Basic Factors Of Production Research Articles

The algorithm of effective communication ties between HR departments of industrial companies and the university

Human resources are one of the basic factors of production. At present, this factor is becoming scarce, and employers are facing much tougher competition for high quality human resources. That entails growing demands modern graduates make regarding their workplace. The authors have analyzed the dynamics of the unemployment rate and made a conclusion about the absence of labor-surplus regions in Russia. Under these conditions employers need to establish system interaction with the university. The authors point out that close communication should be initiated in the first years of training because the majority of the students start working during their studies at the educational institution. Two basic models of organization of the graduate employment have been studied. The first model is a model according to which the functions of organizing internship and employment are merged into a single structure; the second one is a model where the function of organizing internship is assigned to the training department/division while the employment function is the task of a separate structural division. On the basis of the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each suggested model the authors have made a conclusion that the first model if the most effective as it contributes to the creation of a single point of entry and communication with the university. A problematic issue in graduate employment is the gap in understanding the requirements of the graduate to the employer and those of the employer to the future specialist. The authors put forward a hypothesis that one of the effective ways of solving the stated problem may be a special algorithm of work of the employees of the Career Centre with the representatives of HR departments, heads of educational and industrial practices. The main stages of the algorithms have been identified: conducting a design and analytical session; the introduction of dual training as an effective tool for building the interaction between Career Centres and HR departments; developing programs of interaction with employers depending on the category, formation of a pool of ambassadors of interested parties. Implementation of the algorithm presented in the article will contribute to the development of a single approach of interaction with employers and will ensure more effective employment of graduates.

The Impact of Land Transfer-In on Crop Planting Structure and Its Heterogeneity among Farmers: Evidence from China

The crop planting structure in the world has shown a trend of “non-grain”, which will shake the foundations of global food security in the long run. As a basic and important production factor, changes in land will have an impact on farmers’ crop planting decisions. In this paper, we take China, a country that is experiencing land transfer, “non-grain” production, and farmer differentiation, as the research area, use the household survey data at the national level, and adopt the methods of Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and multiple regression models to reveal the impact of land transfer-in on the crop planting structure and its heterogeneity among farmers. The results showed that land transfer-in can drive the crop planting structure to tend to be “non-grain” in China. The research conclusion was still valid after the robustness tests of expanding the sample size, increasing the number of control variables, and introducing endogenous problem management. The heterogeneity analysis indicated that the negative impact of land transfer-in on the planting of grain crops mainly exists for large-scale farmers and farmers with agriculture as the main source of income. Based on these findings, the Chinese government should formulate targeted policies to prevent the “non-grain” tendency of crop planting structure after land transfer-in.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION DEPENDING ON SOIL TILLAGE SYSTEM

The aim of the study was to evaluate the economic efficiency of soybean cultivars at different soil tillage system (ploughing method, reduced tillage, strip tillage). The study was based on the results of a five-year (2016-2020) field study, conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Kępa Puławy (farm in Osiny), belonging to the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Puławy. In the scheme of trial two cultivars of soybean: Aldana (000 – early) and Merlin (00-mid-early) were used. The strip-till system brought the highest value of harvested soybean seeds of Merlin cultivar – 6,262 PLN/ha (mean in 2016-2020). The high value was also obtained under full ploughing system (6,251 PLN/ha). The highest profitability of soybean cultivation determined based relation production value of seeds to direct cost was obtained under strip-tillage system (mean for two cultivars – 1.68). In direct cost structure the highest percentage had seeds material cost. The gross margin was determined as an indicator of economic efficiency. The economic effectiveness of cultivation of two soybean cultivars was evaluated from the perspective of utilizing the basic factors of production – land. Analysis showed that the highest level of gross margin determined on based the difference of production seeds value, direct cost and indirect cost was obtained in soybean cultivation under strip-tillage system. The profitability index was also determined as the relation of production value of soybean seeds to direct costs. The level of the gross margin was more impacted by the level of the obtained yield and the cost of agrotechnical treatments than by the level of other direct costs.

The Establishment of the Legal System of Data Outbound Transfer from the Perspective of Comparative Law

Data are considered as one of the basic production factors, the cross-border flow of which has brought new development opportunities for the digital economy, but the unordered data outbound transfer has brought new challenges to national, public and enterprise interests, and the rights and interests of data subject. The legislation of different countries and regions has basically formed three paradigms: absolute prohibition, complete openness and conditional cross-border transmission. China should draw on the mature international mechanisms for the control of cross-border data flows, and combine its national interests and data protection realities to establish a legal supervision mechanism with hierarchical and categorical data management and control as the core, so as to realize the secure and free cross-border flow of data.

AHP 기법을 활용한 새벽 배송 서비스 운영의 성과 요인 분석

This study analyzes the performance factors from the consumer's point of view to strengthen the competitiveness of early-morning delivery companies. Through literature review and case analyses, the performance factors of early morning delivery services are derived in terms of product and service. The performance factors in the product aspect are product excellence, price efficiency, and product diversity, and the service aspect performance factors are after-sales service, product packaging, the company's eco-friendly image, and the company's social contribution image. Based on the consumer survey, we conducted an AHP analysis to analyze the importance, weight, and priorities of early morning delivery service performance factors. The analysis found that maintaining and improving the basic production factors is more important than improving the service factors. Through gender analysis, we reveal that women, the main consumers, consider affordable prices more important than high-quality products. In addition, customers under the age of thirty, who will be major future customers, consider improving after-sales service as the most crucial factor in choosing an early-morning delivery company. Therefore, it is necessary to have a fast and convenient after-sales service process.

Can data flow provisions facilitate trade in goods and services? —Analysis based on the TAPED database

Data is a basic production factor in the digital economy era, and it creates value in the processes of flow, sharing, and processing. However, there are different attitudes toward data flow, and less attention has been paid to the impact of data flow provisions on international trade. Based on the Trade Agreements Provisions on Electronic-commerce and Data (TAPED) database, we evaluate the impact of data flow provisions on trade in goods and services. Our results show that the signing of provisions on the free flow of data plays a more significant role in promoting trade in services. This finding is robust to a wide range of tests, including parallel trend test, lagging one period, and placebo tests. Mechanism analysis shows that signing provisions on the free flow of data can promote the growth of goods trade by breaking through distance restrictions. From the perspective of trade in services, the effect of signing data free flow provisions varies according to the degree of Internet access in the destination country. In addition, data flow provisions have heterogeneous effects on international trade at the national and industry levels.

COST OF RENTING THE EARTH

For many decades scientists have been warning that life on earth will not be sustainable for long the way we treat the earth. The collusion between humans and the earth has outpaced to a degree that it no longer can be left to blind chance. Complacency in tempering with the nature at the same pace could run out of control at any time. In those circumstances, the harms outdone to the environment could be irreversible. Stratospheric ozone depletion, pollution of air and water, soil erosion, deforestation, warming of the earth, and exploitation of depletable natural resources are not sustainable at this rate of decline. Conventional economics has played a significant role in vindicating the existing state of affairs. As already implied, the mainstream economics has not only paid no head to ecological degradation but has been the principal propellant of this creed. We rarely find a textbook in economics that does not begin with factors of production as the fundamental fabric of the economy. Land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship are purported to be the core components, the base elements, the building blocks of every economy. These constituents account for the blueprint of contemporary economic systems. The refraction of this doctrine through a prism of a critical eye unlocks the sophistry concealed in this way of thinking. In conventional economics, land is detached from the earth and downgraded to a basic factor of production. It is presumed that land as a factor of production delivers a service. For this, it is paid a rent. In short, the price of the earth amounts to the market rent. Adhering to such an outlook has many implications, one of which is turning a blind eye to the anthropomorphic impacts of climate change. The cost of such a conduct is more than economic. It is existential. The failure to come to grip with this trial and failing to restore land to its due place in economic reasoning is beyond measure. This is an erroneous outlook that we shall examine critically in this paper.

Пространственные аспекты эволюционно-генетической теории факторов производства О.В. Иншакова

The article discusses the object, subject, methodological approaches and technologies of spatial analysis, taking into account the principles of the evolutionary-genetic theory of production factors, created by Professor O.V. Inshakov. It has been established that the object of spatial analysis is a complexly structured, hierarchically ordered global economic space that corresponds to the global economic system and is formed as a result of the interaction of natural-economic and economic systems of various levels and scales. The subject of spatial analysis is the reproductive economic process as a result of the implementation of economic relations in the global economic system, which is realized as a set of cycles of factor interactions due to the sequential influence of six basic production factors on each other. These factors are unique and inimitable in every point of the real geographic space. It has been established that the monitoring of regional factors of production is currently in great demand. The purpose of monitoring production factors is to predict the future state of natural-economic and socioeconomic systems. An assessment of the prospects for socio-economic development should be carried out on the basis of a system of integral indicators characterizing the competitiveness, sustainability and security of socioeconomic development. The most important information technologies that can provide monitoring of regional factors of production and the process of making effective decisions in the field of regional and municipal government are spatial analysis technologies on the platform of modern geographic information systems (ArcGIS, MapInfo).

Spatial resource modeling of agricultural land use for sustainable crop production

Agriculture requires balanced amount of different-quality land resources, labor force and assets for sustainable and efficient functioning. The efficiency of any production is achieved by increasing the productivity of labor and other basic factors of production, as well as by saving costs. The necessity and possibility of modeling to form land use of an agricultural organization are discussed in this work. The authors specified object and subject of modeling, and also established the parameters of agricultural land use for the northern forest-steppe zone of the Omsk region ensuring the sustainable efficiency of crop production. The order of implementation of the spatial-resource modeling is shown in this paper as well.

Bottom line and boundary: The logic of rational land resource allocation in the perspective of governance

Land is the most basic production factor of social and economic development, and the allocation of land re-sources is an important means of regulating social and economic development. At present, the contradiction between the needs of economic and social development and the increasingly scarce space resources puts forward new requirements for the allocation of land re-sources in China, and the importance of rational allocation of land resources is increasing day by day. During the reform period of land and space planning system, rational allocation of land resources not only means in-tensive and sustainable development, but also becomes a new expression of the will of land and space governance. It is a governance coordination platform linking macro development policies and micro resource utilization, and an important way to achieve high-quality development. Taking spatial governance as a clue, this paper attempts to sort out the evolution of governance logic behind land resource allocation in the Chinese context, traces back the previous logical transformation of land resource allocation that germinated due to the reform of social and economic system, and divides it into four characteristic stages: planned governance, regulatory governance, policy governance and bottom line governance. Based on the analysis of the governance mode and difficulties faced under the background of “bottom line governance”, this paper puts forward the “three bottom lines” of building the governance pattern of land resource allocation, clarifies the function-al boundaries of the three main bodies of government, market and society in the process of land resource allocation, and emphasizes the spatial governance mode of government, market and society, so as to provide useful suggestions for the design of future spatial planning system.

الجامعة المستنصرية / كلية الادارة والاقتصاد

Education in general and university education in particular, is one of the basic production factors and the labor force that plays an influential role in economic development. The importance of the research is to know the reality of private university education, in preparation for supporting and enhancing the positive aspects, and knowing the negatives and addressing them. The problem of the research lies in the fact that public and private university education in Iraq has faced a great quantitative development in recent times. It is necessary to note the extent of the contribution of private university education to economic development, and through this, questions began about the role of private university education, is the expansion of the role of this sector in the activity The economy will lead to more growth, or vice versa? Noting that the graduates of this sector will cause additional pressure on the labor market, The research aims to identify the efficiency of the outputs of universities and colleges (governmental and private) qualitative and quantitative, according to the needs of the Iraqi labor market. Among the most important conclusions reached by the researcher, the private university education absorbed the surplus of students who did not enroll in public universities and not the distinguished among them, as the acceptance rates in the scientific, engineering and even humanitarian departments in the colleges investigated were low compared to their counterparts in government colleges. Also, one of the most important recommendations that I reached is the necessity of the commitment of the Central Admission Department in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research to accept the planned numbers sent by private universities and not to add additional numbers; This leads to a defect in the application of quality standards, and this negatively affects the efficiency of the graduate.

UKRAINIAN CROSS-BORDER MIGRATION UNDER MARTIAL LAW: A CHALLENGE AND THREAT TO THE FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE STATE

Since the beginning of the invasion of Ukraine by the aggressor country, migration processes have taken on a mass character. First and foremost, people are trying to save their lives and their future. Migration because of the war affects various economic aspects: the labor force, the consumer market, domestic business, and national welfare. The dangers of migration are declared not only in Ukraine, but also in the host countries. Even if immigrants help replenish the basic factors of production, the cost of these resources becomes an additional burden on the system of social assistance, education, transportation, and housing. This increases the burden on the economic and financial security of the state. The article analyzes cross-border migration from Ukraine for military reasons, the trends of emigration processes and the impact on the financial security of the state. Statistical methods of obtaining information were used, a comparative analysis of data was carried out, the methodology of the research holding 4Service Group on the survey of Ukrainian emigrants was collected. Current statistics collected by the UN Refugee Agency are presented – more than 5.5 million Ukrainians are registered all over Europe. A comparative analysis of data from neighboring countries bordering Ukraine and other selected European countries was conducted separately for registered refugees from Ukraine and refugees officially registered for temporary protection in the host country. It turned out that safety was the most important factor during forced emigration for all Ukrainian refugees. The first condition for choosing a country to leave was the presence of acquaintances (relatives, friends). Some chose the country for its proximity to the border, others for its developed economy and more attractive social conditions. Justifies the need for an important task today for the Government of Ukraine, namely, it is necessary to make every effort to return the abandoned population, to stop this sufficient number of working-age population, which affects elements of the economy: the tax area, budget, business development, social processes.

THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION OF A TRITICALE HYBRID GENETIC LINE AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INTENSITY

The aim of the study was to evaluate the economic efficiency of production of a hybrid genetic line of winter triticale in comparison with a short-straw form, at different intensity levels under cereal crop rotation conditions. Calculations were made based on three-year (2017-2019) field trial results. The analysis included tillage methods (traditional and simplified), differentiated nitrogen fertilization (0,90 and 120 kg N/ha) and two forms of triticale: The rotondo variety and the hybrid genetic line – BOH 2415. The gross margin was taken as a measure of economic efficiency. The economic effectiveness of cultivation of both forms of winter triticale was assessed from the perspective of utilizing one of the basic production factors, i.e., land. The gross profitability index for particular variants of the experiment was also calculated as the relation of production value to direct costs. The analysis of production and economic indices showed that the more favorable variant of winter triticale cultivation was hybrid form cultivation technology with the use of traditional tillage (plough) and a nitrogen fertilization rate at a level of 120 kg N/ha. The level of the obtained gross margin was more influenced by the level of the obtained yield and the purchase price of triticale than by the level of incurred direct costs depending on the soil tillage method.

Impact of heat and moisture stress on crop productivity: Evidence from the Langgewens Research Farm

We investigated the effect of heat and moisture stress on total factor productivity in crop farming under experimental farm conditions. Heat stress is the number of days during the growing season during which the maximum temperature exceeds 24.9 °C. Total rainfall is treated as a basic factor of production and periodic moisture stress, or lack thereof, is the number of rainfall days during the growing season. All models controlled for the cumulative soil benefits arising from minimum tillage, which is the main objective of the experiment. Model specification was evaluated using likelihood ratio tests and three are worthy of note. The study site received 329 mm of rainfall on average on 22 rainy days per season during the period 2002–2015, while the maximum temperature typically rose above 24.9 °C on 33 days per growing season. The average efficiency of the plots in the long-term crop rotation experiment increased at 3.4% per year from a base of 60% to the most recent level of 78%. Neither heat nor moisture stress changed significantly over the study period. Heat stress was found to reduce efficiency by 1.75% per hot day and rainfall increased efficiency by 1.45% for each additional rainy day. However, the interaction of heat and moisture stress lowered productivity overall.Significance: This study contributes a new approach to modelling the effect of climate on agricultural productivity using a new metric of heat and moisture stress. We quantify the marginal effects of rising temperatures and rainfall events and evaluate several potential specifications of heat and moisture stress variables.

Prospects for national agriculture in the new reality

The term “new reality” entered the lexicon of economists in the last decade. It means fundamental changes in the economy, which are predominantly economic in nature, also expanded in engineering and technology, sociology, politics and psychology. In 2020, the “new reality” supplemented with Covid-19. It seems that the reason for its strong influence on the economy is that Covid-19 is becoming a kind of economic factor related not even with the development of pharmacology, epidemiology, etc., but with the fact that it touched one of the most dynamically developing spheres of the economy - services. Agriculture has also faced the “new reality” in a new century. But in contrast to the economy, its “new reality” is formed by qualitatively different factors: climate, weather, social polarization of societies, increased consumption and decrease of the matrix of basic factors of agricultural production. In this regard, a study of the prospects for national agriculture merits attention.

Competitiveness Evaluation of Chinese Dairy Industry Based on Accelerated Genetic Algorithm Projection Pursuit Model

Scientific evaluation of the competitiveness of China’s dairy industry is of great significance to the development of regional dairy industry. In view of the fact that the existing evaluation model cannot solve the dynamic nonlinear optimization problem, this paper established a projection pursuit model based on accelerating genetic algorithm and carried on the comprehensive evaluation and dynamic analysis on the competitiveness of dairy industry in China’s 31 provinces and cities (not including Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from five dimensions, namely, basic factors of production, the industry demand conditions, the enterprise competitiveness and growth force, related and supporting industries, and the natural environmental elements. It was found that firstly, from the perspective of time, the development trend of China’s dairy industry basically shows a positive trend. With the improvement of national living standards, the competitiveness of the dairy industry is also constantly improved. Secondly, from the perspective of space, regional differences in the competitiveness of the dairy industry are significant. Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Shandong, and Hebei are at the forefront of the development of the industry, while the development of the dairy industry in the rest of the region has a big gap with those areas. From the perspective of regional layout, the advantageous region of China’s dairy industry has been preliminarily formed, and the competitive advantage is mainly concentrated in the northern region. Accordingly, the countermeasures and suggestions to enhance the competitiveness of China’s dairy industry were put forward.

Corporate social responsibility and strategic knowledge management as mediators between sustainable intangible capital and hotel performance

Although in recent years intangible assets are considered a basic factor of production, it is necessary to show that their mere possession will not always guarantee superior performance. Accordingly, based on the resource-based view of the firm and the intellectual capital-based view, this paper has a twofold purpose. First, it analyses the existing relationship between sustainable intangible capital and performance. Second, it analyses the role played by corporate social responsibility and strategic knowledge management as mediator capabilities in the relationship between sustainable intangible capital and performance. Three hypotheses are proposed and a quantitative methodology based on PLS on 120 Spanish hotels with three or more stars is used. The findings do not support the hypothesis that sustainable intangible capital directly influences hotel performance. However, the two mediating hypotheses are supported, showing that corporate social responsibility and strategic knowledge management act as mediators by creating the values, philosophy and necessary foundations for sustainable intangible capital to have a significant influence on hotel performance.

Spółka celowa w procesie komercjalizacji wyników badań naukowych prowadzonych na uczelniach

W gospodarce opartej na wiedzy obserwujemy bardzo silne przenikanie się gospodarki oraz nauki, a do miana podstawowego czynnika wytwórczego urasta technologia. Transfer wiedzy oraz związanej z nią technologii nie przebiega jednokierunkowo. Coraz częściej ośrodki akademickie przekonują się, że budowanie relacji ze światem biznesu jest dla nich koniecznością. W artykule podjęto się próby scharakteryzowania spółki celowej z położeniem szczególnego nacisku na jej rolę w procesie komercjalizacji wyników badań naukowych. Jej ostatnim etapem jest tworzenie przedsiębiorstwa typu spin-off, szczególnie w obszarze nowych technologii. Zaprezentowane zostały etapy powstawania tych przedsięwzięć, a także możliwe modele ich funkcjonowania. W artykule położono również nacisk na charakterystykę ich relacji z uniwersytetami lub instytucjami badawczymi. Ostatnia część rozważań zostały poświęcone instrumentom prezentującym strategie wejścia na rynek z nowymi przedsięwzięciami.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTIVATED LAND CHANGE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BASED ON GIS IN HENAN PROVINCE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Abstract. Cultivated land resources are the basic production factors that carry human survival and economic development. Exploring the relationship between cultivated land change and economic development has become a hot issue for scholars.in this paper,The methods of regression analysis, land use elastic coefficient method, location entropy are used to empirically describe the relationship between cultivated land change and economic development.The results show: Since the 20th century, the change of cultivated land area has experienced three distinct stages of change, showing a process of recovery, decline, and steady evolution in Henan Province. The per capita cultivated land area is characterized by an upward trend, and the per capita cultivated land area is increasing year by year. In general, the intensive use of cultivated land in Henan Province is still not high, but the momentum of a sharp decline in cultivated land is basically controlled. The change of cultivated land area and economic development showed a four-time curve fitting relationship, which indicates that the path dependence of economic development on cultivated land occupation still exists, and cultivated land supports the rapid development of economy.The research results of the relationship between cultivated land change and economic development by using location entropy show that the spatial layout of the urban area is less than 0, and the regularity is not strong.The location where the location entropy is between 0–1 is mainly located in the central part of Henan Province;The cities with location entropy greater than 1 are mainly located in the eastern part of Henan.

Modeling the yield spatial distribution based on the basic production factors under uncertainty conditions in Kamin, Iran

Determining the proper amounts of basic production factors to achieve the acceptable yield is so important to reach the agriculture sustainability. Yield spatial distribution are influenced by factors like water, soil, and economy which themselves are influenced by climate changes that all are under the farmer management effect. The basic production factors were studied in this research, and a method was introduced to show the vague factors’ role in yield. First, some models were prepared to simulate the yield spatial distribution of product based on the basic production factors. Then, the relationship among factors was reevaluated by Anfis method to identify the role of farmer management (as a vague variable). The fuzzy geostatistical (FGS) model was obtained by the combination of Anfis method and geostatistical methods. Results of simulating the relationship between the basic factors of production and yield using geostatistical methods showed that several yield classes are not separable from these factors, while the correlation coefficient between the measured yield values and the values obtained from these models in the calibration steps and the validity of the results were acceptable. The correlation coefficients between the measured and estimated yield values were in the range of 0.48 to 0.84 and in the model validation process of 0.27. The FGS model showed the best correlation coefficient and could zonate yield spatial distribution well.