Basis For Discrimination Research Articles

The tRNA discriminator base defines the mutual orthogonality of two distinct pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNAPyl pairs in the same organism.

Site-specific incorporation of distinct non-canonical amino acids into proteins via genetic code expansion requires mutually orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs. Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS)/tRNAPyl pairs are ideal for genetic code expansion and have been extensively engineered for developing mutually orthogonal pairs. Here, we identify two novel wild-type PylRS/tRNAPyl pairs simultaneously present in the deep-rooted extremely halophilic euryarchaeal methanogen Candidatus Methanohalarchaeum thermophilum HMET1, and show that both pairs are functional in the model halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. These pairs consist of two different PylRS enzymes and two distinct tRNAs with dissimilar discriminator bases. Surprisingly, these two PylRS/tRNAPyl pairs display mutual orthogonality enabled by two unique features, the A73 discriminator base of tRNAPyl2 and a shorter motif 2 loop in PylRS2. In vivo translation experiments show that tRNAPyl2 charging by PylRS2 is defined by the enzyme's shortened motif 2 loop. Finally, we demonstrate that the two HMET1 PylRS/tRNAPyl pairs can simultaneously decode UAG and UAA codons for incorporation of two distinct noncanonical amino acids into protein. This example of a single base change in a tRNA leading to additional coding capacity suggests that the growth of the genetic code is not yet limited by the number of identity elements fitting into the tRNA structure.

ZIF-derived Co/NCNTs as a superior catalyst for aromatic hydrocarbon resin hydrogenation: Scalable green synthesis and insight into reaction mechanism

The large-scale synthesis of transition metal catalysts with high performance and their catalytic mechanism for hydrogenation is of great importance for the development of a cost-effective alternative to noble metal catalysts. Herein, we report a facile and high-yield approach for the large-scale production of highly active Co/NCNTs catalyst transformed from zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). The precursor ZIF-67 could be easily prepared in an aqueous solution at room temperature in a short time (∼30 min) with a high space–time-yield. Followed by low-temperature (450 °C) pyrolysis, the Co/NCNTs catalyst was obtained in high yield. Benefiting from the high density and accessible active sites, Co/NCNTs-450 exhibits high activity in hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbon resin (AHCR) at 160 °C and 3 MPa (for the first time below 5 MPa), which was superior to the 5 wt% Pd/C. Furthermore, a combination of kinetic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to provide insight into the mechanism of AHCR hydrogenation. The 21 kinetic models based on the Eley-Rideal (ER) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Haugen-Watson (LHHW) formalism were proposed to describe the kinetic data obtained via elimination of the mass transfer limitations. On the basis of the model discrimination and regression results, the LHHW mechanism presented the best fit. And all the estimated kinetic parameters, including rate constants and activation energy, could be used in a reactor design for process scale-up. The DFT calculations further corroborated the kinetic modeling results that the surface reaction of chemisorbed AHCR and the dissociatively adsorbed hydrogen was the rate-determining step.

Discriminant and integral basis of sextic fields defined by x 6 + ax + b

Let be an algebraic number field with θ a root of an irreducible trinomial belonging to In this paper, for each prime number p we compute the highest power of p dividing the discriminant of K in terms of the prime powers dividing and discriminant of f(x). An explicit p-integral basis of K is also given for each prime p and a method is described to obtain an integral basis of K from these p-integral bases which is illustrated with examples.

Linguistic Parameters of Spontaneous Speech for Identifying Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease

Abstract In this article, we seek to automatically identify Hungarian patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild Alzheimer disease (mAD) based on their speech transcripts, focusing only on linguistic features. In addition to the features examined in our earlier study, we introduce syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic features of spontaneous speech that might affect the detection of dementia. In order to ascertain the most useful features for distinguishing healthy controls, MCI patients, and mAD patients, we carry out a statistical analysis of the data and investigate the significance level of the extracted features among various speaker group pairs and for various speaking tasks. In the second part of the article, we use this rich feature set as a basis for an effective discrimination among the three speaker groups. In our machine learning experiments, we analyze the efficacy of each feature group separately. Our model that uses all the features achieves competitive scores, either with or without demographic information (3-class accuracy values: 68%–70%, 2-class accuracy values: 77.3%–80%). We also analyze how different data recording scenarios affect linguistic features and how they can be productively used when distinguishing MCI patients from healthy controls.

Tribal Worship in Sangam Literature

Indigenous peoples were a community that lived in segregation and coexistence. Ritual played a major role in the lives of ethnic peoples during the periods of hunting, archeology, and animal husbandry. “In ethnic society, ritual became life and life itself became ritual. It was the rituals that driven and united the ethnic community and affirmed the values of the community. Resources were allocated. Make good use of the social tool by the individual Facilitated. On the whole, rituals became a social life law and a cultural force. The cult not only associated itself with advanced nature but also identified animals, plants, etc. as genus. It was this cult that later formed the basis of religion and caste discrimination. Sanskrit people are in tune with nature The genocide can be traced back to the emergence of a monolithic society based on economics after the disintegration of ethnic society.

Protein electric fields regulate covalent inhibition of beta-lactamases

β-lactamases can use their protein machineries to hydrolyze some β-lactam antibiotics rapidly, yet are less proficient towards other substrates, and are even trapped by efficient inhibitors, an aspect that can be leveraged to address the pressing challenge of antibiotic resistance. We set out to understand the physical basis for enzyme discrimination between substrates and inhibitors and how an efficient inhibitor functions. While β-lactam substrates are subject to a two-step hydrolysis mechanism, ring opening through enzyme acylation and turnover through deacylation by water, avibactam, a covalent inhibitor, can perform rapid acylation but sluggish deacylation, trapping many β-lactamase targets in the inactive acyl-enzyme state.

Caste Discrimination and Social Change in India

The origin and traces of the caste system and discrimination on its basis can be traced back to the ancient period of India. Social changes have taken place to a great extent due to the practice of caste discrimination in India. We find roots of caste and racial system with the arrival of Aryans in India. The society got divided into two segments, i.e., Dasayas and Dasuyas, i.e., original inhabitants and the Aryans. During the Vedic period we find the existence of caste system reflected in the Varna system, i.e., Brahmins,Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Sudras. It was based on the type of profession one adopted in his life, and a person could change profession, i.e., a warrior could become a priest, or a priest could become a ruler.With the passage of time during the ancient period, one more class in the society emerged, i.e., Chandals. They were treated as untouchables, and they did not find any place in the Varnas system. The social injustice on the basis of caste system and discrimination has affected the Indian society of Hinduism to a great extent. It has affected the unity and communal harmony among different sections of the Indian society, especially Hinduism. Only privileged classes were given the education and honored jobs. It led to the deplorable condition of the masses, which belonged to lower strata of society. Ultimately these sections of the society were ignored and became socially and economically backward. During modern times the British Govt. tried to encash every possible opportunity to make their rule lasting and stable by divide and rule policy. After 1857 the British government designed the army on the basis of caste, religion and regional basis. Many social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule, Swami Vivekananda and other social reformers tried to reform caste system in India by promoting education among the Sudras and Dalits.Dr. B.R Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian constitution, also tried to bring the socially and economically weaker section of the society at par with the other privileged sections of the society by spreading education and awareness among them. Special provisions have been made in the constitution for their social and economic upliftment through the reservation system. There has been a great change in social and economic status of the deprived sections of Indian society. But, their social and economic status has not improved to the desired level. We often come across through electronic and other media cases of discrimination and atrocities committed on the people based on the Caste system.

Caste Discrimination and Social Change in India

The origin and traces of the caste system and discrimination on its basis can be traced back to the ancient period of India. Social changes have taken place to a great extent due to the practice of caste discrimination in India. We find roots of caste and racial system with the arrival of Aryans in India. The society got divided into two segments, i.e., Dasayas and Dasuyas, i.e., original inhabitants and the Aryans. During the Vedic period we find the existence of caste system reflected in the Varna system, i.e., Brahmins,Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Sudras. It was based on the type of profession one adopted in his life, and a person could change profession, i.e., a warrior could become a priest, or a priest could become a ruler.With the passage of time during the ancient period, one more class in the society emerged, i.e., Chandals. They were treated as untouchables, and they did not find any place in the Varnas system. The social injustice on the basis of caste system and discrimination has affected the Indian society of Hinduism to a great extent. It has affected the unity and communal harmony among different sections of the Indian society, especially Hinduism. Only privileged classes were given the education and honored jobs. It led to the deplorable condition of the masses, which belonged to lower strata of society. Ultimately these sections of the society were ignored and became socially and economically backward. During modern times the British Govt. tried to encash every possible opportunity to make their rule lasting and stable by divide and rule policy. After 1857 the British government designed the army on the basis of caste, religion and regional basis. Many social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule, Swami Vivekananda and other social reformers tried to reform caste system in India by promoting education among the Sudras and Dalits.Dr. B.R Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian constitution, also tried to bring the socially and economically weaker section of the society at par with the other privileged sections of the society by spreading education and awareness among them. Special provisions have been made in the constitution for their social and economic upliftment through the reservation system. There has been a great change in social and economic status of the deprived sections of Indian society. But, their social and economic status has not improved to the desired level. We often come across through electronic and other media cases of discrimination and atrocities committed on the people based on the Caste system.

Caste Discrimination and Social Change in India

The origin and traces of the caste system and discrimination on its basis can be traced back to the ancient period of India. Social changes have taken place to a great extent due to the practice of caste discrimination in India. We find roots of caste and racial system with the arrival of Aryans in India. The society got divided into two segments, i.e., Dasayas and Dasuyas, i.e., original inhabitants and the Aryans. During the Vedic period we find the existence of caste system reflected in the Varna system, i.e., Brahmins,Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Sudras. It was based on the type of profession one adopted in his life, and a person could change profession, i.e., a warrior could become a priest, or a priest could become a ruler.With the passage of time during the ancient period, one more class in the society emerged, i.e., Chandals. They were treated as untouchables, and they did not find any place in the Varnas system. The social injustice on the basis of caste system and discrimination has affected the Indian society of Hinduism to a great extent. It has affected the unity and communal harmony among different sections of the Indian society, especially Hinduism. Only privileged classes were given the education and honored jobs. It led to the deplorable condition of the masses, which belonged to lower strata of society. Ultimately these sections of the society were ignored and became socially and economically backward. During modern times the British Govt. tried to encash every possible opportunity to make their rule lasting and stable by divide and rule policy. After 1857 the British government designed the army on the basis of caste, religion and regional basis. Many social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule, Swami Vivekananda and other social reformers tried to reform caste system in India by promoting education among the Sudras and Dalits.Dr. B.R Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian constitution, also tried to bring the socially and economically weaker section of the society at par with the other privileged sections of the society by spreading education and awareness among them. Special provisions have been made in the constitution for their social and economic upliftment through the reservation system. There has been a great change in social and economic status of the deprived sections of Indian society. But, their social and economic status has not improved to the desired level. We often come across through electronic and other media cases

"You're Not from Around Here:" Regional Naming and Life Outcomes.

We examine the socioeconomic consequences of discrimination against people of Southern origins during the U.S. Great Migration of the first half of the 20th century. We ask whether people living in the American North and Midwest in 1940 fared worse with respect to education, occupation, and income if they were perceived to be of Southern origins. We also assess variation in these effects across racial groups and across actual region of origin groups. Using linked data from the 1920 and 1940 U.S. Censuses, we compare the life outcomes of about half a million pairs of brothers who differed with respect to the regional origin implied by their first names. For both whites and blacks, we find statistically significant associations between outcomes and the regional origin implied by names; regardless of where they were born, men living in the North or Midwest in 1940 did worse if their names implied Southern origins. However, these associations are entirely confounded by family-specific cultural, socioeconomic, and other factors that shaped both family naming practices and life outcomes. This finding-that regional discrimination in the early 20th century U.S. did not happen based on names-contrasts sharply with findings from research in more recent years that uses names as proxies for people's risk of exposure to various forms of discrimination. Whereas names are a basis for discrimination in modern times, they were not a basis for regional discrimination in an era in which people had more immediate and direct evidence about regional origins.

Genetic information as a new basis of discrimination in labour relations

Genetic information as a new basis of discrimination in labour relations

Tożsamość płciowa to nie płeć – refleksje na tle wyroku Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie z 29.09.2020 r., V Ca 2686/19

The article is a critical overview of a sentence of District Court in Warsaw from 29 September 2020 in which the Court stated that sex-based discrimination on the basis of Equal Treatment Act of 2010 also embraces discrimination based on gender identity. The case was concerning a transsexual person (male to female) who was hired to work in security company as a receptionist. Upon superiors learnt she was a biological male and before legal gender recognition, she was denied working in a female uniform (a skirt and a jacket). Eventually she did not start working. The Court found that she was discriminated since a biological woman would not have been denied possibility of working in a female suit. The Court compared her situation not to her natal sex (since she was formally still a man), but to her eventual gender. The Court found that both discrimination and harassment had place. The verdict is worth discussing in several aspects. Firstly, the Court implicitly accepted the gender self-identification rule, which might be seen as an overinterpretation of the law. Secondly, the Court equates gender identity with sex as a basis of discrimination. Thirdly, such an approach has serious consequences on rule of law and gender equality rule protected by the Polish Constitution. And finally, the Court took female outfit as an indicator of someone’s gender and gender identity and consequently a prohibition of wearing a female uniform as a manifestation of discrimination based on gender identity, which is a very dubious assumption from the equal treatment and feminist perspective.

THE ROLE OF GENDER, RACE AND AGE IN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY VALUES OF BUSINESS

The article investigates the role of gender, race and age in the values of corporate social responsibility of business, which is of great importance for the formation of a humanistic vision in human resources management. They present the practice of sustainable development at the company level in the context of social initiatives, anti-discrimination vectors, corporate social responsibility of business, equality of opportunities for men and women, people of different races and ages. The object of research is the phenomena of gender, race and age in the values of corporate social responsibility of business. The subject of the research is the influence of gender, race and age on the values of corporate social responsibility of business. The purpose is to conceptualize the theoretical and practical aspects of the role of gender, race and age in the values of corporate social responsibility of business. The methodology of analyzing the role of gender, race and age in the values of corporate social responsibility of business is based on the following methods and approaches systemic (bringing everything into the system), structural and functional (analysis of functions), anthropological (analysis of the human dimension of gender), substantive (analysis of the substantive expression of policy), existential (analysis of human existence), phenomenological (analysis of phenomena), hermeneutic (analysis of works), Agile-methodology (flexibility, adaptability), which allowed to bring everything into the conceptual system of knowledge, principles, methods in the values of corporate social responsibility of business. The result of the research. The bases for discrimination on gender, race and age, which are defined and prohibited in many international documents, are revealed. The conceptual and categorical apparatus – gender, gender approach, sex, race, age in the context of the dimensions of corporate social responsibility of business is analyzed and their characteristics and interpretation are given. The phenomenon of sexual harassment in the workplace is analyzed and the phenomenon of discrimination against women in wages is clarified. The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and diversity management is formed. In science, there is a distinction between the “identification” concept of gender, which currently dominates academic discussions about gender in the West, and the “relational” concept of gender, which is the result of gender studies in anthropology and ethnology.

Mahesh Dattani’s ‘Clearing the Rubble’: A Critique of Centre Versus Margins

The present paper proposes to depict the reality of the society of modern times in a socio-realistic play ‘Clearing the Rubble’ by Mahesh Dattani. The main thrust of the paper is to throw light on the pathos of the marginalized section of society. Mahesh Dattani is a well known playwright who is known for his courageous attacks on the cruel and inhuman attitude towards the weak and marginalized categories. The paper examines how a society can be cruel enough to deny equal rights to their fellow beings on the basis of caste discrimination. ‘Clearing the Rubble’ brings treatment; the marginalized section of untouchables goes through during the natural calamity of earthquake. It presents the discrimination against the minority community of Muslims and who are also untouchables and is thus doubly marginalized. The dramatist has struck the conscience of the society by exposing the hypocrisy of the Indian society. Dattani wants to give a message through this play that the marginalized sections of low-caste should be given human status that, man is a man and he is born equal to all other men. This play gives an exotic image of our country and barely scratches the surface of Indian reality. He has made Herculean effort to retrieve the true and realistic inside view of India and her people.

Discrimination based on Place of Residence in Recent Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights with Emphasis on Bosnia and Herzegovina

Widening case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) interpreting the notion of discrimination, especially the ambit of discrimination based on “other status” offers important elements in the understanding of the legal definition of discrimination. More specifically, it offers elements in understanding of the scope of discrimination grounds listed under “other status”, such as the place of residence. Discrimination cases before the ECtHR against Bosnia and Herzegovina relate primarily to the discriminatory nature of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s election system, focusing on ethnicity as the main basis for discrimination. However, often overlooked is the place of residence as the discriminatory ground, identified in numerous cases alongside ethnicity (such as the cases of Pilav, Zornic and recently Pudaric), or as a stand-alone basis as in the case of Baralija. The ECtHR’s positions expressed in judgements to these cases offer certain interpretations important for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s election system, legal and constitutional order and showcase the potential power and influence which the ECtHR’s judgements may have in the strengthening of rule of law and overcoming political stalemates. Outside Bosnia and Herzegovina, the cases may offer some new insights in defining and reinterpreting the legal notion of discrimination and the legal ambit of the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of place of residence, such as discriminatory effects of legal void and the discriminatory treatment between persons having a place of residence within the same respondent country.

The AMIGAS Model: Reconciling Prejudice Reduction and Collective Action Approaches Through a Multicultural Commitment in Intergroup Relations

Social psychology’s search for ways to address intergroup inequality has grappled with two approaches that have been considered incompatible: (a) the prejudice reduction approach, that argues that changing individual negative attitudes will undermine the basis for discrimination and lead to intergroup harmony; and (b) the collective action approach, that argues that social protest and activism can improve the position of disadvantaged groups. The problem is that efforts toward prejudice reduction may serve to suppress genuine efforts to change. We propose the Achieving Multicultural Integration of Groups Across Society (AMIGAS) model, in which a multicultural commitment is proposed as a driver of both improved intergroup evaluations and promotion of collective action for reduced inequality, especially in contexts where there are conditions for a respectful intercultural dialogue. The AMIGAS model is a theoretical advance in the field of intergroup relations and a basis for implementing effective egalitarian policies and practices.

Intrinsic functional connectivity in the default mode network predicts mnemonic discrimination: A connectome-based modeling approach.

The ability to distinguish existing memories from similar perceptual experiences is a core feature of episodic memory. This ability is often examined using the mnemonic similarity task in which people discriminate memories of studied objects from perceptually similar lures. Studies of the neural basis of such mnemonic discrimination have mostly focused on hippocampal function and connectivity. However, default mode network (DMN) connectivity may also support such discrimination, given that the DMN includes the hippocampus, and its connectivity supports many aspects of episodic memory. Here, we used connectome-based predictive modeling to identify associations between intrinsic DMN connectivity and mnemonic discrimination. We leveraged a wide range of abilities across healthy younger and older adults to facilitate this predictive approach. Resting-state functional connectivity in the DMN predicted mnemonic discrimination outside the MRI scanner, especially among prefrontal and temporal regions and including several hippocampal regions. This predictive relationship was stronger for younger than older adults, primarily for temporal-prefrontal connectivity. The novel associations established here are consistent with mounting evidence that broader cortical networks including the hippocampus support mnemonic discrimination. They also suggest that age-related network disruptions undermine the extent that the DMN supports this ability. This study provides the first indication of how intrinsic functional properties of the DMN support mnemonic discrimination.

Conformational dynamics during misincorporation and mismatch extension defined using a DNA polymerase with a fluorescent artificial amino acid

High-fidelity DNA polymerases select the correct nucleotide over the structurally similar incorrect nucleotides with extremely high specificity while maintaining fast rates of incorporation. Previous analysis revealed the conformational dynamics and complete kinetic pathway governing correct nucleotide incorporation using a high-fidelity DNA polymerase variant containing a fluorescent unnatural amino acid. Here we extend this analysis to investigate the kinetics of nucleotide misincorporation and mismatch extension. We report the specificity constants for all possible misincorporations and characterize the conformational dynamics of the enzyme during misincorporation and mismatch extension. We present free energy profiles based on the kinetic measurements and discuss the effect of different steps on specificity. During mismatch incorporation and subsequent extension with the correct nucleotide, the rates of the conformational change and chemistry are both greatly reduced. The nucleotide dissociation rate, however, increases to exceed the rate of chemistry. To investigate the structural basis for discrimination against mismatched nucleotides, we performed all atom molecular dynamics simulations on complexes with either the correct or mismatched nucleotide bound at the polymerase active site. The simulations suggest that the closed form of the enzyme with a mismatch bound is greatly destabilized due to weaker interactions with active site residues, nonideal base pairing, and a large increase in the distance from the 3ʹ-OH group of the primer strand to the α-phosphate of the incoming nucleotide, explaining the reduced rates of misincorporation. The observed kinetic and structural mechanisms governing nucleotide misincorporation reveal the general principles likely applicable to other high-fidelity DNA polymerases.

The historical postulate is not the basis of self-nonself discrimination: A response to Bretscher's proposal.

Peter Bretscher was the first to envision that the problem of self-nonself discrimination in the adaptive immune system could be solved by positing that antigen inactivates single lymphocytes, whereas antigen-mediated lymphocyte cooperation is required to stimulate their activation. These ideas led to a two-signal model for lymphocyte activation: an antigen-specific signal that when generated alone results in tolerance and the combination of two (or more) antigen-specific signals resulting in lymphocyte activation and immunity. This 'quorum model' is consistent with the concept known as the historical postulate that posits that the early life timing of antigen exposure is the key to self-tolerance. Bretscher proposes that the historical postulate is 'the basis, at level of the system, for self-nonself discrimination' and contends that the Danger model violates this postulate. Herein I argue that the data do not support putting the historical postulate alone at the top of the hierarchy of concepts underlying self-nonself discrimination. The location of antigen is at least as important because it determines whether central tolerance will be engaged. Location of antigen together with timing of antigen exposure are major factors determining whether quorum, the basis for self-nonself discrimination, is achieved.

Identification of 20 polymer types by means of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and chemometrics

Over the past few years, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has earned a lot of attention in the field of online polymer identification. Unlike the well-established near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), LIBS analysis is not limited by the sample thickness or color and therefore seems to be a promising candidate for this task. Nevertheless, the similar elemental composition of most polymers results in high similarity of their LIBS spectra, which makes their discrimination challenging. To address this problem, we developed a novel chemometric strategy based on a systematic optimization of two factors influencing the discrimination ability: the set of experimental conditions (laser energy, gate delay, and atmosphere) employed for the LIBS analysis and the set of spectral variables used as a basis for the polymer discrimination. In the process, a novel concept of spectral descriptors was used to extract chemically relevant information from the polymer spectra, cluster purity based on the k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) was established as a suitable tool for monitoring the extent of cluster overlaps and an in-house designed random forest (RDF) experiment combined with a cluster purity–governed forward selection algorithm was employed to identify spectral variables with the greatest relevance for polymer identification. Using this approach, it was possible to discriminate among 20 virgin polymer types, which is the highest number reported in the literature so far. Additionally, using the optimized experimental conditions and data evaluation, robust discrimination performance could be achieved even with polymer samples containing carbon black or other common additives, which hints at an applicability of the developed approach to real-life samples.Graphical abstract