Basic Blue Research Articles

Experimental and Theoretical Study of the New Leveler Basic Blue 1 during Copper Superconformal Growth.

A novel chlorinated functional group-modified triphenylmethane derivative leveler BB1 is used to achieve superconformal electrodeposition in microvias. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are performed to study the suppressing effect of BB1, while the convection-dependent adsorption of BB1 on the copper surface is analyzed by galvanostatic measurement, and a BB1 concentration window between 100 and 200 mg/L is beneficial for superfilling. The interactions among BB1, bis-(sodium sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are also investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation and in situ Raman spectroscopy are coupled to study the suppression mechanism and synergistic suppression mechanism, namely, the adsorption effect between BB1 and copper substrate, as well as the coordination effect between the modified chlorinated functional group and Cu2+, is proposed. The copper layer becomes smoother and more compact with an increase in BB1 concentration, according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the introduction of BB1 is conducive to the formation of the copper (220) plane. Besides, the solution wettability is boosted by BB1. A copper interconnecting layer with high quality is achieved with 150 mg/L BB1, while the surface deposition thickness (SDT) is about 34 μm and filling percentages (FPs) for microvias with diameters of 100, 125, and 150 μm are 81.34, 82.72, and 81.39%, respectively.

Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorus-Containing Sorbent for Basic Dye Removal.

A new phosphorus-containing sorbent was prepared by copolymerizing ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and trimethylvinyl silane (TMVS) with diphenylvinylphoshine oxide (DPVO). It was characterized and applied in the removal of cationic dyes such as C.I. Basic Yellow 2 (BY2), C.I. Basic Blue 3 (BB3) and C.I. Basic Red 46 (BR46) using the batch method. Spectroscopic analysis indicated that the phosphinoyl group was introduced into the sorbent structure. Equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The Freundlich model is the most suitable to describe the adsorption of BB3 (the Freundlich constant kF = 32.3 mg1-1/nL1/n/g) and BY2 on the sorbent (13.8 mg1-1/nL1/n/g), while the Langmuir model is the most adequate to describe the adsorption of BR46 (the monolayer capacity Q0 = 2.7 mg/g). The kinetics of the dye adsorption follows the assumptions of the pseudo-second-order (the rate constants k2 = 0.087 ÷ 0.738 g/mg min) model rather than pseudo-first-order or intraparticle diffusion. The presence of Na2SO4 and cationic surfactant in the aqueous solutions inhibited dye retention by the DPVO-EGDMA-TMVS. Adsorbent regeneration efficiency does not exceed 60% using 1 M NaCl and 1 M HCl solutions in the presence of 50% v/v methanol.

Adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 and Basic Blue 3 Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Silybum Marianum Stem as a Low-Cost Adsorbent.

In the present study, the ability of an adsorbent (SLM Stem) obtained from the stem of the Silybum Marianum plant to treat wastewater containing the cationic dyes basic blue 3 (BB3) and basic yellow 28 (BY28) from aqueous solutions was investigated using a batch method. Then, the SLM Stem (SLM Stem-Natural) adsorbent was carbonized at different temperatures (200-900 °C) and the removal capacity of the products obtained for both dyes was examined again. The investigation continued with the product carbonized at 800 °C (SLM Stem-800 °C), the adsorbent with the highest removal capacity. The dyestuff removal studies were continued with the SLM Stem-Natural and SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbents because they had the highest removal values. The surface properties of these two adsorbents were investigated using IR, SEM, and XRD measurements. It was determined that the SLM Stem-Natural has mainly non-porous material, and the SLM Stem-800 °C has a microporous structure. The optimal values for various parameters, including adsorbent amount, initial dye solution concentration, contact time, temperature, pH, and agitation speed, were investigated for BY28 dye and were 0.05 g, 15 mg/L, 30 min, 40 °C, pH 6 and 100 rpm when SLM Stem-Natural adsorbent was used and, 0.15 g, 30 mg/L, 30 min, 40 °C, pH 10, and 150 rpm when SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbent was used. For BB3 dye, optimal parameter values of 0.20 g, 10 mg/L, 30 min, 25 °C, pH 7, and 100 rpm were obtained when SLM Stem-Natural adsorbent was used and 0.15 g, 15 mg/L, 40 min, 40 °C, pH 10, and 100 rpm when SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbent was used. The Langmuir isotherm described the adsorption process best, with a value of r2 = 0.9987. When SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbent was used for BY28 dye at 25 °C, the highest qm value in the Langmuir isotherm was 271.73 mg/g. When the study was repeated with actual water samples under optimum conditions, the highest removal for the BY28 dye was 99.9% in tap water with the SLM Stem-800 °C adsorbent. Furthermore, the reuse study showed the adsorbent's efficiency even after three repetitions.

Surface-modified graphene oxide-based composites for advanced sequestration of basic blue 41 from aqueous solution

Advanced materials for the efficient treatment of textile wastewater need to be developed for the sustainable growth of the textile industry. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was modified by the incorporation of natural clay (bentonite) and mixed metal oxide (copper-cobalt oxide) to produce GO-based binary and ternary composites. Two binary composites, GO/bentonite and GO/Cu–Co Ox (oxide), and one ternary composite, GO/bentonite/Cu–Co Ox, were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The adsorption efficiency of these composites was evaluated against a cationic dye, Basic Blue 41 (BB41). The composites had several surface functional groups, and the ternary composite had tubular porous structures formed by the cross-linking of the bentonite and GO planes. The BET surface area of the ternary composite was 50% higher than that of the GO. The BB41 removals were 92, 89, 80, and 69% for GO/bentonite/Cu–Co oxide, GO/bentonite, GO and GO/Cu–Co oxide, respectively. The pseudo-2nd-order and intraparticle diffusion models best describe the kinetics results, indicating chemisorption and slow pore diffusion-controlled adsorption processes. The Langmuir isotherm-derived adsorption capacity of GO/bentonite/Cu–Co oxide was 351.1 mg/g, which was very close to the measured value. After five consecutive cycles, the ternary composite retained 90% BB41 removal efficiency compared to its 1st cycle. Electrostatic interaction and pore diffusion were predicted to be the controlling mechanisms for the adsorption of the BB41. The GO-based ternary composite can be a feasible and scalable adsorbent for BB41 in wastewater treatment.

A study of basic and reactive dyes removal from synthetic and industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation process

Large-scale textile industries used large amounts of toxic chemicals which are very hazardous to human health and environmental sustainability. In this study, the removal of various dyes from effluents of textile industries using the electrocoagulation process was investigated. The studied dyes were Reactive Red 120 (RR-120), Basic Blue 3 (BB-3), and Basic Red 46 (BR-46), which were found in samples collected from effluents of three major textile factories in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. For maximum removal, the dye BB-3 required acidic pH 3, RR-120 basic pH 11, while BR-46 neutral pH 7 conditions. BB-3 required a longer treatment time of 80 min than BR-46 and RR-120, which required 30 and 40 min, respectively. The best removal efficiency of 99.5%, 93.5%, and 96.3% was achieved for BR-46, BB-3, and RR-120, respectively, from synthetic wastewater containing 10 mg l-1of each dye at an applied potential of 10 V. The method was applied to real textile wastewaters and 73.0 to 99.5% removal of the dyes was achieved, Indicating Electrocoagulation can be used as a simple, and reliable method for the treatment of real wastewater from textile industries. It is used as a potentially viable and inexpensive tool for the treatment of textile dyes Analysis of the electrochemically generated sludge by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy revealed the expected crystalline aluminum oxides (bayerite (Al(OH)3 diaspore (AlO(OH)) found in the sludge. The amorphous phase was also found in the floc. Textile industry owners should be aware of the impact of the discharge of effluents on the Ecosystem and should use the investigated electrocoagulation method for effluent treatment before discharging into the environment.

Lignin and Starch Derivatives with Selenium Nanoparticles for the Efficient Reduction of Dyes and as Polymer Fillers

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized and stabilized by biopolymers, namely, sodium lignosulfonate (LS) and starch sodium octenyl succinate (OSA). The obtained selenium nanoparticles were studied for their catalytic activity in the reduction of a dye (C.I. Basic Blue 9, methylene blue) by sodium borohydride. The SeNPs-OSA and SeNPs-LS nanoparticles were also dispersed in a photosensitive matrix and studied as polymer composites. The research confirmed the catalytic abilities of the prepared SeNPs in the reduction of the organic dye. Mechanical tests on the polymers and their composites showed an improvement in the composites’ strength in all tested cases. An increase in hardness and Young’s modulus values of the filled materials compared to the pure matrix was found as well.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Acidic and Basic Dye by ZnS and Tin-Doped ZnS Nanocatalysts

Zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanomaterials were hydrothermally prepared and doped with 2% Tin (Sn). UV–Visible, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the produced NPs. With successful doping, the band gap of ZnS nanomaterials decreased from 3.50 to 3.10 eV. Cubic crystal structure of ZnS and Sn-ZnS nanomaterials was shown by XRD with the average particle size of 16.30 and 18.62 nm, respectively. ZnS nanomaterials were found to have spherical shape, and no change in shape was noticed with Sn-doping. Using TGA analysis, 22.8% and 21.5% weight loss was observed in Zinc sulphide and Tin-doped ZnS nanocatalyst, respectively, at heating range of 40–600 °C revealing their stability to temperature. The synthesized nanoparticles were also used for the photodegradation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (CBB G-250) and Basic Blue-3 (BB-3) dyes in aqueous solution. For photodegradation reaction using bare ZnS and Sn-doped ZnS nanomaterials, activation energies of 8.6 kJ/mol and 32.1 kJ/mol were calculated for ZnS and Sn-ZnS NPs, respectively. First-order reaction kinetics was followed by the photodegradation of both the dyes using these NPs. About 84% and 93% degradation was observed for CBB G-250 dye using bare and Sn-doped ZnS NPs at 240 min time interval while using the same nanoparticles for the degradation of BB-3 dye the degradation reached 83% and 95% at 360 min time, respectively. Low concentration (10 ppm) of dyes, maximum dosage (0.03 g) of the catalysts and increasing temperature up to 70 °C favoured the photocatalytic degradation. Per cent degradation of both the dyes was found higher at low pH(3.5). Both bare Zinc sulphide and Sn-doped Zinc sulphide nanomaterials could be recycled for the given dyes detoxification as shown by the recyclability of the used catalysts, but the performance of Sn-ZnS was higher as compared to pure ZnS. Results of antibacterial studies revealed that the synthesized NPs were more active against E. coli in all concentration as compared to others.

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of a New Functionalized Polymeric Sorbent Based on Alkenylphoshine Oxide

A novel phosphorus-containing sorbent (CyP(Ph)4-DVB) was prepared by copolymerizing divinylbenzene (DVB) with bis α,β-unsaturated phosphorylated cyclohexene (CyP(Ph)4). ATR-FT-IR indicated that the phosphinoyl group was introduced into the sorbent structure. The thermal properties of the sorbent were investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), which revealed that (CyP(Ph)4-DVB) is more stable than poly(DVB). The CyP(Ph)4-DVB was applied for cationic dye removal, such as C.I. Basic Yellow 2 (BY2) and C.I. Basic Blue 3 (BB3). Batch adsorption tests suggested that the Freundlich isotherm model seemed to be the better one for the description of equilibrium sorption data at equilibrium, rather than the Langmuir or Temkin models. The Freundlich constants concerning the adsorption capacity of CyP(Ph)4-DVB, kF, were calculated as 14.2 mg1-1/nL1/n/g for BY2 and 53.7 mg1-1/nL1/n/g for BB3.

Simultaneous removal of Basic blue and Toluidine blue O dyes by Magnetic Fe3O4@polydopamine nanoparticle as an efficient adsorbent using derivative spectrophotometric determination and central composite design optimization

• Toluidine blue (TO) and basic blue (BB) dyes can be removed simultaneously from aqueous solutions in a simple and rapid manner. • The experimental design was used to analyze variables' interaction and achieve optimal conditions. • In order to analyze dye concentrations, derivative spectrophotometry was used. • Pseudo-second-order kinetics is consistent with adsorption kinetics data. • FT-IR, SEM, VSM, and XRD analyses were performed on the novel sorbent to characterize it. Simultaneous determination and removal of Toluidine blue (TO) and basic blue (BB) dyes by dopamine-modified magnetic nanoparticles was considered. Nanomagnetic oxide coated with polydopamine (PDA) acid is introduced as a new and efficient adsorbent to remove cationic dyes in a binary mixture solution. Characterization of the Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4 @PDA nanoparticles was also supported by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and VSM analysis. First-order derivative spectrophotometry is employed to simultaneously determine TO and BB in a binary mixture. Linear range for TO and BB in binary mixture obtained by least square equations (y= 0.00014x+ 0.00013 and y= - 0.00136x- 0.00487) were 2-20 mg L -1 and limit of detection 0.4 and 0.3 mg L -1 , respectively. The effect of independent factors such as pH, dye’s initial concentration (C 0 ), and adsorbent amount (m) on the dyes adsorption process was investigated. The response surface methodology was employed by running a central composite design (CCD) to obtain optimal values for dye removal percent. It leads to optimum conditions as follows: pH= 10˛ m=25 (mg), C TO =320 (mg L -1 ), C BB =350 (mgL -1 ), %R TO =85, %R BB =80. Kinetic data followed a pseudo-second-order model while equilibrium data were well described by the Freundlich model. Using Langmuir's isotherm, the maximum monolayer uptake capacity q max for single system and binary systems, respectively, were 381 mg g -1 and 355 mg g -1 for BB, and 362 mg g -1 340 mg g -1 for TO. The negative value of △G o and the positive value of △H o (12.52 kJ mol -1 for TO and 12.98 kJ mol -1 for BB) demonstrated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of both dyes' adsorption.

Fabrication of zirconium metal-organic-framework/poly triazine-phosphanimine nanocomposite for dye adsorption from contaminated water: Isotherms and kinetics models

Today, academia and industries are seeking some efficient adsorbents to cope with the increasing water contamination. This study aims to synthesize a hybrid material made of triazine-phosphanimine polymeric organic porous polymer (TPA-POP) and UiO-66-NH2, followed by its characterization and examination of its adsorption capacity. To this end, a central composite design (CCD) was applied to diminish the number of reaction parameters (i.e., adsorbent concentration, temperature, and initial pH) on removing the basic blue 41 (BB41). The results showed that BB41 was entirely adsorbed within 60 min by the mesoporous UiO-66-NH2/TPA-POP nanostructure. In addition, the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model was identified as the optimum formula to fit the kinetics information. This study revealed that film diffusion and adsorption are rate-limiting stages to remove the dyes. A Langmuir isotherm was applied to fit the equilibrium data, using which the highest equilibrium adsorption was calculated to be 260.7 mg/g. N2 desorption/adsorption isotherms of the UiO-66-NH2/TPA-POP and UiO-66-NH2 represent a type-I isotherm. The reduction in BET surface area from 918.7 m2 g−1 (UiO-66-NH2) to 423 m2 g−1 (hybrid material) might be explained by the hydrogen bonding between the TPA-POP and UiO-66-NH2. These interactions result in the small liquid nitrogen diffusivity into the hybrid network, thereby shrinking the BET surface area. Eventually, we recycled the adsorbent for 7 cycles to adsorb BB41 dye with no remarkable activity loss.

Ultrasonic supported dye removal by a novel biomass

Abstract Sumac Leaves (Rhus Coriaria L), were used as a possible adsorbent of Basic Blue 3 (BB3) removal. The main affecting parameters on adsorption such as concentration, pH and temperature were investigated. Adsorption equilibrium was reached in 30 min. The ultrasonic effect was also enhanced the dyestuff removal. Adsorption capacity was rised from 0.566 to 1.826 mg/g, as rising the concentration from 4 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL. Several isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were applied for explaining the adsorption mechanism. Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models describe the system well. Pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intra particle kinetics were evaluated. Pseudo second order diffusion model supports the adsoprption and also intra particle diffusion plays an important role for BB3 removal. Thermodynamics of the adsorption were commented. −2219.5 J/mol of Gibbs energy showed us a spontaneous and physical adsorption.

Adsorption mechanism of basic blue-9 onto quartz mineral: kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic

Adsorption of basic blue-9 (BB9) by natural quartz mineral was tested. The quartz mineral was characterized by FTIR, SEM, DRX, zeta potential and Sear’s surface area measurements. The quartz mineral contains 99.13% of SiO2 and has a specific surface area of 0.6 m2g−1. The zeta potential measurements of quartz showed a zero point charge (ZPC) at a pH of 2.12. Adsorption experiments results of basic blue-9 showed an excellent achievement after 15 min, for 100 μm sorbent particles seize, 1.0 g l−1 sorbent mass, pH of 5.0, agitation speed of 200 rpm and Temperature of 60 °C. Moreover, the BB9 concentration and temperature were directly related to increase in adsorption capacity and the highest adsorption capacity of 27.78 mg g−1 was achieved for 30 mg l−1 at 60 °C. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 > 0.99) were found to be the most appropriate models to describe the removal of metylen blue dye by quartz mineral. The apparent diffusion parametres were estimated to be between 3.24 × 10–6 and 3.67 × 10–6 cm2 s−1, indicating an adsorption process controlled by the external mass transfert on the quartz surface. The calculated thermodynamic parameters and Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption free energy (Eads = 0.28 kJmol−1) showed that adsorption of BB9 onto quartz was spontaneous, endothermic and a physisorption reaction. FTIR spectroscopy and semi empirical RM1 calculations established an adsorption mecanism by electrostatic attraction. The regeneration tests after four runs showed that natural quartz could be an alternative material for cationic dyes removal.

Impregnated chitin biopolymer with magnetic nanoparticles to immobilize dye from aqueous media as a simple, rapid and efficient composite photocatalyst

In the sight of the ever-increasing significance of green-based iron nanoparticles especially in wastewater treatment applications is a compelling reason for their use in a waste prevention opportunity, safer environment and benign precursor materials become the vital considerations. Hence, in the current investigation, an efficient co-precipitation technique was applied to prepare highly active chitosan-coated magnetic iron oxide that is applied for wastewater remediation. In the current investigation, chitosan coupled with magnetite nanoparticles namely CS-M was attained by coupling chitosan (CS) with magnetite nanoparticles via simple co-precipitation in different weight proportions and the attained samples labeled as CS-M-(2:1), CS-M-(3:1) and CS-M-(1:2). The structure, morphology and characteristics of the prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic oxidation activity of the prepared samples was investigated to eliminate Basic Blue 9 (BB9) dye from aqueous effluent as simulated textile polluted stream. The experimental data exposed almost BB9 dye emanation. The system parameters revealed the maximal BB9 oxidation (99%) was attained within 2 h of irradiance time. Box–Behnken design factorial design based on response surface methodology was applied to optimize the Fenton’s system (CS-M-(2:1)/H2O2) parameters to maximize the efficiency 2.4 and 767 mg/L of CS-M and H2O2, respectively, at pH 7.0. The experimental data exposed that CS-M-(2:1) is signified as the optimal catalyst mixture. The kinetic data verify the oxidation system follows the second-order reaction kinetic model. Further, thermodynamic variables predicted that the reaction is endothermic and non-spontaneous in nature. Hence, the catalyst could be environmental benign and the evaluation introduces the role of engineers and chemists in a world for a sustainable material use.

Functionalized UiO-66-NH2 by trimellitic acid for highly selective adsorption of basic blue 3 from aqueous solutions.

A novel metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-66-TLA (UiO-66-Trimellitic Acid) was synthesized by one-pot method with trimellitic acid as modifier, which can effectively remove the basic dye Basic Blue 3 (BB3) in wastewater. Modification with carboxyl groups facilitates the adsorption of the cationic dye Basic Blue 3. The adsorption of BB3 by the modified UiO-66-TLA was significantly greater than that of its parent MOF. The adsorption capacity of the modified UiO-66-TLA for BB3 (234.23 mg g−1) was 93.2% higher than that of the original UiO-66-NH2 (121.24 mg g−1), this is closely related to the electrostatic interaction of -COOH in trimellitic acid. UiO-66-TLA was successfully synthesized as indicated by various characterization results. The adsorption kinetics conformed to the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption isotherm conformed to the Redlich-Peterson isotherm. This indicates that BB3 is a multi-parameter model of monolayer/multilayer arrangement on the adsorbent surface, and its rate-controlling step is chemisorption. The adsorption process was non-spontaneous and belonged to an endothermic reaction, in addition, it has great adsorption stability and regeneration The interaction of the modified UiO-66-TLA with BB3 was mainly affected by mechanisms, such as electrostatic interaction, π–π stacking as well as the abundant functional groups on UiO-66-TLA surface. These results demonstrate that UiO-66-TLA is an efficient, regenerable, water-stable material for the removal of BB3 in solution, with practical implications, suggesting its potential as a dye adsorbent.

Enhancement Properties of Zr Modified Porous Clay Heterostructures for Adsorption of Basic-Blue 41 Dye: Equilibrium, Regeneration, and Single Batch Design Adsorber.

Zirconium porous clay heterostructures (Zr-PCH) were synthesized using intercalated clay minerals by zirconium species with different contents of zirconium. The presence of zirconium and silica species was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. The insertion of zirconium improved the thermal stability, the specific surface area with a maximum of 950 m2/g, and the acidity concentration of 0.993 mol of protons per g of solid. These materials were used to adsorb the basic blue-41 from aqueous solution. The adsorption efficiency was examined at different conditions, with a maximum adsorbed amount of 346 mg/g as estimated from Langmuir model. This value was dependent on zirconium content in the PCHs. The adsorption process was found to be favorable and spontaneous. The efficiency of the spent materials was maintained after five reuse cycles with a decrease by 15% of the original value for a particular Zr-PCH material with a Zr content of 6.82%. Single stage batch adsorber was suggested using the mass balance equation and Langmuir isotherm model. The amount of PCH materials required depended on the target percentage of adsorption at specific volume and initial concentration of the basic-blue-41 dye solution.

Recyclable magnetic orange peel residues modified by anionic surfactant for basic blue 9 removal: Experimental study and machine learning modeling

Three successive treatments were applied to modify the orange peel (OP) residues using NaOH, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the removal of basic blue 9 (BB9). The structure and morphology of the chemically modified adsorbents were investigated using various analytical techniques including PXRD, FTIR, FESEM/EDAX, VSM, and N2 physisorption analyses. The removal of BB9 by modified adsorbents was modeled using two machine learning (mL) approaches. A gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT) model for 8 adsorbents and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model for optimal adsorbent were designed based on 584 and 73 sets of experimental data, respectively. The scikit-learn library was used to determine the importance of each feature for building the GBRT and XGBoost models and it was confirmed that all the parameters affect the BB9 removal process to a remarkable extend. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The kinetics and thermodynamics investigations showed that the removal of BB9 follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model that is spontaneous and exothermic. The BB9 desorption experiments in water and HCl showed that the electrostatic interaction has a significant role in the removal of BB9 on chemically modified orange peel residues. The adsorption mechanism studies using Boyd’s theory indicated that the adsorption of BB9 on the modified adsorbents was mainly governed by the external mass transport where the particle diffusion was the rate limiting step.

Study of the Removal of Basic Blue-41 from Simulated Wastewater By Activated Carbon Prepared from Discarded Jute Fibre

In this work, we reported a facile hydrothermal process to fabricate activated carbon (AC) from waste jute fibre. Sequential chemical and thermal activation have been introduced to form a highly functionalized and porous structure. The prepared AC was characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), and Raman Spectroscopy. A hierarchical porous 3D cage-like microstructure was observed from FESEM. Non-linear highly disordered structure and low crystallinity were confirmed by XRD and Raman Spectroscopy. The synthesized AC was then used for batch adsorption study for the removal of an industrial toxic dye, basic blue 41 (BB41). The dependence of the adsorption process on different factors e.g., pH, contact time, and initial concentration has been investigated to find the optimum process conditions. At pH 8, maximum removal of 90 % was achieved. The adsorption was rapid for the first 30 minutes and reaches equilibrium at 70 minutes. Adsorption kinetics were interpreted by pseudo 1st and 2nd order kinetics, and it was best demonstrated by the later one. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were linearized with experimental data; maximum adsorption capacity of 161.30 mg/g was calculated from the Langmuir model, which depicts the actual adsorption capacity.

Synthesis of ZnCl2 Activated Raising Powder of Cotton Fabrics for Acid and Basic Dye Adsorption: A Way to Reuse Cellulosic Wastes for Sustainable Production

ABSTRACT In this study, Cl Basic Blue 9 (BB9) and Cl Acid Blue 193 (AB193) dyes were used to investigate the color removal efficiency of the carbon-based adsorbent material, ZnCl2-RP, which was obtained by activating the raising powder. The raising powder is a waste material that is generated in considerable amounts from the textile industry. The characterization of ZnCl2-RP was conducted by SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD and BET analyses. As a result of this study, it was determined that ZnCl2-RP contains 4.15% of Zn. While no significant effect of pH on the adsorption of BB9 dye was observed in the experiments, the highest dye removal efficiency was achieved at pH 3. It was seen that Langmuir Isotherm for both dyes was more suitable than the Freundlich Isotherm and the q max values of the BB9 and AB193 dyes were 44.8 mg/g and 37.6 mg/g, respectively. Removal kinetics of both dyes were found in accordance with the pseudo-second order kinetics, and k 2 values for 50 mg/L dye concentration were 45.62 g/mg min and 5.31 g/mg min for BB9 and AB193, respectively. It is concluded that the raising powder generated in the textile industry can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for basic and acid dyes.

Evaluation of the Adsorptive Potential of Zeolite Volcanic Tuff in Single and Binary Aqueous Solutions of the Basic Blue 41 Cationic Dye

AbstractA volcanic tuff of clinoptilolite type has been assessed in regards to its efficiency on Basic Blue 41 (BB‐41) cationic dye removal from aqueous solutions. Optimal working conditions were established by considering influences of the particle sizes, initial pH, dye concentration, contact time, and temperature. Tuff samples have been characterized by using SEM/EDX, FT‐IR, and N2 gas adsorption‐desorption techniques. Experimental data at equilibrium showed a better fitting of adsorption kinetics on pseudo‐second‐order and Langmuir models, whereas the thermodynamic parameters indicate an endothermic spontaneous process. Tuff particles of 47 μm medium sizes, which own the highest zeolite content, were found to be the most suitable for practical use as adsorbents, attaining a maximum adsorptive capacity of 123.5 mg g−1 pure dye at 323 K, equivalent to 303 mg g−1 commercial product containing 40 % dye. A potential interference involving the retention pattern was furthermore evaluated within binary systems with other two cationic dyes, Rhodamine B (RhB) and Methylene Blue (MB). The adsorbent shows a relevant selectivity towards BB‐41, influenced by commercial dye additives, structural configuration, molecular size, and contact time, with the 99.7 % dye removal efficiency at 24 hours only slightly depressed in binary systems with RhB ‐ 97.4 %, respective MB ‐ 90.2 %. This study confirmed the tuff particles as efficient adsorbents for the treatment of textile wastewater effluents.

Eucalyptus (camaldulensis) bark-based composites for efficient Basic Blue 41 dye biosorption from aqueous stream: Kinetics, isothermal, and thermodynamic studies

For the recycling of polluted water bodies to protect and maintain the eco-friendly future environment herein for the first time Eucalyptus Bark (EB) and its composites were designed to eliminate the dye Basic Blue 41 (BB41) from an aqueous medium. Physicochemical properties of as-fabricated native EB and their composites were analytically determined. From the batch adsorption experiments, the optimum recorded adsorption factors by as-designed adsorbents were pH: 8 for EB, 7 for MG/EB, and 10 for Ppy/EB, adsorbent dosage: 0.05 g/L, agitation speed: 120 rpm, contact time: 90 min, particle size of adsorbent: ≤ 300 μm, initial concentration: 200 mg/L, and temperature: 300 K. Under optimized conditions, as-prepared adsorbents exhibited high BB41 dye adsorption capacity and decolorization efficiency (186.7 mg/g and 93.0%) due to existence of negatively charged functional groups on the adsorbent surface because of its cellulosic nature. Isothermal and kinetic studies revealed that BB41 adsorption experimental data were best fitted by Freundlich and pseudo 2nd order models. From thermodynamic examination, the adsorption process is spontaneous, chemisorption, and exothermic in nature. Furthermore, the influence of salts and surfactants on dye adsorption capabilities by adsorbents has also been determined. From desorption experiments, it was concluded that low concentration of eluting agents is responsible for high amounts of dye desorption. This study revealed that the magnetic and polypyrrole composites with EB biomass have promising adsorption potential and this class of adsorbent could be used for the eco-friendly remediation of wastewater containing BB41 dye.