and food should meet established quality standards. In the course of work,the main problems that threaten food security were identified: the lack of appropriate income for consumersand the deterioration of reproductive capacity from producers. The factors of food security are calculated.The quality of individual food groups is low. The implementation of socio-economic policy in the field of foodsecurity is an important part of the national security of the country.

Anionic carbonate activation of layered (α+β) nickel hydroxide

Nickel hydroxide is widely used as the active material in supercapacitors. Samples of Ni(OH)2 with the (α+β) layered structure, synthesized in the slit-diaphragm electrolyzer, are the most active. The possibility of carbonate activation of layered (α+β) Ni(OH)2 was studied by the synthesis of samples in the slit-diaphragm electrolyzer using a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate as the electrolyte. The molar part of sodium carbonate in the NaOH+Na2CO3 mixture was controlled by acid titration in the presence of two indicators. The synthesis of nickel hydroxide samples was conducted at the molar part of carbonate from 0.16 (NaOH without the additional introduction of carbonate) to 0.83. The crystal structure of the samples was studied by means of X-ray diffraction analysis, electrochemical characteristic – by means of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling in the accumulator regime. By means of XRD analysis, it was found that upon increasing the molar part of carbonate in the anolyte to 0.49, the crystallinity of the monophase layered (α+β) structure increases. It was found that a further increase of the carbonate part results in a more amorphous structure due to a partial breakdown of the hydroxide lattice with the formation of basic salts and formation of the bi-phase system. This conclusion is supported by cyclic voltammetry and discharge curves. The study of the electrochemical characteristics revealed, that for the molar part of carbonate below 0.39, carbonate activation of hydroxide occurs resulting in an improved specific capacity. Increasing the carbonate part to 0.49 results in a lower specific capacity, and even further increase results in the breakdown of hydroxide into basic salts and a significant drop in electrochemical activity. Thus, it was found, that to achieve the maximum activating effect, the optimal molar part of sodium carbonate (in a mixture with sodium hydroxide) should be about 40 %. The specific capacity of nickel hydroxide under this optimal condition is 234 mA·h/g, and this sample is found to be susceptible to activation with cobalt compounds, which further improved capacity to 254 mA·h/g.

Developing Predictive Models for Carrying Ability of Micro-Plastics towards Organic Pollutants.

Microplastics, which have been frequently detected worldwide, are strong adsorbents for organic pollutants and may alter their environmental behavior and toxicity in the environment. To completely state the risk of microplastics and their coexisting organics, the adsorption behavior of microplastics is a critical issue that needs to be clarified. Thus, the microplastic/water partition coefficient (log Kd) of organics was investigated by in silico method here. Five log Kd predictive models were developed for the partition of organics in polyethylene/seawater, polyethylene/freshwater, polyethylene/pure water, polypropylene/seawater, and polystyrene/seawater. The statistical results indicate that the established models have good robustness and predictive ability. Analyzing the descriptors selected by different models finds that hydrophobic interaction is the main adsorption mechanism, and π−π interaction also plays a crucial role for the microplastics containing benzene rings. Hydrogen bond basicity and cavity formation energy of compounds can determine their partition tendency. The distinct crystallinity and aromaticity make different microplastics exhibit disparate adsorption carrying ability. Environmental medium with high salinity can enhance the adsorption of organics and microplastics by increasing their induced dipole effect. The models developed in this study can not only be used to estimate the log Kd values, but also provide some necessary mechanism information for the further risk studies of microplastics.

Stop the Abuse of Time! Strict Temporal Banding is not the Future of Rank-Based Classifications in Fungi (Including Lichens) and Other Organisms

Classification is the most important approach to cataloging biological diversity. It serves as a principal means of communication between scientific disciplines, as well as between scientists on one hand and lawmakers and the public on the other. Up to the present, classification of plants, fungi, and animals follows the fundamental principles laid out more than 250 years ago by Linnaeus, with less changes in the formalistic approach although with somewhat diverging rules for plants and fungi on one hand and animals on the other. Linnean classifications obey two fundamental rules, the binomial as basic format for species names, including a genus-level name and a specific epithet, and rank-based higher classifications, with the main ranks encompassing genus, family, order, class, phylum (division), and kingdom. Given that molecular phylogenies have reshaped our understanding of natural relationships between organisms, and following the cladistic principle of monophyly which defines groups but not ranks, it has been repeatedly argued that rank assignments are artificial and subjective, with the suggestion to either abandon rank-based classifications altogether or apply more objective criteria to determine ranks. The most fundamental of such approaches has been the correlation of rank with geological (evolutionary) age, first established by Hennig in the middle of the past century and around the turn of the millenium formalized as “temporal banding,” based on the advent of the molecular clock. While initially the temporal banding approach received less attention, in the past ten years several major studies mostly in vertebrates (birds, mammals) and fungi (chiefly lichenized lineages) have proposed novel classifications based on a strict temporal banding approach, partly with highly disruptive results. In this paper, the temporal banding approach is critically revised, pointing out strengths and flaws, and “best practice” recommendations are given how to employ this technique properly and with care to improve existing classifications while avoiding unnecessary disruptions. A main conclusion is that taxa recognized at the same rank do not have to be comparable in age, diversity, or disparity, or any other single criterion, but their ranking should follow integrative principles that best reflect their individual evolutionary history. In a critical appraisal of changes to the classification of Lecanoromycetes (lichenized Fungi) proposed based on temporal banding, the following amendments are accepted: Ostropales split into Graphidales, Gyalectales, Ostropales s.str., and Thelenellales; Arctomiales, Hymeneliales, and Trapeliales subsumed under Baeomycetales; Letrouitiaceae subsumed under Brigantiaeaceae; Lobariaceae and Nephromataceae subsumed under Peltigeraceae; Miltideaceae subsumed under Agyriaceae, and Protoparmeloideae and Austromelanelixia as new subfamily and genus within Parmeliaceae. The following changes are not accepted: Rhizocarpales split into Rhizocarpales s.str. and Sporastatiales (no information gain); Sarrameanales split into Sarrameanales s.str. and Schaereriales (no information gain); Carbonicolaceae subsumed under Lecanoraceae (topological conflict); Graphidaceae split into Diploschistaceae, Fissurinaceae, Graphidaceae s.str., Thelotremataceae (no information gain, topological conflict); Ochrolechiaceae split into Ochrolechiaceae s.str., Varicellariaceae, and Variolariaceae (no information gain, nomenclaturally incorrect); Porinaceae replaced by Trichotheliaceae (nomenclaturally incorrect); Ramalinaceae split into Biatoraceae and Ramalinaceae s.str. (no information gain, topological conflict); Stereocaulaceae subsumed under Cladoniaceae (nomenclaturally incorrect); Thrombiaceae subsumed under Protothelenellaceae (topological conflict); and all proposed genus level synonymies in Parmeliaceae. New fungal taxa: The new order Odontotrematales Lücking ordo nov. is established for the family Odontotremataceae s.str., based on topological grounds.

Kinetics of Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen and Trimethylamine Formation in Stored Rohu (Labeo rohita) Fish

ABSTRACTFish freshness estimation has been mostly studied in terms of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) determination and partially addresses the kinetics, which limits its practical utility. In this study, TVB-N and TMA-N content of Rohu stored under limited refrigerated (5 and 0°C) and frozen (−5°C) conditions for 42 days showed an increasing trend, respectively. TVB-N and TMA-N formation in stored Rohu was higher at higher temperature and their initial and final values were found 4.57 ± 0.321, 0.14 ± 0.047 mg/100g and 46.56 ± 0.994, 3.24 ± 0.112 mg/100g, respectively. The volatile formations in Rohu at −5°C were slow, as the frozen storage arrests the enzymatic and microbial activities in comparison to 0°C and above. The kinetics of TVB-N and TMA-N were investigated using zero, first, and nth-order reaction model. First-order kinetics exhibited the best fit model for TVB-N (R2 = 0.98; χ2 = 0.045), whereas TMA-N formation showed nth-order kinetics (n = −0.4608, R2 = 0.96, χ2 = 0.028) as best fit model. The first-order kinetic reaction contributed activation energy of 58.16 kJ/mol for TVB-N and 10.86 kJ/mol for TMA-N. TVB-N and TMA-N formations were influenced by storage temperature and duration as expected. Kinetic parameters were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by storage temperatures.

Ефективність агроекологічних заходів у сівозмінах на зрошуваних землях півдня України

Ефективність агроекологічних заходів у сівозмінах на зрошуваних землях півдня України

Цифровая экономика для инженерных направлений как основа будущих компетенций в управлении промышленным предприятием

The article focuses on the issue of economic competences formation in digital economy for engineering education. The systematic approach is considered to be the key method to solve this issue. The authors describe the essence of digital economy and the model of its influence on social-economic dynamics and economic relationships. The article underlines the analytical importance of reproduction processes tendencies in economic relationships and institutions under current conditions of the fourth industrial revolution. These reproduction processes affect the field of education. Under current conditions of international exchange and economic relationships, Russia implements the unprofitable and futile model where exhaustible natural rent is exchanged for intellectual assets that consist of information and communication production and technologies. The paper introduces a digital economy module for engineering education. It works in the system of higher education in the Federal State Educational standards 3++ format. The paper describes the formation principles, competence, and didactic content of this module. The basic formation principles of the module include: a) the priority of National digital technologies which confirmed their efficiency on the Russian Market; b) traineeship and professional development in the field of digital economics.

An adapted continuing education program in gerodontics: The actual challenge

The Concept started after WW2 mainly is US, and was divided in 3 directions; Geriatric Dentistry, Gerodontics and Gerodontology. Two important Journals were edits; Special care in Dentistry and Gerodontology. In Europe we were witness to the creation to the International Association in Gerodonotology. In 1991 appeared the European College of Gerodontology actually publishing in the Journal Gerodontology Since this topic is not recognized as a specialty, the Faculties were not enthusiastic to introduce it in the basic formation. Moreover in the large audience meetings/ Congresses the number of Speakers were very small. In the FDI it took time under my leading to fix Gerodontic sessions. Only during the last few years appeared an initiative that was sponsored and under the control of the FDI, a Federation of Dental Associations and the OHAP (Oral Health for an Ageing Population). But despite these progresses, on a Continuing Education level few people attended the lectures and also only a few remained until the end of Lecture. Consequently it is necessary to find out the reasons of this situation

Prospects for North Korean Regime and the Interests of Russia

The paper deals with the dynamics of home and foreign policy of North Korea under Kim Jong-un leadership, especially in last several years. Analyzed are new trends in and prospects for the development of the situation on the Korean Peninsula in the context of North Korea transformation into a full-fledged nuclear state. The author considers the return to party-centered political system (instead of total militarization under Kim Jong-il) as well as cautious economic reforms including introduction of some market mechanisms and attempts aimed at formation of basics of innovative economics. Factors hampering the development of the country, in particular, various economic sanctions, are also discussed, as well as prospects for diplomatic dialogue of North Korea with countries on North-East Asia. Contact between the leaders of North Korea and the USA are touched upon. The problem of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula is critically considered. In conclusion, possible directions of cooperation between Russia and North Korea are outlined.

Formational bounds of link prediction in collaboration networks

Link prediction in collaboration networks is often solved by identifying structural properties of existing nodes that are disconnected at one point in time, and that share a link later on. The maximally possible recall rate or upper bound of this approach's success is capped by the proportion of links that are formed among existing nodes embedded in these properties. Consequentially, sustained ties as well as links that involve one or two new network participants are typically not predicted. The purpose of this study is to highlight formational constraints that need to be considered to increase the practical value of link prediction methods for collaboration networks. In this study, we identify the distribution of basic link formation types based on four large-scale, over-time collaboration networks, showing that current link predictors can maximally anticipate around 25% of links that involve at least one prior network member. This implies that for collaboration networks, increasing the accuracy of computational link prediction solutions may not be a reasonable goal when the ratio of collaboration ties that are eligible to the classic link prediction process is low.

Fundamental Research as a Basis for the Creation of New Technologies in Steel Ladle Metallurgy

Theoretical and experimental studies including a study of slag viscosity of the CaO-SiO2-B2O3 system containing 25% Al2O3 and 8% MgO and equilibrium interphase distribution of sulfur and boron between slag and a low-carbon metal were carried out using a simplex-lattice experiment design and HSC 6.1 Chemistry software (Outokumpu). Fundamental research has contributed to the development of technology of basic boron-containing slags formation in ladle at ladle-furnace. These slags have a low viscosity, retaining high refining properties and providing direct microalloying of steel by boron. This technology has no analogues in domestic and foreign practice. The development of technology in the converter plant AO "ArcelorMittal Temirtau" (Kazakhstan) provided low-carbon steel production in wide grade composition, containing 0.001-0.008% boron and 0.004-0.014% sulfur, decreased consumption of manganese, high mechanical properties of rolled metal and improved environmental conditions.

BASIC VALUE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS

The nature of the basic value is investigated in the following article. Particular attention is paid to the value’s development in the initial stages of the system’s emergence. As a result of the research it was revealed that the basic value, as an indicator, allows to inspect the state of the system at various stages of its life cycle. The author analyzes the approaches to process research of the basic value formation of the scientists in technical and economic fields. Studies have shown that considering given problem through the prism of target management one can get organizational forms that have large production potential. At the same time the obtained forms have the property of combining technical and social systems being in a stable state. The basic value of such complex systems is to be based on its internal needs. The basic value of the socio-technical system was based on a certain state function the increment of which in any process performed by the system in a closed environment is equal to the sum of the effects on the system through resources leading it to the transition from the initial state to the final one. Determining the basic value a number of difficulties were also noted one of which is an increase of the error of the parameters defining the location of the system when it is at the stability limit. The basic value is investigated as the primary component of the new socio-technical system as well as the nature of the transition processes of the system in accordance to the use of internal and external resources. It is determined that internal and external resources determine the potential of the system and the possible dynamics of its development. One of the methods for measuring the basic value of the system is defined, in which the isolated system changes its state through resource exchange. One of the conclusions shows that the basic value does not depend on the choice of the previous state but depends on the resources that tranport it into this state.

Thermodynamic data calculation for iron phases in sulfoaluminate cementitious materials prepared using solid wastes

Abstract The preparation of sulfoaluminate cementitious materials (SCM) is a promising way to massively utilize solid wastes. Iron phases are significant in SCM system but the thermodynamic data of some key minerals, such as 6CaO·Al2O3·2Fe2O3 (C6AF2) and 6CaO·2Al2O3·Fe2O3 (C6A2F), are missing, which greatly hinders the SCM optimization in a theoretical way. This work, for the first time, calculated the standard formation enthalpy, Gibbs free energy of formation, entropy and molar heat capacity for C6AF2 and C6A2F and lowered the errors to the least with the reference of C4AF data in the literature. By building the function diagram of Gibbs free energy changes with temperature for the basic iron phase formation reactions with the obtained thermodynamic data, it is proved that the formation likeliness of C6AF2 is higher than that of C6A2F, as is accordant to the literatures and verifies the correctness of obtained data. This work provides a good theoretical foundation to optimize SCM mineral system and to study relevant mechanism deeply.

FORMATION OF THE BASICS OF SAKHA TERMINOLOGICAL VOCABULARY (1920-1940 s)

FORMATION OF THE BASICS OF SAKHA TERMINOLOGICAL VOCABULARY (1920-1940 s)

Музей Мирового океана как альтернативная образовательная площадка для популяризации естествознания для детей и молодежи

In modern society, a museum has a number of functions, and its tasks as a social institution are changing. The article presents the case of the Museum of the World Ocean as one of the platforms for promoting natural sciences, including geography, to preschoolers and schoolchildren. The museum has consistently updated its expositions and expanded its facilities, emerging as one of the largest cultural, historical and educational complexes popular with tourists and local visitors. The museum’s special features — various activity zones and special exhibitions have been created on the Embankment of the Historical Fleet and in the vicinity of revived 19th-century architectural monuments, the Royal and the Friedrichsburg Gates. The Museum of the World Ocean has received a wide range of awards and prizes, which confirms its recognition as an important social and cultural centre of the Kaliningrad region. The method of expert interviews enabled the researcher to analyse the achievements and the obstacles in the Museum’s work with children and youngsters; to determine the basic educational technologies and activity formats, including interactive and gaming activities, and the principles for implementing museum pedagogy; to construct a social portrait of visitors, and to predict the main areas for further development. The article discusses the means for organising visitor feedback. Over the past 15 years the museum has opened new building and is planning the construction of a unique globe-shaped Planet Ocean Centre. A positive dynamic may be observed in the trend for expansion not only in terms of quantity, but also of quality, i.e. innovative approach to work. Like any social institution, the museum in its transformation reflects the needs of society, particularly, in those areas where children and youngsters are involved in educational and scientific work allowing them to determine their personal and professional development paths.

Базові методологічні складники формування та реалізації антикорупційної політики в УКР

Базові методологічні складники формування та реалізації антикорупційної політики в УКР

Основні принципи формування змісту професійної підготовки фахівців туристичного супроводу (гідів-екскурсоводів) в Білорусі та Україні

Основні принципи формування змісту професійної підготовки фахівців туристичного супроводу (гідів-екскурсоводів) в Білорусі та Україні

Broken Voices: Postcolonial Entanglements and the Preservation of Korea’s Central Folksong Traditions

Book Review Broken Voices: Postcolonial Entanglements and the Preservation of Korea’s Central Folksong Traditions, by Roald Maliangkay. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2017. 264 pages. ISBN: 9780824866655. $64.00. This book, the first English-language monograph on Korean folksong, is a wonderfully rich and detailed analysis of the effects of Japanese colonialism on three folksong genres: Sŏnsori santaryŏng, Kyŏnggi minyo, and Sŏdo sori. By tracing the way these three genres have developed during and after the Japanese colonial period, Maliangkay draws a clear picture of South Korea’s policies for the preservation of intangible cultural heritage, and the opportunities and tensions arising as a result. The basic premise for Maliangkay’s argument is outlined in the Introduction and in Chapter 1, in which he highlights Japanese influence on the development of Korean cultural policy, in particular on the Intangible Cultural Property (ICP) system, and makes his case for the importance of a sustainable approach in preservation efforts by adapting to the changing makeup of society. He also emphasizes the importance of intangible heritage for national image, which provides the background for much of his following discussion. Chapter 2 lays the foundation for the reader’s understanding of Korean folksong, comprising an introduction to the student make-up, Korean Studies © 2019 by University of Hawai‘i Press. All rights reserved. 1 rhythms, lyrical content, and modernization of folksongs in modern times. This last point is particularly interesting for scholars of Korean popular culture as it highlights the overlap between traditional and popular music performers during and shortly after the colonial period. While the first half of the book demonstrates Maliangkay’s credentials as a scholar intimately acquainted with current academic debates in Korean traditional music research, it is in Chapters 3 and 4 that his work truly shines, in the richness of ethnographic detail provided, as well as the finelytuned balance between the personal, political, and institutional views of developments in Korean folksong. Both chapters share the same basic format of introducing the three genres’ historical background, core repertoire, and musical and performance characteristics, followed by personal accounts of core individuals in each genre. Chapter 3 focuses on Sŏnsori santaryŏng and Kyŏnggi minyo, highlighting the change in demographics from once male-dominated genres to having a high proportion of female students in the former case and having only female holders of the tradition in the latter. In the case of Sŏnsori santaryŏng, Maliangkay highlights how performance conventions have changed, from wild and raw performance to an increased focus on elegance, as it becomes more female-dominated. Maliangkay’s comment here that “Younger generations will grow up with the new version of this tradition and become accustomed to the new standard” (p. 95) is particularly poignant. In his discussion of Kyŏnggi minyo, a genre which became femaledominated much earlier than the other genres in this book, Maliangkay addresses the institution of kisaeng, female performers often (and, according to Maliangkay, purposefully) likened to Japanese geisha. The personal stories of An Pich’wi, Muk Kyewŏl, and Yi Ŭnju in this section are especially striking as they describe the performer’s personal motivations to sing, as well as the cost this often had for their interpersonal relationships. This section also has great impact in its highlighting of those overlooked in selection as holders in the preservation system, in both the potential impact this may have had on the death of one singer, Kim Okshim, as well as how the passing over of male singers due to overlap with Sŏnsori santaryŏng helped further underline a gender split in perceptions of the genre. Chapter 4 focuses on the importance of nostalgia in the preservation of Sŏdo sori, comprising songs from the North Korean provinces of P’yŏngan and Hwanghae. Maliangkay argues that the “genre will not be broken by the impending loss of native representatives and place, but sustained instead by its ability to invoke nostalgia” (p. 117), as its plaintive melodies become a symbol of the country’s division. This chapter revolves 2 Korean Studies 2019 predominantly around the charismatic singer Yi Ŭn’gwan, whose creative interpretations particularly...

IMPACT OF GEOPOLITICAL DEVELOPMENT FACTORS ON THE POST-SOVIET STATES

The basic formatting and reformatting factors of the geopolitical post-Soviet space and its features are considered. Based on the consideration of the theoretical contribution of H. Mackinder, J. Chellen, K. Haushofer it is indicated that the formation of the main foreign policy trends of the European states. The evolution of socio-political system transformation, economic development and foreign policy of states, which are collectively accessible by the territory is traced. The attention is focused on the development of geopolitical doctrine. The ripening of the very idea of uniting Europe and the first attempts to implement it, indicating that further changes in the geopolitical configuration after the Second World War of the European states is considered. It is proved that the very fact of the European Union functioning and existence is a powerful geopolitical mechanism for the post-Soviet states. The historical, economic and civilizational reasons for such choice for the post-Soviet states (in the context of Russia, the Baltic countries, Belarus and Moldova) are highlighted. The prospects for cooperation with the EU, prospective EU cooperation programs, accession to the EU are examined. It is concluded that there are two powerful policy-makers: the EU and the Russian Federation as the most important geopolitical factors of the post-Soviet states.