Basic Cause Research Articles

N6-Methyladenosine-induced miR-143-3p promotes intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating SOX5.

Intervertebral disc degeneration is the basic cause of lumbocrural pain, which not only causes pain and but also serious economic burdens on patients. Increasingly more evidence has shown that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is involved in the pathological process of intervertebral disc degeneration, but the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. This study investigated the potential mechanism and function of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)/miR-143-3p/SOX5 regulatory axis in nucleus pulposus cells under the action of TNF-α. Human nucleus pulposus cells were treated with TNF-α to construct an in vitro model of intervertebral disc degeneration. Flow cytometry, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB) and luciferase assays were used to identify the mechanism of action of miR-143-3p in the course of intervertebral disc degeneration in vitro and the downstream targeted regulatory molecules. The role of miR-143-3p in intervertebral disc degeneration was also validated by in vivo. RT-qPCR, WB, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and flow cytometry were used to verify the regulatory effect of METTL3 on miR-143-3p maturation. RT-qPCR and WB were adopted to detect differences in METTL3, miR-143-3p and SOX5 expression in human nucleus pulposus tissue. miR-143-3p in nucleus pulposus cells was involved in the regulation of extracellular matrix metabolism and apoptosis after TNF-α stimulation, and intervertebral disc degeneration was relieved by effectively regulating miR-143-3p expression. Subsequent experiments showed that the downstream direct target gene of miR-143-3p was SOX5 and that miR-143-3p negatively regulated the expression of SOX5. In addition, METTL3 promoted miR-143-3p maturation, and METTL3 and miR-143-3p were significantly upregulated in degenerative nucleus pulposus, an effect that was significantly negatively correlated with low SOX5 expression. In conclusion, TNF-α upregulates METTL3, METTL3 promotes miR-143-3p maturation, and miR-143-3p inhibits the transcriptional activity of SOX5 through targeted binding, thereby inducing intervertebral disc degeneration. The inhibition of METTL3 or miR-143-3p expression may be an effective way to treat intervertebral disc degeneration.

Asesmen Kode Penyebab Kematian di RSUD Panembehan Senopati Bantul Yogykarta

a complete medical record reflects the quality of good documentation, the complete of diagnosis writing reduces incorrect and inaccurate code and appropriate reporting to support decision makers. this study aims to measure the completeness and accuracy of the death code and the basic cause of death of patients. This study uses a quantitative descriptive design using a completeness checklist instrument. researchers used secondary data from the medical records of patients who died in 2021, the total sample was 199 using the slovin formula. secondary data analyzed with STATA, presented with tabulations and descriptive narratives. the basic cause of the basic cause of death was highest in code J80 at 33 (17%), J12.8 at 21 (11%) and the third being E11.9 . Based on the category of completeness of filling out of the 199 medical records analyzed, there were 37% (75) death forms that were not filled in completely

The “National Political Elites” and the Disintegration of the SFRY, 1970 - 1991

The goal of this paper is research into the role of the "national polititical elites", religious and ethnic identies of the working class in the didintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in 1991. The article is based on the hypothesis that the "national political elites" in Yugoslavia, in conditions marked by the process of the historical collapse of the socialist social-economic system in Eastern Europe, through the manipulation of power, i.e. by means of propaganda of nationalistic ideology, exploited the ethnic and religious identites of the working class in Yugoslavia and converted that political pover through war into economic power by the expropriation of public property. Therefore, relying on the historical method of economics, this paper analyses the process of the founding of the conservative "national political elites" from the League of Communist of Yugoslavia's nomenclature during the process of the elemental and uncontrolled borrowings of various Yugoslavian subjects on the international financial market in the period between 1970 and 1980 and the "debt crisis" during the 1980's. The second hypothesis researched is based on the political economy approsch that the basic cause for the disintegration of the SFRY were economic factors (international and local) and not ethnic conflicts.

International Organizations and Development in Nigeria: A Study of International Monitoring Fund (IMF) and World Bank

This study is an attempt to investigate the responsibilities of international monetary fund (IMF) and World Bank in the development of Nigeria from 2010-2015. The objective of the study is to assess the relationship between the level of implementation of loan conditions and an increase in development loan assistance to Nigeria by World Bank and IMF, to ascertain whether there is a link between Nigeria’s economic growth and development loan assistance to Nigeria by World Bank and IMF and investigate whether there is any significant relationship between Nigeria’s higher ability to service loans and increase in World Bank and IMF credit portfolio to Nigeria within the period under review. The dependency theory was adopted as the theoretical framework of analysis. The research adopted a qualitative design to describe the various tranche of loan and grants by IMF and World Bank. The result of the findings indicates that although IMF and World Bank claimed to be helping Nigeria and other African countries to deal with the issues of underdevelopment and stagnation through their so called policies that necessitate growth and development, it is found out that these policies are the basic cause of the underdevelopment for Nigeria, that instead of improving equality, has done the reverse by widening income inequality, poverty, food insecurity and hence deteriorating the standard of living of the Nigerian people. However, this study recommends that Nigeria must move on, from solely depending upon International Organisations. An emerging industrialising country would need a number of policies to develop the tangible and intangible infrastructure required to build up a competitive industrial sector. These would involve massive investment in providing such tangible infrastructures as roads, ports, efficient telecommunication and postal services, electricity, and water supply. For this reason, the governments should focus on developing one infrastructure at a time and, must be transparent and accountable and desist from foreign dependence for infrastructural capital. Keywords: International Organizations , International Monitoring Fund (IMF) and World Bank DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-14-05 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

Detection of Cerebral Aneurysm in Cerebral Arteries Following Non-Invasive CT Angiogram

Background: Cerebral aneurysm is the basic cause of sub-arachnoid hemorrhage; Computed tomographic angiogram is the non-invasive approach to diagnose aneurysm by reconstructing the image in 3D dimension making it possible to locate the aneurysm and differentiate it from other arteries. Objective: Focus of this study was to investigate the accuracy of CTA to detect the aneurysm, its type, location and size. Material and method: Data of 50 patients was taken retrospectively with cost-benefit approach that undergoes non-invasive CTA through Aquilion 64-slices CT machine under post-processing work station. Results: This retrospective study is taken with 50 patients, with a 38 percent positive predictive value and a 62 percent negative predictive value, multi-slice CT properly revealed substantial aneurysm in 19 of 50 cases. Conclusion: 64-slices CT provides high diagnostic accuracy for detecting the aneurysm in cerebral arteries with a non-invasive angiogram procedure.

Identifikasi Potensi Bahaya dan Analisis Risiko Penyebaran Virus Covid-19 pada Proses Pembelajaran Tatap Muka (PTM) Terbatas di SMK XYZ

<p><strong>The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus has caused most human activities to be hampered, ranging from trade bans and office closures to students who have to do online learning activities. However, over time, the rate of positive coronavirus cases began to decline so that governments in various countries began to open schools and allow limited face-to-face learning processes. This research was carried out as a step to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus in the school environment and was carried out at one of the vocational high schools in Jakarta using Job Safety Analysis (JSA) to identify activities and risks that could potentially cause the spread of the coronavirus in the school environment. Then, the activity with the highest average fuzzy risk level is determined using the fuzzy approach. Activities with very high risk are analyzed for their causes using the domino theory and given recommendations for their control. From the results of this study, it is known that the level of compliance of XYZ Vocational School residents in implementing health protocols, especially when outside the home, is good. It is also known that there are 6 types of activities that are categorized as very high, with 10 direct causes that can cause incidents. Therefore, the most dominant risk control suggestion is administrative steps to minimize the spread of the virus due to weak control, which is the root cause of the basic cause and immediate cause, according to the domino theory sequence.</strong></p><p><strong><strong><em>Keywords </em></strong>- </strong><em>Covid-19, Domino theory, Fis mamdani, FTA, JSA, The Limited face-to-face learning process</em></p>

Design and application of an anti-pull device for medical drainage tube

The management of drainage tube is an important part of nursing work. Patient restraint and tube fixation cannot effectively prevent unplanned extubation (UEX) when the tube is accidentally pulled by violence. The nursing innovation team of Henan Provincial People's Hospital designed a medical drainage tube anti-pull device in order to change the existing technology of preventing drainage tube disconnecting by means of restraint and fixation, and to interfere with the basic cause of drainage tube disconnection, and obtained the national utility model patent (patent number: ZL 2020 2 2843025.1). The design of sleeve and clasp is that when the drainage tube is pulled by accidental violence, the friction fastener clamps the drainage tube mechanically to achieve the purpose of braking the drainage tube and prevent the drainage tube from coming out. Card sleeve ring fracture design can be applied to drainage tubes of different diameters, and the buzzer device at the instant of the snap ring into the card set warning medical staff to the occurrence of risk events, so that the nurse can come in the first place for effective treatment, which is a fuse for surgical drainage tubes and is to timely and effectively prevent UEX.

Problem Pemaknaan Al-Quran Dalam Metode Tafsir Konvensional

Problems with the Meaning of the Al-Quran in Conventional Interpretation MethodsThis article explores the deviations in meaning in the interpretation of the Qur'an resulting from the use of conventional methods of interpretation, and what causes these deviations. This study is a literature review using descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that the interpretation resulting from the use of conventional interpretation methods has causes that make the results of the interpretation of the Koran deviate. There are two categories of causes, namely; underlying causes and specific causes. The basic cause of the deviation occurs because the requirements and standards for interpretation are not fulfilled optimally and consistently. The causes specifically for these deviations are related to the factors of interpretation deviation in the al-ma'tsur, al-ra'yu and al-isyari approaches. Knowledge of the causes of deviations in the meaning of the Qur'an can be a separate part of conventional interpretation methods

A copula-based approach for creating an index of micronutrient intakes at household level in Pakistan

Deficiency of micronutrients is considered as the basic cause of health issues. There are a large number of micronutrients to be considered for good health, which are analyzed separately. However, such analyses involve practical as well as methodological complications and it requires construction of an index representing malnutrition of micronutrients. This study proposes copula methodology to categorize malnutrition of micronutrients at household level by combining the dependence structure of various correlated variables. Data of eleven micronutrients are extracted from HIICS- 2015–16 published by Pakistan -Bureau of Statistics. Seven out of the eleven variables are highly correlated, which are considered to construct the index. These include calcium, iron, iodine, zinc, riboflavin, thiamine and phosphorus intakes per capita at household level. Normal probability distribution is found as the best fit to the sample data of all variables. Gaussian copula function is used to derive multivariate probability distribution by combining univariate marginal probability distribution of each micronutrient. The Multivariate distribution of Gaussian copula model is used to calculate cumulative probabilities, which provide a base to categorize households’ malnutrition w.r.t. micronutrients. The results show that 60% households lie in very low or low category of micronutrient intakes, 20% of households fall into medium category while 20% fall into high or very high category of micronutrient consumption. The proposed methodology might be helpful to combine other micronutrients as well as a variety of correlated variables in many other fields having a survey data

Determinants of Complementary Feeding Practices and Nutritional Status of Children 6 – 23 Months in Pastoralist Communities of Isiolo, Kenya

Optimal complementary feeding practices play a vital role in the nutritional status of young children. In Kenya, significantly higher rates of acute malnutrition have been reported among pastoralist communities, particularly among children aged 6-23months. There is inadequate complementary feeding data on pastoralist communities despite their vulnerability. The objective of the study was to establish the determinants of complementary feeding practices and nutritional status of children 6-23 months among pastoralist communities of Isiolo County, Kenya. A cross-sectional analytical study using two-stage cluster sampling methodology was applied to select a sample of 288 children aged 6-23 months from pastoralist communities. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics of the study population, complementary feeding practices and anthropometric measurements of the children aged 6-23 months was collected and analysed. Overall, the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was 19.1%, 7.3% and 5.2% respectively. A variation in malnutrition prevalence was observed with age of children, with the 18-23month age group showing a higher prevalence of all forms of undernutrition. Male children had significantly higher proportions of underweight and stunting (p ≤ 0.05). Complementary feeding practices were sub-optimal - minimum meal frequency (60.4%), minimum dietary diversity (35.4%) and minimum acceptable diet (25.3%). Child age, child sex, caregiver’s age, and caregiver education level were significant determinants for complementary feeding practices and nutritional status of children 6-23months (p ≤ 0.05). We recommend that community based approaches targeting pastoralist communities should address the basic cause of child malnutrition through nutrition education and women empowerment initiatives.

Effectiveness of Xylitol Chewing Gum in patients with Orthodontic Pain

Background: Pain during active orthodontic treatment is a common experience. Orthodontic treatment involves active and passive stretching and compression of periodontal ligaments as well as of adjacent soft tissues which is the basic cause of pain. Pain is one of the important factors which have impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) because it hinders the proper plaque control by the patient. Aim: To ascertain the efficacy of xylitol chewing gums on the reduction in pain levels during the first week of orthodontic treatment. Methods: This is a case control study in which 60 orthodontic patients were selected and randomly allocated into two groups. 30 patients were in control group and 30 were treated with Xylitol gum. Patients were advised to take xylitol chewing gum 3-5 times per day and not to take any analgesics. 2 weeks follow up is advised with filled Visual Analog Scale form. Results: The average age of patients was 19.93±3.04 years. There were 39(65%) male and 21(35%) female. At 24 hours and at 7 days, the mean pain score was significantly low in Xylitol gum groups as compare to control groups. Conclusion: In present study, Xylitol gum had higher analgesic efficacy than control group. So Xylitol gums can be good replacement for orthodontic pain relief that has an advantage of minimum side effects in contrast to ibuprofen. Keywords: Analgesics, Orthodontic treatment, Pain, Xylitol gum

Factors Affecting CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions in Vietnam

In recent years, the signs and consequences of climate change have become increasingly evident in every continent and country, and are expected to increase in the coming years, posing risks to human health, food security, and global economic development. Therefore, controlling and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the basic cause of climate change, has become a hot issue for all countries, including Vietnam. CO₂ emission is considered one of the main components of greenhouse gases. This paper was conducted to identify factors driving the change in CO₂ emissions in Vietnam based on the extended IPAT model, decomposition method, and OLS regression analysis. The cross-sectional data in the model (including population, GDP per capita, energy intensity, emission intensity) were collected mainly from the World Bank and ourworldindata.org during the period 1986 - 2016. The analysis results show that GDP per capita is the variable that has the most significant influence on the increase in CO₂, followed by energy intensity and population, while emission intensity is the only factor that contributes to the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Based on these results, the study has proposed a number of policy recommendations to control and cut CO₂ emissions in Vietnam, better orienting future decisions to deal with the threat of climate change.

STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF MASSAGE THERAPY AS A THERAPEUTIC ADJUVANT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRESSURE ULCER

Pressure ulcer (PU) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in spine injuries. We now know that pressure is the single most important etiological factor. The compression of soft tissues results in ischemia and if not relieved, will progress to cause necrosis and ulceration; the basic cause is pressure followed by ischemia and necrosis. PU can develop in Traumatic Brain injured, paraplegic and nonparaplegic patients. Patients with spinal cord injury have reported prevalence of 25 – 40%. Management of pressure ulcer is multicentric. This study was conducted on paraplegic patients admitted in the ward with PU to determine the effectiveness of massage therapy in the management of PU as a therapeutic adjuvant to standard treatment protocol. 36 cases of paraplegic inpatients with stage II and III PU were selected, properly randomized and divided into two groups, A & B. The dimensions of ulcer were recorded. Both groups received standard conventional treatment. Group A received, in addition, massage therapy around the ulcer area using commercially available vibrator for ve minutes continuously, two times daily. Group B patients served as controls. Ulcer diameter and area were measured every week and documented. The group which received massage showed better ulcer heali RESULTS: ng. CONCLUSION. Massage therapy is a cost effective method for management of pressure ulcer and can be easily delivered to the patient by a reliable care giver once it is taught to them.

HPV-Induced MiR-21 Promotes Epithelial Mesenchymal Transformation and Tumor Progression in Cervical Cancer Cells through the TGFβ R2/hTERC Pathway.

Cervical cancer (CC) is a common malignant tumor in women. It ranks first among the malignant tumors of woman reproductive organs and is one of the most important cancers in the world. Current studies suggest that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially high-risk persistent infection, is the basic cause of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) plays a role similar to oncogenes in the occurrence and growth of malignant tumors and can be developed as a potential target for treating malignant tumors. Recently, the study of the mechanism of malignant invasion and metastasis has made great progress. The current consensus is that the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors is a complicated biological process with multistep and multigene control; the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be the initial event of invasion and metastasis of epithelial malignant tumors. EMT means that epithelial cells obtain the characteristics of mesenchymal cells, which has main characteristics such as the loss of epithelial cell characteristics and the achievement of mesenchymal cell features, and then induce epithelial cells to acquire the ability of migration and invasion, and participate in many physiological and pathological processes of human body, including embryogenesis, organ differentiation, tissue inflammation, and wound healing. Research has proved that miR-21 is associated with the invasion and metastasis of cervical cancer, and its specific mechanism has not been completely clear; EMT exerts a significant effect on the invasion and metastasis of epithelial malignant tumors; we speculate whether miR-21 regulates the EMT process of cervical cancer cells. ELISA and RT-PCR studied HPV-induced cervical cancer cells, and it was found that HPV may induce miR-21 to pass through the TGF β R2/hTERC pathway which promotes epithelial stromal transformation and tumor progression of cervical cancer cells.

A Bio-Physical Analysis of Extracellular Ion Mobility and Electric Field Stress

The electric field stress applied to the cell in the electric field will cause the biological effects of the cell on electromagnetic field. In this paper, the single-shell spherical cell is equated to dielectric spheres, and a biophysical method is used to solve the boundary value problem, and then Maxwell tensor analysis is used to discuss the electric field stresses affecting the applied electric field applied to the cells. The results of numerical analysis show that the ion mobility decreases nonlinearly with increasing frequency in the lower region of the applied electric field frequency, and increases with increasing equivalent dielectric constant at a certain frequency, and the magnitude of the electric field stress is almost independent of the frequency; as the frequency increases, the ion mobility tends to a minimum value and is almost independent of the equivalent dielectric constant, while the applied electric field frequency and the cell dielectric constant both affect the cell normal and the tangential stresses. Therefore, the frequency applied electric field and cell dielectric constant affect the extracellular ion mobility, electric field stress applied to the cell membrane by the electric field; the extracellular ion mobility caused by the electric field in the low frequency range is more pronounced than that in the high frequency, and electric field stress is the basic cause of cell deformation.

Early physicians' mortality in Espírito Santo: a decade trend.

IntroductionMortality data make it possible to develop indicators to guide the planning of health promotion and prevention actions in order to reduce mortality from preventable causes. However, there are no publications on physicians’ mortality in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.ObjectivesTo describe mortality distribution and potential years of life lost from 2006 to 2015 among physicians who lived in Espírito Santo.MethodsThis is a descriptive study of secondary data from the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The distribution of socio-demographic variables and of basic cause of death was studied by absolute and relative frequencies. Potential years of life lost in each death were considered the years remaining from age at death up to the age limit of 70 years.ResultsThere were 20 deaths of female physicians (14.5%) and 118 (85.5%) of male physicians, with predominance of whites (87.9%) and married (56%) individuals. The main causes of death were neoplasms (39.1%), diseases of the circulatory system (19.6%), and external causes (19.6%). The majority of female and male deaths occurred from 60 to 69 years, but average death was significantly lower among women compared to men (respectively 58.3 and 67.0 years). Potential years of life lost totaled 1,226 years, with a mean of 14.6, which was greater in women (20.4) compared to men (13.4).ConclusionsMortality trends observed in the general population were also present among physicians in Espírito Santo. However, contrary to the general population pattern, average death age was lower in women. Early mortality caused many lost years of life, especially among women.

Energy drinks leading to infertility by causing cytotoxic injury of the ovaries - A randomized controlled animal trial

Aim: To observe energy drink induced ovarian cytotoxicity and possible protective effects of co-administration of omega 3 fatty acids. Methods: The experimental study comprised of 36 adult female albino rats was conducted at anatomy department, PGMI, Lahore. Animals were divided into 3 groups. Group A was control. Groups B received energy drink. Group C received omega 3 along with energy drinks once daily orally for 30 consecutive days. Rats were sacrificed under deep anesthesia on 30th day. Ovaries were extracted and sections were stained with H&E stains. Results were analyzed using SPSS. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Animals administered with energy drink showed marked pyknosis of graafian follicular cells and oocyte nuclei when compared with control and energy dink plus omega 3 treated animals. Vacuolization of the follicular cells was also more pronounced in energy drinks treated group (p <0.001). Ovarian stroma of energy drink treated group showed marked vascular congestion and tissue infiltration as compared to the omega 3 plus energy drink treated groups.. Conclusion: Oxidative stress induced by the energy drinks is the basic cause behind the toxic change seen in ovarian histo-architecture. Omega-3 significantly decreased these detrimental effects of energy drink due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. This study can be a pioneer in guiding the population about the harmful effects of energy drinks on ovarian morphology, leading to cytotoxicity of oocyte and ultimately leading to infertility. Keywords: Energy drinks; Omega-3; Cytotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Carbonated Beverages; Infertility; Caffeine

Thermodynamic analysis of an ecologically restored plant community: Ecological niche

The experimental data were obtained from an ecological restoration project implemented at a metal contaminated site. The basic idea presented in this study is that the conventionally defined chemical potential μi can be used to evaluate the abiotic and biotic effects on a species’ ecological niche. An ecological niche πi defines the suitability of an environment for a given species to live while μi defines the ability of a species to live in a given environment. The deviation of πi from its fundamental niche πi0 due to changes in environment conditions will thus be reflected by the changes in μi. As a growth potential index, μi is a function of the standard chemical potential μi0 and the total number of plant species N. Like πi0, which is an upper limit of πi, μi0 is an upper limit of μi at N = 1, meaning that μi0 is also a factor independent of biotic interactions. Increasing N will reduce μi and thus, the same as πi, μi takes into account the biotic effect. The derived expression of πi as a function of N confirms that both πi and μi belong to the same function family. Both μi0 and πi0 of a species are characteristic limits uniquely determined by the species’ genetic nature while μi and πi of a species are variables subject to both the biotic and abiotic conditions under which the species is living. Either increase in species richness or deterioration in soil conditions will reduce μi and πi. The derived relation μ/(RT) = ln(Nm/N) can be applied to describe the biotic and abiotic effects on average π for species co-existed in a plant community. As an upper limit of ln(N), ln(Nm) can be interpreted as a parameter representing the total availability of a space that can house Nm species. The conventionally applied biodiversity index ln(N) then corresponds to the part of available space inhabited by N co-existed species and ln(Nm/N) stands for the remaining space availability. The terms, ln(Nm) and ln(Nm/N), meet thus, respectively, the concepts of π0 and π. The results obtained from the present study showed that the negative effect of species richness and abundance on μi and πi was the basic cause for the generally observed inverse relationship between population density and body size. Determination of the connection between μi and πi is of high value in regulating the relationship between productivity and biodiversity.

Proteolytic Transformation and Stimulation of SARSCov-2 Spike Protein with Human ACE-2 Receptor

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has a great role in causing respiratory illness in humans and has the most important relationship of its spike proteins with host ACE-2 receptors. After entry into the human body, the viral S protein receptor-binding domain binds to human ACE-2 receptor. Two modes explained in this paper of an ACE-2 shedding. The shedding induces the process of viral entry to host cells by binding SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The residues of arginine and lysine in the ACE-2 receptor from 652 to 659 amino acid cleavage by ADAM17 but in TMPRSS2 the residues can be seen on amino acid from 697 to 716. Corona virus genome shows some structural proteins that are responsible for the cellular entry and facilitate the attachment of a virus to the host cell. Virus recognizes the attachment site and binds with it and enter into the cell. Spike protein is split from the cleavage site along its two subunits S1 and S2 then during this process. S2 subunit release RBD (Receptor- Binding Domain) of S1 mediated to the ACE-2. The RBD of S1 consists of 200 amino acid domains. The unknown protein B6ATI which is a neutral amino acid transporter located in ileum is the basic cause for formation of ACE-2 homodimer. In this way S1 domain provides site for another S2 domain. This leads to concealing of the ACE-2 ectodomain cleavage-sites, shedding. It prevents endocytosis of the receptor blocking a major pathway in the viral entry.

ICE REGIME IMPACT ON THE COASTAL ZONE OF THE AZOV SEA

Azov is freezing sea it means that forecast of the time of the beginning and the end of ice fields formation needs. The ice condition limited of maritime safety. Modern condition of ice regime in the Azov Sea has been considered. The navigation of the Ukrainian ports Berdjansk and Mariupol depends on ice regime, duration and ice cover thickness. For the passage of vessels along the sea approach channels and recommended courses in the winter, the use of icebreakers is required. The demolition of confining buoys by ice fields and their restoration is reflected in the economic opportunities of the ports. Purpose of the article is to establish the characteristic winter periods of the last decade, taking into account the climatic changes for the rational using of the results of the impact on the economic activity of the marine infrastructure and hydrographic services. The specific purpose of this publication is to evaluate the displacement of the means of navigation equipment – buoys in the winter, taking into account meteorological factors. The authors set the following tasks: 1) to identify periods and vectors of buoys; 2) to define wind and ice characteristics in separate periods; 3) to reveal the basic meteorological cause of the movement of the buoys. It is important to note that there are no similar publications concerning this region. It became very actual after the climate change period was marked. The reserach is based on the data of direct and remote observations, the dates of ice formation in the area of seaports of Ukraine (Berdyansk and Mariupol) the characteristics of ice, the end of freezing, the opening and clearing of ice from the water areas of ports and bays and using the information from NAVTEX warning system, the archival materials of the weather site meteo.ua. The features of the physicochemical properties of sea water during ice formation and the general circulation of the waters of the Azov Sea are examined, which is linked with the influence of fresh runoff of Don and Kuban rivers. In the period 2013–2021 the observations were made on the displacement of navigation aids (buoys) during the winter periods from the approach channels of the port of Mariupol and Berdjansk as well as noticed buoys from the Azov-Don Marine Channel (Russian Federation). The characteristic of winter periods and conditions during the last decade are considered taking into account the influence of climatic changes. It is noted that the ice regime of the Sea of Azov is closely related with the sum of average daily air tem peratures over the sea for the season and wind power. According to this criterion, winters are usually divided into three types: severe, moderate and mild. Over the past 30 years, there were only two severe winters in the Azov Sea in 2005–2006 and 2011–2012. During these winters, the Azov Sea was completely ice covered. The influence of the ice regime to the coastal zone was examined, because it is very important for the industrial and economic needs of state building. To maintain the safety of navigation and reduce economic losses, it is necessary to consider the possibility of removing buoys, which are most often displaced by ice drift. Long-term average observations indicate the beginning of ice formation in Mariupol on December 14, and in Berdyansk on December 20. The Taganrog Bay and the ice accumulation areas are cleared of ice most recently – March 20–28. Under modern climatic changes (increasing the frequency of mild winters, actual costs for the operation of ships, hydrographic, icebreakers, etc.) are expected to be an order of magnitude lower than standard indicators.