Basic Blue Research Articles

MIL-Ti metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanomaterials as superior adsorbents: Synthesis and ultrasound-aided dye adsorption from multicomponent wastewater systems

Herein, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (BDC) and 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (NH2-BDC) as organic linkers and tetraisopropyl orthotitanate as a metal source were used to synthesize several metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanomaterials. Five Materials Institut Lavoisiers (MILs) as MOFs include MIL-125(Ti), NH2-MIL-125(Ti) and three MILs with different organic linkers molar ratios (BDC/NH2-BDC: 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 denoted as MIL-X1, MIL-X2 and MIL-X3, respectively). The synthesized nanomaterials were used for ultrasound-aided adsorption of cationic dyes (Basic Red 46 (BR46), Basic Blue 41 (BB41) and Methylene Blue (MB)) from single and multicomponent (binary) systems. The BET, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, TGA and zeta potential were used for characterizing the MILs. Dye removal followed pseudo-second order kinetics with constant rate of 0.20833, 0.00481 and 0.00051 mg/g min for BR46, BB41 and MB, respectively. In addition dye adsorption obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model and the experimental dye adsorption capacity for BR46, BB41 and MB was 1296, 1257 and 862 mg/g, respectively. The synthesized MIL showed high reusability and stability over three cycles. The adsorption thermodynamics data presented that dye removal was a spontaneous, endothermic and physical reaction. The free Gibbs energy for dye removal by the NH2-MIL-125(Ti) at 308K was −19.424, −15.721 and −17.413 kJ/mol for BR46, BB41 and MB, respectively.

Metal-organic framework (MIL-100 (Fe)): Synthesis, detailed photocatalytic dye degradation ability in colored textile wastewater and recycling

In this paper, three metal-organic frameworks (Materials of Institut Lavoisier: MILs-100 (Fe)) as porous nanomaterials were synthesized using FeCl3, Fe(NO3)3 and Fe2(SO4)3 and denoted as MIL-100-1, MIL-100-2 and MIL-100-3, respectively. The synthesized MILs-100 (Fe) were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, UV–vis DRS and zeta potential. Basic Blue 41 (BB41) was used as a model dye to study the photocatalytic dye degradation ability of the synthesized metal organic frameworks. The results showed that the synthesized nanomaterials decolorized BB41. The decolorization kinetics followed first-order kinetic model. The rate constant was 0.0034, 0.0041, 0.0091 and 0.0289 (1/min) for 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 g of photocatalyst. The data indicated that MIL-100-1 had higher photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity of MIL-100 did not decrease significantly for three cycles. It can be concluded that the synthesized MILs-100 (Fe) could be used as alternative catalysts for photocatalytic decolorization of colored wastewater.

Efficient removal of cationic dyes from colored wastewaters by dithiocarbamate-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets: From synthesis to detailed kinetics studies

Abstract In this work, dithiocarbamate-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-DTC) has been synthesized and applied in removal of cationic dyes; Basic Blue 41 (BB41) and Basic Red 46 (BR46). Morphology and chemical structure of the prepared GO-DTC were studied by SEM and FTIR analyses. Dye removal from wastewater solutions with variable concentration of dyes, pH, and GO-DTC dosage was evaluated. The experiments suggested a pseudo-second order kinetic model for dye adsorption onto GO-DTC, while dye adsorption isotherm data were found to fit Langmuir model. The adsorption efficiency of synthesized GO-DTC towards BB41 and BR46 was calculated to be 128.5 and 111 mg/g, respectively.

Novel development of nanocrystalline kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film with high photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) represents a promising p-type direct band gap semiconductor with large absorption coefficient in the visible region of solar light. In the present study, a kesterite CZTS nanocrystalline film, with high purity, was successfully synthesized via the combination of successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) and chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The morphology and structural properties of the CZTS films were characterized by FE-SEM microscopy, porosimetry in terms of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The as-prepared films under mild heat treatment at 250 °C in the presence of sulfur atmosphere exhibited fine nanostructure with 35 nm average particle size, high specific surface area of 53 m2/g and 9 nm pore diameter. The photocatalytic activity of the films was examined to the degradation of Basic Blue 41 (BB-41) and Acid Orange 8 (AO-8) organic azo dyes under visible light irradiation, demonstrating 97.5% and 70% discoloration for BB-41 and AO-8 respectively. Reusability of the CZTS films was also tested proving good stability over several repetitions. The reduction of photocatalyst's efficiency after three successive repetitions didn't exceed 5.6% and 8.5% for BB-41 and AO-8 respectively.

Active MgO-SiO2 hybrid material for organic dye removal: A mechanism and interaction study of the adsorption of C.I. Acid Blue 29 and C.I. Basic Blue 9

A comparative analysis was performed concerning the removal of two different organic dyes from model aqueous solution using an inorganic oxide adsorbent. The key element of the study concerns evaluation of the influence of the dyes’ structure and their acid-base character on the efficiency of the adsorption process. The selection of sorbent material for this research – an MgO-SiO2 oxide system synthesized via a modified sol-gel route – is also not without significance. The relatively high porous structure parameters of this material (ABET = 642 m2/g, Vp = 1.11 mL and Sp = 9.8 nm) are a result of the proposed methodology for its synthesis. Both organic dyes (C.I. Acid Blue 29 and C.I. Basic Blue 9) were subjected to typical batch adsorption tests, including investigation of such process parameters as time, initial adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature. An attempt was also made to estimate the sorption capacity of the oxide material with respect to the analyzed organic dyes. To achieve the objectives of the research – determine the efficiency of adsorption – it was important to perform a thorough physicochemical analysis of the adsorbents (e.g. FTIR, elemental analysis and porous structure parameters). The results confirmed the significantly higher affinity of the basic dye to the oxide adsorbents compared with the acidic dye. The regeneration tests, which indirectly determine the nature of the adsorbent/adsorbate interactions, provide further evidence for this finding. On this basis, a probable mechanism of dyes adsorption on the MgO-SiO2 oxide adsorbent was proposed.

Synthesis of nanoparticle and modelling of its photocatalytic dye degradation ability from colored wastewater

The photocatalytic dye degradation ability of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle was evaluated using Basic Blue 41 (BB41) and Basic Red 46 (BR46). The characteristics of Nanoparticle were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimization of photocatalytic degradation of dyes was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA). Catalyst dosage (0- 0.02g), pH (2.1- 8.5), dye concentration (20- 50ppm) and reaction time (0–180min) were the independent variables that have the significant impact on the dye degradation. Under the optimum conditions the photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of BB41 and BR46 based on RSM were 72.56% and 67.89% respectively, whereas the optimum dye degradation according to GA were 72.36% for BB41 and 68.34% for BR46. The predicted values using RSM and GA are close to the experimental values.

The effect of silver salts and lignosulfonates in the synthesis of lignosulfonate-stabilized silver nanoparticles

Water-soluble lignin derivatives – technical lignosulfonates (LS) – were used as reducing and stabilizing agents for a simple synthesis of silver nanoparticles (LS-AgNPs) in aqueous solution at room temperature during the reaction with silver salt. Three salts were used as the metal precursor: AgClO4, AgBF4 and CH3C6H4SO3Ag. The obtained silver colloids were analyzed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, particle size distribution (NIBS method), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both the origin of the biomacromolecule and the type of silver salt contribute to the final size and shape of the LS-AgNPs. Therefore the selection of different reagents can be used to control the AgNPs size. As a possible application, the obtained silver particles were studied for their catalytic activity in the reduction of three dyes – C.I. Basic Blue 9 (methylene blue), C.I. Basic Violet 10 (rhodamine B) and C.I. Basic Orange 14 (acridine orange) – by sodium borohydride.

Immobilization of Titanium(IV) Oxide onto 3D Spongin Scaffolds of Marine Sponge Origin According to Extreme Biomimetics Principles for Removal of C.I. Basic Blue 9.

The aim of extreme biomimetics is to design a bridge between extreme biomineralization and bioinspired materials chemistry, where the basic principle is to exploit chemically and thermally stable, renewable biopolymers for the development of the next generation of biologically inspired advanced and functional composite materials. This study reports for the first time the use of proteinaceous spongin-based scaffolds isolated from marine demosponge Hippospongia communis as a three-dimensional (3D) template for the hydrothermal deposition of crystalline titanium dioxide. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assisted with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping, low temperature nitrogen sorption, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy are used as characterization techniques. It was found that, after hydrothermal treatment crystalline titania in anatase form is obtained, which forms a coating around spongin microfibers through interaction with negatively charged functional groups of the structural protein as well as via hydrogen bonding. The material was tested as a potential heterogeneous photocatalyst for removal of C.I. Basic Blue 9 dye under UV irradiation. The obtained 3D composite material shows a high efficiency of dye removal through both adsorption and photocatalysis.

Pilot plant fluidized‐bed reactor for degradation of basic blue 3 in heterogeneous fenton process in the presence of natural magnetite

Degradation of basic blue 3 (BB3) was studied in a pilot scale fluidized‐bed reactor (FBR) utilizing natural magnetite (NM) nanostructures for heterogeneous Fenton process. The morphology, structure, and specific surface area of NM nanostructure were determined employing scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) methods, respectively. High mass transfer coefficients, continuous operating condition and high reaction rates due to suitable and sufficient contact of phases, can be noted as significant advantages of FBR. Influences of factors, which affect performance of fluidized‐bed heterogeneous Fenton process (NM/H2O2), for instances initial concentration of contaminant and H2O2, initial pH of solution and dosage of catalyst were investigated. At the desired operational condition, pH 5, 4 mM of H2O2, and 2.27 g/L of NM after 190 min, the degradation percentage of 84%. Excess amounts of catalyst dosage and hydrogen peroxide tend to scavenge hydroxyl radicals by H2O2 molecules. Whereas low initial concentration of the dye and low initial solution pH, enhanced the BB3 degradation. Reusability of NM through five successive experiments, demonstrated the acceptable proficiency of NM as catalyst for oxidative BB3 degradation. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1039–1048, 2017

Evaluation of the photocatalytic ability of a sol-gel-derived MgO-ZrO2 oxide material

AbstractThis paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of a novel group of potential photocatalysts, based on sol-gel-derived MgO-ZrO2oxide material. The material was synthesized in a typical sol-gel system using organic precursors of magnesia and zirconia, ammonia as a promoter of hydrolysis and methanol as a solvent. All materials were thoroughly analyzed, including morphology and particle sizes, chemical composition, identification of characteristic functional groups, porous structure parameters and crystalline structure. The proposed methodology of synthesis resulted in obtaining pure MgO-ZrO2oxide material with micrometric-sized particles and a relatively high surface area. The samples underwent an additional calcination process which led to the crystalline phase of zirconia being formed. The key element of the study was the evaluation of the effectiveness of decomposition of C.I. Basic Blue 9 dye. It was shown that the calcined materials exhibit both satisfactory adsorption and photocatalytic activity with respect to the decomposition of a selected model organic impurity. Total dye removal varied in the range of 50-70%, and was strongly dependent on process parameters such as quantity of photocatalyst, time of irradiation, and the addition of promoters.

Influence of plasma surface pretreatment and triarylmethane dye on the photocatalytic performance of TiO 2 -chitosan coating on textile

Abstract Treatment of household wastewater loaded with hair colorants by means of solar photocatalysis using TiO 2 -coated polyester/wool textile has been reported recently. In this work, the attributes of immobilized photocatalyst were enhanced; a textile support (polyester/wool blend fabric) was pre-treated by atmospheric and low pressure oxygen plasma prior to coating of the surface. Plasma pre-treatment contributed to hydrophilisation of support and overall resistance to wear of immobilized photocatalyst was improved. Moreover, TiO 2 -chitosan composite coating was modified by the addition of triarylmethane dye (C.I. Basic Blue 1; BB1). The sensitizing effect of the dye was observed during the first 180 min of photocatalytic treatment of greywater polluted by hair colorants under solar irradiation. Adversarially, the rate of photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) model solution under visible light was lower in the presence of BB1 in the photocatalyst formulation. According to the performed study of BB1 chemistry in aqueous solution, it was found that the dye undergoes two distinct photodegradation mechanisms depending on the characteristics of studied system. When dominant, photoreduction of BB1 to leuco-form (BB1-H), provides additional electron capture and consequently ensures decrease in h + − e − recombination rates, resulting in a false sensitizing effect.

Surface Modified Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation and Binary System Dye Removal

Surface modification of multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was studied in this paper. The surface modified CNT (CNT-SDS) was used to remove dyes from single and binary systems. The surface characteristics of CNT-SDS were investigated using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Basic Blue 41 (BB41) and Basic Red 18 (BR18) were used as model dyes. The kinetic of dye removal from single and binary systems using CNT-SDS was studied. The kinetic of dye adsorption onto CNT-SDS followed pseudo-second order model for both systems. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to experimental data of single systems and the isotherm constants were calculated. The adsorption capacities of CNT and CNT-SDS for BB41 and BR18 were 90 and 80, 185 and 135 mg/g, respectively. The results showed that the CNTSDS as an adsorbent with high dye adsorption capacity might be a suitable alternative to remove dyes from colored wastewater.

High-efficient capture of C.I. Basic Blue 3 by carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin conjugated magnetic composite

High-efficient capture of C.I. Basic Blue 3 by carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin conjugated magnetic composite

Utilization of Effective Microorganisms based water hyacinth compost as biosorbent for the removal of basic dyes

AbstractThe water hyacinth plants are renewable natural biomass, proliferate ubiquitously, and abundant in water bodies often posing environmental nuisances. To overcome this problem, a novel approach that utilizes water hyacinth plant has to be arrived. This research work mainly deals with application of low cost, non-conventional, newly developed novel biomaterial, Effective Microorganisms (EM) based Water Hyacinth Compost as biosorbent for the removal of basic dyes from aqueous solution. Biosorption of basic dyes like Methylene Blue (MB), Malachite Green (MG), and Basic Blue 41 (BB41) was investigated using a biosorbent of EM based Water Hyacinth Compost. The biosorbent material was analyzed for physico-chemical composition such as pH, moisture content, organic carbon, nitrogen, etc. and also the biosorbent was characterized before and after adsorption using FTIR and SEM. The batch study was performed to optimize the operational parameters such as pH, biosorbent dosage, biosorbent particle size, and in...

Preparation of hydrophilic dimethyl 5‐sodium sulfoisophthalate/poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanofiber composite membranes for improving antifouling properties

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effect of dimethyl 5‐sodium sulfoisophthalate (SSI) nanoparticles (NPs) on the antifouling properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) electrospun nanofiber membranes (ENMs) was investigated through the ultrafiltration of C. I. Basic Blue 3. 3 dye. To reveal the tortuous effect of this additive on the antifouling properties, scanning electron microscopy was used for the characterization of the ENM structure and the optimization of the SSI NP content. Then, some selected physical and structural properties of the membrane, such as the porosity, moisture regain, contact angle, hydraulic permeability (Lp), and mechanical properties, in the optimized range of SSI NP contents were investigated. Finally, the influence of this additive on the rejection and flux recovery ratio of the prepared membranes was considered. Consequently, the antifouling properties were assessed with consideration of all of the aforementioned parameters. The SSI/PET2 membrane (that with 0.02% w/w SSI NPs with respect to the total amount of PET polymer and SSI NPs), with an average nanofiber diameter of 450 nm, a porosity of 78.44%, a moisture regain of 9.34%, a contact angle of 86.48°, an Lp of 42,167 L h−1 m−2 bar−1, a tensile strength of 4.66 ± 0.04 MPa, a flux recovery ratio of 15.3%, and a final rejection of 95%, showed a significant enhancement in the antifouling properties compared with pristine PET ENMs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44522.

Dye adsorption from single and binary systems using NiO‐MnO2 nanocomposite and artificial neural network modeling

NiO‐MnO2 nanocomposite was synthesized and its dye removal ability from single and binary systems was investigated. The characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposite were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Basic Blue 41 (BB41), Basic Red 18 (BR18), and Basic Red 46 (BR46) were used. Artificial neural network (ANN) as an intelligent system was used to model the dye removal process. The effect of operational parameters such as adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration on dye removal was evaluated. It was found that adsorption of BB41, BR18, and BR46 on the nanocomposite followed the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherms, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of dyes were found to conform to pseudo‐second‐order kinetics in both single and binary systems. The results showed that the predictions of the ANN models were in close agreement with experimental data. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 111–119, 2017

Retraction Note: Synthesis, characterization and assessment thermal properties of clay based nanopigments

Nano-clay based pigments (NCP) are new type of pigments composed of organic dyes and layered silicateclay nano-particles, and have already been used in polymeric coatings to improve mechanical thermal and stability properties. In this paper, the basic blue 41(BB41) was intercalated into Na+-montmorillonite in an aqueous medium. The dye-intercalated montmorillonite was centrifuged, dried, and milled to prepare the nanopigment particles. X-ray diffraction showed an increase in the basal spacing, thus confirming intercalation of the BB41 molecules within the nanostructures of the interlayer spaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used for identifying the functional groups and chemical bounding of Na+-montmorillonite, BB41 and montmorillonite-BB41. The morphology of NCP was also studied by transmission electron microscopy. Finally, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermograms suggested the thermal stability of the intercalated dye was improved. Open image in new window

Modification of magnetite ore as heterogeneous nanocatalyst for degradation of three textile dyes: Simultaneous determination using MCR-ALS, process optimization and intermediate identification

Degradation of mixture of three textile dyes (C.I. Basic Blue 3 (BB3), C.I. Basic Red 46 (BR46) and Malachite Green (MG)) was investigated simultaneously through the heterogeneous Fenton process. The investigated catalyst was natural magnetite nanostructures (NMNs) prepared by modification of natural magnetite microparticles (NMMs) by a green glow discharge plasma (GDP) technology. A complete characterization such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses were executed to investigate various characteristics of the untreated and GDP treated-magnetite particles. The multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) modeling which is an important chemometrics technique was introduced and utilized as a novel method for multivariate calibration of the spectrophotometric data. The presence of four absorbing species were confirmed by MCR-ALS. In addition, by the use of this technique, the spectra and the concentration profiles of each dye were attained during the degradation process. A response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to study, model and optimize the influence of several parameters on the dyes decolorization efficiencies. Also, the degradation by-products of the dyes generated during Fenton process were determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS).

Basic Blue 41 removal by microwave hydrothermal reactor reduced graphene oxide

Graphene oxide was prepared using Hummer method and reduced by microwave hydrothermal reactor. The characteristics of RGO nanosheets were determined with EDAX, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and AFM. RGO nanosheets have been utilized as the adsorbent for the removal of Basic Blue 41 (BB41) dye from an aqueous solution at room temperature (298°K) as an appropriate innovative and low-cost adsorbent. The effect of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial dye concentration on adsorption was studied. The results indicated that RGO can be employed as a low-cost alternative compared to other commercial adsorbents in the removal of dyes from wastewater. The maximum adsorption capacity was at pH 9 and 0.05g of RGO adsorbent dose. It was shown the rapid adsorption of BB41 in the first 180 min contact time. The BB41 removal percentage decreased as the initial dye concentration increased. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. According to the determined coefficients, the Langmuir model was fitted better than the Freundlich model. The results indicated that RGO could be employed as an excellent sorbent for removal of BB41 dye from an aqueous solution.

Comparison of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and granular activated carbon-SBR (GAC-SBR) systems on treatment textile wastewater containing basic dye

Efficiencies of SBR and granular activated carbon (GAC)-SBR systems with textile industrial wastewater (TIW) containing basic dyes (Basic Red 46 (BR46) and Basic Blue 41 (BB41)) at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 3.0, 5.0, and 7.5 d were investigated. The results showed that the basic dyes could be adsorbed onto bio-sludge but the adsorption yield depended on the molecular structure and weight of the basic dye. BR46 could be adsorbed onto the bio-sludge with higher yield than BB41. Also, the color adsorption yield of living bio-sludge was 22% higher than that of autoclaved bio-sludge (thermally treated bio-sludge). Moreover, the bio-sludge from a domestic wastewater treatment plant showed higher color adsorption yield than the bio-sludge from a textile wastewater treatment plant. The GAC-SBR system was more suitable than the SBR system to treat TIW. The highest color, COD, BOD5, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies of the GAC-SBR system with TIW at HRT of 5 d (organic loading of 0.22 kg BOD5/m3 d and dye loading of 0.02 kg/m3 d) were 68.3 ± 3.2, 88 ± 1, 90 ± 1, 80.6 ± 6.8, and 55.9 ± 3.2%, respectively. Moreover, its removal efficiency could be increased by adding organic matter (glucose). The color, COD, BOD5, TKN, and TN removal efficiencies with TIW containing 0.87 g/L glucose at HRT of 5.0 d (organic loading of 0.25 kg BOD5/m3 d) increased up to 80.0 ± 0.7, 97 ± 1%, 98 ± 0, 83.3 ± 0.0, and 58.9 ± 0.2%, respectively. Moreover, it was the first study where nitrogen removal bacteria (nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria) were the main bacteria in basic dyes removing mechanism.