Basic Categories Research Articles

Exploring the Reactions of Bottom of The Pyramid Consumers when Protecting Consumer Rights

Supposedly the popular belief that customers actively participate in market activity is not always the case. This is primarily due to marketers' poor consideration of consumer rights protection and a lack of awareness about the issue among both marketers and consumers. This is especially evident in developing-country markets like Sri Lanka, where certain consumer segments, such as those at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP), face limited consumption opportunities, making them vulnerable. As a result, the goal of this study is to investigate BOP customers' attempts to act against violations of consumer rights in an environment defined by constrained spending patterns. In-depth interviews were conducted with twenty participants from vulnerable populations in Sri Lanka's southern province. The participants were chosen using a non-probabilistic snowball sampling method, and the data was analyzed thematically. According to the study, there are two basic categories of attempts exhibited by the Bop population when acting against the violation of consumer rights. The expressive approach and the silent approach are the two approaches. Under each approach, sub-themes were identified. Although a consumer protection mechanism exists, it does not always provide adequate protection to consumers in the BOP sectors, adding to greater vulnerability and disparities in the marketplace. Keywords: BOP consumers, Consumer rights, Vulnerability

Is attention necessary for the representational advantage of good exemplars over bad exemplars?

Real-world (rw-) statistical regularities, or expectations about the visual world learned over a lifetime, have been found to be associated with scene perception efficiency. For example, good (i.e., highly representative) exemplars of basic scene categories, one example of an rw-statistical regularity, are detected more readily than bad exemplars of the category. Similarly, good exemplars achieve higher multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) classification accuracy than bad exemplars in scene-responsive regions of interest, particularly in the parahippocampal place area (PPA). However, it is unclear whether the good exemplar advantages observed depend on or are even confounded by selective attention. Here, we ask whether the observed neural advantage of the good scene exemplars requires full attention. We used a dual-task paradigm to manipulate attention and exemplar representativeness while recording neural responses with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Both univariate analysis and MVPA were adopted to examine the effect of representativeness. In the attend-to-scenes condition, our results replicated an earlier study showing that good exemplars evoke less activity but a clearer category representation than bad exemplars. Importantly, similar advantages of the good exemplars were also observed when participants were distracted by a serial visual search task demanding a high attention load. In addition, cross-decoding between attended and distracted representations revealed that attention resulted in a quantitative (increased activation) rather than qualitative (altered activity patterns) improvement of the category representation, particularly for good exemplars. We, therefore, conclude that the effect of category representativeness on neural representations does not require full attention.

НОВАЯ СТРАНИЦА В УЧЕБНИКЕ «ИСТОРИИ МЕДИЦИНЫ»: «ДОЛГ» И «ГЕРОИЗМ», КАК ДОМИНАНТНЫЕ ЭТИЧЕСКИЕ КАТЕГОРИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ГЕРОИЗМА РОССИЙСКИХ ВРАЧЕЙ В ЗОНЕ СВО НА УКРАИНЕ)

In education, the task is to create new, relevant textbooks on National history this also applies to textbooks on the "History of Medicine" and "Bioethics". The importance of the basic ethical categories (duty, responsibility, honor, justice, humanism, mercy, compassion) in medical deontology remains important, especially the question of the real implementation of these principles in the daily work of a doctor. The problem has become especially relevant in connection with the implementation of the SVO in Ukraine. Here the ethical categories of "duty" and "heroism" find an organic synthesis. The purpose of the study: To consider the deontological concepts of "duty" and "heroism" in the socio-historical aspect on the examples of the actions of Russian doctors in the SVO zone in Ukraine. New: In this work, for the first time in a scientific article, the principles of "medical duty" and "heroism of doctors" are analyzed based on the specifics of the SVO (Special Military Operation) in Ukraine, the study is based on media materials (TV, Internet, Russian newspapers). Thus, materials are offered for the creation of a new textbook on the "History of Medicine". The research methods used in writing the article: the principle of historicism allows us to consider events in development; - dialectics is a kind of discourse in understanding human behavior in an extreme situation; - hermeneutic analysis, consideration of categories in the context of events; sociological method – the study analyzes modern media. The current socio-political situation has contributed to the manifestation of the best qualities of the doctor's personality in special conditions. So, the biography of an ordinary person-a doctor, in fact, becomes a history textbook! The events in the SVO zone in Ukraine are a new page in National history, including in the history of medicine.

Detecting Spam E-mails with Content and Weight-based Binomial Logistic Model

Spam e-mails are continuously increasing and are a serious threats to a network and its users. Several efficient methods are available regarding this context, but still, it is evolving randomly. Considering this, the proposed approach addresses the problem of spam detection by combining traditional content-matching criteria with the modified version of the binomial logistic algorithm. The work generates seven categories for content-matching, which begins from three basic categories, namely: special words, adult content, and specific symbols and digits. The remaining four categories are derived from various possible combinations of these basic categories. The words selected for each category are carefully curated based on the human psychology of action and reaction. Then, a weight is assigned to each of the categories to signify their importance and a threshold criterion is deployed before implementing the binomial logistic algorithm, which not only increases the efficiency of the proposed algorithm but also reduces the rate of misclassification. The proposed model is tested on six separate datasets of Enron Spam Corpus, where 98.31% and 92.575% are the maximum and minimum accuracies achieved, respectively, in spam e-mail classification. The AUC_ROC scores for the entire Spam Corpus range between 0.927 and 0.983. A comparison is also carried out between the proposed algorithm and the other methods of spam detection that have logistic regression. Finally, the suggested method can adequately handle a large sample size without compromising the efficacy, which is measured using accuracy, precision, recall, F-measure, and AUC_ROC score.

Advances in Microneedle-Based Approaches for Skin Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Applications and Future Perspectives

Background: Psoriasis is a persistent skin condition for which only symptom management is currently available. Topical and systemic medicines, physical therapy, and other methods are all part of the standard treatment strategy. New medication delivery methods for psoriasis are urgently needed because of the present methods' shortcomings. Objective: The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive description of microneedles as well as their development in the treatment of psoriasis and the clinical challenges associated with them. Discussion: The microneedle (MNs) technology is better than other transdermal delivery methods because it has so many benefits, including low invasiveness, painlessness, simplicity, and enhanced patient compliance. Coated microneedles, hollow microneedles, dissolving microneedles, and solid microneedles are the four basic categories into which researchers have so far sorted the fast-expanding area of microneedles. Each of these kinds of microneedles offers its own unique advantages due to their unique properties and layout. Conclusion: MNs may significantly improve transdermal medication penetration by mechanically opening skin micropores. Meanwhile, this method demonstrates distinct benefits over injection and oral delivery, such as painless application, the least amount of intrusion, the simplicity of self-administration, and avoiding the first-pass impact.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and its contribution to the development of Humanitarian Diplomacy

This article deals with the role of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in the development of humanitarian diplomacy. As one of the largest humanitarian organizations in the world, the IFRC plays a key role in coordinating and providing assistance in emergencies, as well as in strengthening international cooperation and advocacy. The article analyses the main areas of IFRC activities, including its efforts to provide humanitarian assistance in areas of armed conflict, natural disasters and other crisis situations. The mechanisms of the Federation's interaction with state structures, international organizations and non-governmental actors are considered, and their effectiveness is assessed. Special attention is paid to such aspects as resource mobilization, development and implementation of emergency preparedness programs, and support and protection of vulnerable groups. The author provides a detailed analysis of key initiatives and programs implemented by the IFRC, such as the “More Than Aid” strategy, the “Time for Humanitarian Action” initiative and climate change programs. The article uses general scientific methods and the method of situation analysis, which made it possible to determine the scope of scientific research and clarify the basic concepts and categories associated with the formation and development of the phenomenon of humanitarian diplomacy. In the process of preparing the article, such general scientific methods of cognition as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, comparison, analogy, abstraction and generalization were used. A comprehensive and systematic study of the topic of the article is missing in the science of international relations. The article concludes on the relevance of the IFRC's activities for the development of humanitarian diplomacy and gives recommendations for strengthening its role in the future. The author proposes strategic directions to improve the IFRC's engagement with various actors in the international arena and to coordinate humanitarian efforts better globally.

Interaction between a Human and an AGV System in a Shared Workspace—A Literature Review Identifying Research Areas

Background: This article presents the results of a literature review from 2018 to 2023, which focused on research related to human and AGV system cooperation in a shared workspace. This study defines AGV systems as systems using Automated Guided Vehicles or Autonomous Guided Vehicles. An Automated Guided Vehicle is a cart that follows a guided path, while an Autonomous Guided Vehicle is an Automated Guided Vehicle that is autonomously controlled. The analyses conducted answered two research questions: (RQ1) In what aspects are the human factor examined in publications on the implementation and operation of AGV systems? (RQ2) Has the human-AGV collaboration aspect been analyzed in the context of a sustainable work environment? Methods: The literature review was conducted following the systematic literature review method, using the PRISMA approach. Results: Based on the search of two journal databases, according to the indicated keywords, 1219 documents pertaining to the analyzed issues were identified. The selection and elimination of documents that did not meet the defined criteria made it possible to limit the number of publications to 117 articles and proceedings papers. On this basis, the authors defined a classification framework comprising five basic research categories and nine subcategories. The analyzed documents were classified, and each distinguished group was characterized by describing the results. Conclusions: The development of a two-level classification framework for research from the analyzed area according to the assumptions of the concept map and the identification of research gaps in the area of human-AGV interaction.

К вопросу определения патриотизма как правовой категории

In order to review patriotism as a basic legal category on the fundamental scientific level, one needs to generalize the available research in this sphere, analyze the tendencies attributable to such research and prove the expediency of singling out such legal category as patriotism.A complex scientific analysis of the concept under consideration requires determination of the area of the theoretical legal study that will give an opportunity to bring the indicated legal phenomenon to light and determine its essence and place in the legal matter. Initially, it is suggested to focus on the study of setting of this scientific problem in history of the philosophical, political and legal thought. To do that, let’s review in detail the history of the development of state and law doctrines including scientific thoughts on law and patriotism and the interrelation between them.

N-gram Language Model for Chinese Function-word-centered Patterns

N-gram language modelling, a proven and effective method in NLP, is widely used to calculate the probability of a sentence in natural language. Language pattern is a linguistic level between word/character and sentence, which exists in pattern grammar. In this research, the approach of language model and language pattern are combined for the first time, and language patterns are studied by use of the N-gram model. Chinese function-word-centered patterns are extracted from the LCMC corpus, and aligned into pattern chains. The language model is trained from these chains to investigate the properties and distribution of Chinese function words, the interaction of content words and function words, and the interaction between patterns. The results indicate that there are approximately 10,000 function-word-centered patterns in the texts, which are distributed exponentially. This research summarizes the most common function-word-centered patterns and content-word-centered patterns, and discusses the interactions of patterns based on corpus data. The bigram language model of these patterns reflects the restrictions of function words. In addition, the research adopts an innovative method to visualize the interactions between patterns. This research fills the research gap between word/character and sentence and reveals basic Chinese pattern categories and the interactions between patterns, which makes a significant contribution to Chinese linguistic research, and improves the efficiency of NLP.

Multiscale Human Activity Recognition and Anticipation Network.

Deep convolutional neural networks have been leveraged to achieve huge improvements in video understanding and human activity recognition performance in the past decade. However, most existing methods focus on activities that have similar time scales, leaving the task of action recognition on multiscale human behaviors less explored. In this study, a two-stream multiscale human activity recognition and anticipation (MS-HARA) network is proposed, which is jointly optimized using a multitask learning method. The MS-HARA network fuses the two streams of the network using an efficient temporal-channel attention (TCA)-based fusion approach to improve the model's representational ability for both temporal and spatial features. We investigate the multiscale human activities from two basic categories, namely, midterm activities and long-term activities. The network is designed to function as part of a real-time processing framework to support interaction and mutual understanding between humans and intelligent machines. It achieves state-of-the-art results on several datasets for different tasks and different application domains. The midterm and long-term action recognition and anticipation performance, as well as the network fusion, are extensively tested to show the efficiency of the proposed network. The results show that the MS-HARA network can easily be extended to different application domains.

Объекты семейного досуга как драйвер развития города

The study examines the issue of developing family leisure facilities within the context of urban space management. The relevance of this problem lies in research indicating that families engaged in family leisure activities tend to be stronger, psychologically healthier, and more inclined towards traditional values, which is crucial for overcoming negative demographic trends. The digital era has significantly altered the functions of the family institution, increasing atomization within families due to the development of entertainment technologies and reduced necessity for joint activities compared to earlier times. Therefore, enhancing the role of the family in society is possible only through family institution development, which is unattainable without shared leisure time, i.e., family leisure activities. The study categorizes family leisure facilities by types and basic categories such as physical and spiritual activities, and examines the decision-making process within families regarding shared leisure activities. This process identifies opportunities for state support of decisions favoring family leisure activities and presents a range of measures to enhance the popularity of such activities. In the context of urban development management, the study explores expanding support measures for starting business in the family leisure industry. One of the most effective measures could involve methodological support across various categories of family leisure facilities, significantly lowering entry barriers in this industry. The article also discusses demographic, social, economic and healthcare benefits for municipal authorities related to developing family leisure facilities within their territories. Popularizing family leisure activities acts as a driver for improving urban spaces and enhancing the quality of life for the population.

Интеллект в психологии: от "исчезновения" к коммуникации и интеграции знания

The article examines a set of phenomenological, theoretical, methodological and historical-psychological problems in the study of intelligence. It is shown that modern psychological research discusses the problem of phenomenological independence of the intellect as a part of mental reality; an incredible variety of conceptual and theoretical constructions have been proposed regarding the nature of intelligence, its connection with other mental phenomena; at the methodological level, the problem is solved in the form of improving psychodiagnostic procedures for measuring intelligence, its integration into the wider space of mental reality. It is argued that despite the variety of studies on the problem of intelligence, a full history of its development in psychology has not yet been written. Summarizing the characteristics of the problems of studying intelligence, the authors argue that the natural integration of research leads to the “dissolution” of the independent phenomenology of intelligence in the space of other phenomena and phenomena of psychology, which actually leads to the “disappearance” of the phenomenon of intelligence from the subject field of psychology. The authors propose to use, in solving the set of identified problems, a targeted integration of knowledge about intelligence, which is based on communicative methodology and a model of the relationship between theory and method in psychology. Communicative methodology allows us to correlate psychological concepts of intelligence and, on this basis, integrate psychological knowledge about it. It is proposed to correlate concepts using the components of pre-theory as a set of initial ideas that precede empirical study and guide the research. Such components are a modeling representation, an idea of a method, a basic category, and an organizing scheme. The productivity of communicative methodology is shown by the example of correlating the concepts of intelligence developed by R.B. Cattell, J. Piaget, V.D. Shadrikov, M.A. Kholodnoy, D.V. Ushakov. It is argued that the proposed concepts are fundamentally correlated with each other in terms of the components of the pre-theory; significant differences in concepts are set at the stage of defining the research problem and modeling ideas about intelligence; concepts do not compete with each other to be the “best” theory of intelligence; concepts reveal different aspects of the phenomenon of intelligence as a complex mental formation. Thus, the article does not solve the problem of intelligence in psychology, but shows a methodological way of integrating psychological knowledge about it.

The Two Kinds of Gongcheng (Engineering) in Chinese: Both on the Basic Categories, Characteristics and Framework of Philosophy of Gongcheng

The Two Kinds of Gongcheng (Engineering) in Chinese: Both on the Basic Categories, Characteristics and Framework of Philosophy of Gongcheng

ՀՊՏՀ ուսանողների բավարարվածության գնահատում / Assessment of student satisfaction of ASUE

In the current market saturation, studying the factors affecting consumer behavior and evaluating their impact has become imperative for any manufacturer. The key to success lies in greater awareness of consumers' psychographic characteristics, opinions, attitudes, inner world, aspirations, perceptions and satisfaction. The field of educational services is no exception. The quality of the educational process is directly related to the students' motivation, which is formed as a result of their satisfaction. In particular, in universities, it is necessary to conduct research among students to identify the factors affecting their satisfaction, evaluate these factors, and develop strategies to increase satisfaction. The paper is dedicated to studying and evaluating the factors affecting the satisfaction of undergraduate students at ASUE. Information about factors characterizing almost all aspects of the university life of students in all majors and faculties of the university was collected and analyzed. Using the method of factor analysis , these factors were grouped into three basic categories. The value of each category was clarified by course and faculty. In the paper, with the help of the Net Promoter Score method, student satisfaction was investigated The NPS index was calculated, and measures aimed at increasing student satisfaction were proposed.

“Pedagogical Communication in Modular Distance Learning Modality for Primary Graders”

The study investigated the significance of pedagogical communication to find out if there is a difference between traditional face-to-face instruction and modular instruction, to discover the flow of pedagogical communication in modular instruction, to identify the needs and challenges that occurred in the pedagogical communication of today’s modular instruction, and to discern the pros and cons of modular instruction. The study employed Tsui’s (1994) IRF (Initiation-Response-Follow-up) Taxonomy and Burroughs’ (2007) Typology of Actual Compliance-Resistance Strategies and Messages as the bases for the detailed categorization of the learners’ responses. Qualitative content analysis was utilized to treat the gathered data generated from the pedagogical communication content of the Grade 2 Grade 3 modules, specifically the entire lessons found in Quarter 1 Module 1 of English subject only per grade level. It encompasses three major phases: preparation, organization, and reporting of the results. Based on the summary of findings, it was found out that all Tsui’s IRF head acts were present. Still, there were some sub-categories that were not present, and so with the sub-categories on Burroughs’ Typology of Actual Compliance-Resistance Strategies and Messages. Indeed, the pedagogical communication present in the Modular Distance Learning modality must be maintained and improved for the continuous development of the teaching-learning process and lived experiences among teachers, learners, parents, guardians, stakeholders, and other concerned individuals, with a focus on learner-centeredness and learner agency.

ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ ПРЕДМЕТНОЙ ОБЛАСТИ КОНТРОЛЛИНГА В СЕКТОРЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The subjects of controlling are defined, the provisions of the regulatory legal framework regarding the functions and powers of controlling subjects in the public administration sector are systematized. The subject area of controlling in the public administration sector includes a detailed analysis of the basic economic categories (such as needs, resources, and economic benefits). When implementing controlling practices, it is important to evaluate the efficiency of organizations within the public administration sector, with a focus on key processes that directly impact the attainment of strategic planning objectives.

Archetypes, plots, and images of old Ukrainian mythology in the lyrics of Yurii Darahan

The relevance of the study is due to the need for a detailed analysis of mythologemes in Yurii Darahan’s work for a sufficiently deep reading of his texts. The subject of the study is the archetypes, plots, and images of Ukrainian mythology in his lyrics. The study aims to find out the conceptual and aesthetic significance of Ukrainian mythological plots and images in Darahan’s artistic picture of the world. Using the methods of mythocritical (archetypal) and intertextual analysis, autobiographical and descriptive methods the author examines all of Yurii Darahan’s published poetry, including the collection Sahaidak (“Quiver”, 1925), and texts outside the collection published in periodicals. Thus, mythologemes — the smallest semantic units of the text that refer to the old Ukrainian mythology — were distinguished, and their influence on the essence of the author’s poetic texts and their role in his artistic picture of the world was revealed. As a result of the study, the following archetypes, plots, and images of old Ukrainian mythology in Darahan’s poetry were identified: the sophisticated and deep archetype of the Great Mother, the productive and inspiring archetype of the Defender (the image of an ideal person), a wide range of solar images, images of mediators, the concept of the Genus, motifs of synergy of the elements and sacrifice, as well as images of old Ukrainian gods. Ukrainian mythology enables him to reveal his vision of the world, reflect on basic ontological categories, and form the basis of his artistic picture of the world; through its distinctive archetypes, images, and plots, he seeks to actualize national memory, identity, and the collective unconscious. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it allows us to deepen the interpretation of Yurii Darahan’s texts and to develop the mythocritical (archetypal) method of text analysis through the prism of national mythology, which is relevant for the study of the Prague School poets and the literary process of the 20th–21st centuries.

Comparison of Curricula of BS Medical Imaging in UAE and Selected Countries

Background Medical imaging techniques are employed to reveal internal structures that exist beneath the skin and bones to detect anomalies and aid in the treatment of illnesses. The purpose of this work was to present and compare existing curricula of the Bachelor of Science BS Medical Imaging program in the UAE and other selected countries namely KSA India USA Australia Sudan Jordan Kuwait Qatar and Bahrain.Methods We employed the document analysis technique and mixed method qualitative and quantitative approach. The information on each of the bachelor program offered at the studied universities was obtained from the respective university websites.Results The comparison of the curricula in UAE and the selected countries showed that the range of total credit hours among the studied universities was 120 -160 credit hours while the duration of program in the all the universities was four years. The internship duration varied from 18 credit hours to one year. Among the basic medical courses Anatomy and Physiology courses were common in the curricula of the studied universities. The Queensland University did not offer any course from the basic science category. Alrazi University showed the highest similarity to the UAE universities in major courses while the Queensland University showed the highest variation in major courses. Certain universities offered unique courses that were not included in the curricula of other universities. Conclusion Among all the studied universities Alrazi University showed the highest similarity to the UAE universities in major courses while the Queensland University showed the highest variation.

Georgy Kryzhitsky as Co-founder and Theorist of the FEKS (on the Centenary of the Creative Association)

The article raises the question of the role of George Kryzhitsky in the formation of the theoretical platform and the creation of the theater workshop of FEKS (“Factory of the Eccentric Actor”). For the first time in scientific practice, a comparative analysis of Kryzhitsky’s publications of 1921–1922 is undertaken: “The Theater of the Spirit of the Flesh”, “Philosophical Farce”, “Philosophical Farce. Theater on the contrary”, “Excitement” in the collection “Eccentricity — as a single corpus of theoretical texts. The basic aesthetic categories based on the principles of ancient philosophy and theater, and the dynamics of his concept of a new theater are revealed; the significance of the theoretical constructions of Kryzhitsky in the formation of the ideological and artistic principles of the eccentric theater, stated in the “Manifesto of the Eccentric Theater” (1921) and in the collection “Eccentricity” (1922). Based on the analysis of texts and historical and biographical information, the hypothesis of the influence of Kryzhitsky as the “only adult” of the FEKS on the creative worldview of his young associates (G. Kozintsev, L. Trauberg, S. Yutkevich) in the southern period of their acquaintance (1918–1920), as well as about the key role of Kryzhitsky in the Petrograd process of formation of the creative collective in late 1921 — early 1922. The split of the original core of the FEKS and further history of the relationship between Kryzhitsky and Kozintsev, Trauberg and Yutkevich, who pursued movie making, are also considered through the prism of theory — as a result of the revealed differences in the assessment of the communicative side of the creative process. The article claims that Kryzhitsky remained faithful to a “live” stage performance with a real audience, which embodies a “unified sense of theater”, and his former associates chose a virtual screen action for self-expression, that is a fundamentally different medium.

Sonic Bouquet: Decoding Cross-Modal Correspondences Between Timbre and Scent

The examination of cross-modal correspondences between auditory and olfactory senses opens up an intriguing perspective into the study of extra-musical meaning. In a behavioral experiment, musically trained participants were presented with 26 complex synthetic tones and 12 aromatic stimuli. Their task was to report potential associations between the two. The data analysis revealed that the majority of scents featured at least one association with a sound that was above chance. The salient acoustical correlates of basic aromatic categories could be summarized as follows: both fruity (e.g., cherry, melon, and pomegranate) and sour aromas exhibited a positive correlation with pitch. Fruity scents, in addition, were more likely to be associated with sounds featuring pronounced low harmonic partials (1st–4th), low noise content, low roughness, and a greater number of distinct pitches. Conversely, sour aromas were linked with stronger energy in the higher frequencies. Sweet scents correlated with sounds characterized by a lower spectral centroid, whereas aromas in the spicy/other category were associated with weak lower partials (fundamental frequency in particular) and stronger noisy components.