Baseball Club Research Articles

야구 동호인 참가자들의 사회적지지, 응집력과 여가신체활동 의도와의 관계

야구 동호인 참가자들의 사회적지지, 응집력과 여가신체활동 의도와의 관계

The Ulnar Collateral Ligament Responds to Stress in Professional Pitchers

Objectives: The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is one of the most common sites of injury in baseball pitchers, with 25% of Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers having undergone surgical reconstruction (UCLR). It remains unknown whether the ligament can respond to the stress of pitching. The purpose this study is to determine the response of the UCL in professional pitchers to pitching through a prospective ultrasonographic study. Methods: This was a prospective study supported by the Major League Baseball Research Committee. All pitchers within a single professional baseball club were enrolled. Pitching exposure history data including number of years pitching and peak pitch velocity were collected. A full ultrasound (US) examination of the ligament was then performed by a single fellowship-trained ultrasonographer with extensive experience with UCL US. This US examination was performed at the beginning of the season and then repeated at end of the season. This US examination included measurement of UCL thickness and valgus laxity, as measured via ulnotrochlear joint opening at 30° of flexion to valgus stress of 10% of the mean pitching torque of 64 Nm. Two US images were saved for each measurement such that all measurements were made twice and analysis was performed on the average. Thirty ultrasounds were measured by a second experienced ultrasonographer to determine inter-rater reliability via intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Correlation analyses were performed between pre-season data and pitching exposure data. Both paired and unpaired analyses compared pre- and post-season data. Results: 94 pitchers were included prior to the season and 83 were included at the completion of the season. With player movement in and out of the active roster, follow-up rate was 70% (46/66) of those available. These pitchers were 24±3 years old (mean±standard deviation), had 12±6 years pitching experience, and had peak velocity of 95±2 miles per hour. 13 pitchers (9%) had undergone UCLR prior to enrollment and 9 (6%) underwent UCLR after enrollment. With examination of US data, ICCs were 0.742 for UCL thickness and 0.878 and 0.871 for UCL laxity without and with stress at 30° respectively. Peak pitch velocity positively correlated with UCL thickness (ρ= 0.268, p=0.009) and valgus laxity at 30° (ρ= 0.266, p=0.010). In both paired and unpaired analyses, UCL thickness increased during the season (p=0.006 and 0.033 respectively). In the paired analysis valgus laxity at 30° increased non-significantly (p=0.069) and in the unpaired analysis, valgus laxity at 30° increased significantly (p=0.013). Conclusion: The ulnar collateral ligament responds to stress in professional pitchers. The UCL thickens and becomes more lax in response to higher pitch velocity and more years of pitching. The UCL thickens and valgus laxity increases with the stress of a single season of pitching. Our study will gather data on the same pitchers at the beginning of the next season to understand the healing response of the ligament to rest.

프로야구 관중의 자아존중감, 구단서비스와 관람의도의 관계

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to find the cause-and-effecrte lationship among the self-esteem of the spectators of professional baseball, the service of baseball clubs and the viewing intention.BR Method: The objects of research were the 328 spectators who came toe se the games of 「2018 Shinhan Bank MY CAR KBO League」 held in Incheon SK Happy Dream Park. Teh collected data were analyzed with SPSSWin Ver. 23.0. Frequency analysis, correlation analysis, rgeression analysis and t-test were conducted fordata processing.BR Results: First, among the sub-variables of self-esteem, only self-satisfaction had a meaningful influence on the interaction of sub-variables of the service of basebalcl lubs. Second, among the sub-variables of the service of baseball clubs, only service provision had a meaninfgul influence on the viewing intention. Third, a meaningful difference between genders occurred in self-satisfaction, which is a sub-variable of self-esteem, and the viewing intention.BR Conclusion: First, it is necessary to seek ways to raise the self-esteemo f the spectators of professional baseball through baseball games. Second, baseball clubs shouldr ecognize the importance of the service of baseball clubs for spectators who are the source of revenue for their continuous operation. Third, it is necessary to increase various promotion activities for the achievemnet of the matters in the above first and second conclusions.

프로야구 관중의 호스피탈리티와 CSR활동이 구단이미지와 구단충성도에 미치는 영향

프로야구 관중의 호스피탈리티와 CSR활동이 구단이미지와 구단충성도에 미치는 영향

The structural relationship among professional baseball team’s corporate social responsibility, team image and equity of professional baseball team’s mother company

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship among the social responsibility (economic responsibility, community cultural activity and social contribution activity), the image of the club, and the assets (image, reliability, attitude and loyalty) of the mother company. Methods The objectives of this research were the home fan in “2018 Shinhan Bank My Car KBO League.” A survey was conducted for 350 home fans of SK Wyverns who gathered in Incheon SK Happiness Dream Baseball Ground to watch the games of SK Wyverns vs. Samsung Lions held from April 6 (Fri.) to April 8 (Sun.). Data processing was done with PASW Ver. 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. Results Firstly, among the sub-factors of social responsibility, economic responsibility, community cultural activity and consumer protection had significant influence on the team image. Secondly, the team image had meaningful influence on the mother company image. Thirdly, the mother company image had significant influence on the mother company trust, mother company attitude and mother company loyalty. Fourthly, the mother company trust had significant influence on the mother company loyalty. Fifthly, the mother company attitude had significant influence on the mother company loyalty. Conclusions The mother companies of professional baseball clubs, too, will have to seek various ways for joint working with professional baseball clubs while actively supporting the activities of the professional baseball clubs being aware that professional baseball clubs give positive effect to the mother companies.

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state in an adolescent with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

SummaryHyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are the most severe acute complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). HHS is characterized by severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality without significant ketosis and acidosis. A 14-year-old Japanese boy presented at the emergency room with lethargy, polyuria and polydipsia. He belonged to a baseball club team and habitually drank sugar-rich beverages daily. Three weeks earlier, he suffered from lassitude and developed polyuria and polydipsia 1 week later. He had been drinking more sugar-rich isotonic sports drinks (approximately 1000–1500 mL/day) than usual (approximately 500 mL/day). He presented with HHS (hyperglycemia (1010 mg/dL, HbA1c 12.3%) and mild hyperosmolality (313 mOsm/kg)) without acidosis (pH 7.360), severe ketosis (589 μmol/L) and ketonuria. He presented HHS in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with elevated glutamate decarboxylase antibody and islet antigen 2 antibody. Consuming beverages with high sugar concentrations caused hyperglycemia and further exacerbates thirst, resulting in further beverage consumption. Although he recovered from HHS following intensive transfusion and insulin treatment, he was significantly sensitive to insulin therapy. Even the appropriate amount of insulin may result in dramatically decreasing blood sugar levels in patients with T1DM. We should therefore suspect T1DM in patients with HHS but not those with obesity. Moreover, age, clinical history and body type are helpful for identifying T1DM and HHS. Specifically, drinking an excess of beverages rich in sugars represents a risk of HHS in juvenile/adolescent T1DM patients.Learning points:Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) is characterized by severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality without significant ketosis and acidosis.The discrimination between HHS of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in initial presentation is difficult.Pediatrician should suspect T1DM in patients with HHS but not obesity.Age, clinical history and body type are helpful for identifying T1DM and HHS.Children with T1DM are very sensitive to insulin treatment, and even appropriate amount of insulin may result in dramatically decreasing blood sugar levels.

The Association of Constraints, Negotiation, and Social Influences with Recreation Specialization among Recreational Baseball Participants

Recreation specialization is a progressive process that describes how recreationists engage in and view an activity over time (Scott & Shafer, 2001). This progression may be influenced by a variety of psychosocial factors behind an individual’s choice to engage in an activity. There have been calls for further studies that identify the antecedents which predict the specialization process (Scott & Shafer, 2001). To date, constraints, negotiation efforts and social influences have been examined separately across a variety of leisure and recreation contexts. However, less is known about the collective contribution of these factors in relation to recreation specialization, particularly with regard to social influences. The social relationships that recreationists build during their recreation careers may be an important predictor of recreation specialization. This study addresses this issue and examines the relationship between constraints, negotiation efforts, positive and negative social influences, and recreation specialization among a sample of recreational baseball participants. The sample consisted of 299 adult recreational baseball players in three cities across Korea. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using AMOS 22.0, and analysis indicated that negotiation efforts were the strongest predictor of recreation specialization. The more baseball players identified strategies to overcome constraints, the more specialized they were in their activity. We also revealed that negative social influences had direct negative effects on recreation specialization, whereas positive social influences were indirectly associated with recreation specialization through constraints and/or negotiation efforts. Both positive and negative social influences directly triggered baseball participants’ negotiation efforts. That is, increases in positive and negative social influences encouraged participants to use strategies to negotiate the constraints they encountered. Constraints had a negative effect on negotiation efforts, suggesting that perceptions of constraints inhibited people from engaging in efforts to negotiate constraints. On a practical level, results suggest that baseball clubs and program organizers who wish to promote increase specialization could provide club members with a variety of opportunities for minimizing negative social influences. Within each baseball team, role allocation among team members and regular team gatherings may help enhance group bonding and team cohesion and avoid conflicts between team members. Additionally, recreational baseball organizations should consider strategies to reduce the cost of equipment and clothing associated with the sport. To increase sport facility and field availability, we suggested allowing local recreational baseball clubs to use school grounds during non-school hours. Finally, local parks, recreation agencies, and participants should work together for more effective facility scheduling. Subscribe to JPRA

Issei Baseball: The Story of the First Japanese American Baseball Players by Robert K. Fitts

Reviewed by: Issei Baseball: The Story of the First Japanese American Baseball Players by Robert K. Fitts R. Zachary Sanzone Robert K. Fitts. Issei Baseball: The Story of the First Japanese American Baseball Players. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2020. 344 pp. $29.95. Not everyone knows that the Japanese love baseball. Next to the United States and Latin America, Japan’s love for baseball knows no bounds. While this tidbit wouldn’t surprise most avid baseball fans, few of them actually know the extent of Japanese baseball history. As a baseball writer and historian, I didn’t know nearly as much as I thought I did. I knew about Japanese pitcher Eiji Sawamura, who in 1934 at the age of seventeen struck out Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx, Charlie Gehringer, and Lou Gehrig. I also knew that General Douglas MacArthur wanted the Japanese to start playing baseball as soon as possible after their surrender in September of 1945 to create some semblance of normalcy again. But between those two facts, I knew nothing at all about Japanese baseball, which is why I was excited to read and review Issei Baseball: The Story of the First Japanese American Baseball Players. Written by Robert K. Fitts, who also authored Banzai Babe Ruth: Baseball, Espionage, and Assassination during the 1934 Tour of Japan, Issei Baseball is the story about Japanese immigrants who came to America at the turn of the twentieth century. They formed the first Japanese professional baseball club, playing teams throughout the American Midwest between 1906 and 1911. Before I picked up this book, I didn’t even know that there was a Japanese baseball team in America in the early twentieth century. But through Fitts’s engaging and well-researched book, readers not only learn about the young Issei (Japanese immigrants), and the bigotry they faced throughout their playing days but also learn about how these players helped create a positive outlook on the Japanese for Americans. Fitts’s introduction provides a brief but engaging overview of baseball and the Japanese, effectively setting up a strong context that readers will be able to understand and appreciate. We initially learn that baseball came to Japan along with Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853. His arrival led to the breakdown of Japan’s efforts to remain isolated, which led to a modern Japan. Wanting their children to be able to adapt more easily to Western culture as the twentieth century approached, Japanese families sent their kids to private schools where they learned to play the game of baseball. Nisei—Japanese people born outside Japan—used baseball as a way to bring people in their neighborhood together to discuss business and local issues. During World War II they played in the internment camps as a way to maintain morale in the face of oppression. While the book itself focuses on the pioneers of Japanese American base-ball, [End Page 212] all this knowledge about baseball’s role in Japanese history strongly compliments the narrative. I was particularly interested to learn more about the Japanese players’ American barnstorming tour in 1906. The tour, which lasted over half a year, saw American entrepreneur Guy Green’s Japanese Base Ball Club cover 2,500 miles and play around 170 games. What makes this chapter, and the book itself, so engaging is the brief historical references that Fitts makes throughout the book that give more meaning to the places where the team played. For example, the team played in Irving, Kansas where an 1879 tornado killed a girl named Dorothy Gale, which allegedly inspired L. Frank Baum to write The Wizard of Oz. Something else I found particularly interesting was how people in Topeka, Kansas were obsessed with Japanese culture. Ads for Japanese goods ran in local newspapers while local women dressed in traditional Japanese clothing for tea parties. Fitts’s ability to briefly but clearly reference these pieces of information breathes life into the book that many authors cannot effectively do. He’s able to balance the details of his narrative without going off on tangents or giving additional unnecessary information. Fitts’s use of quotes lifted from newspapers that covered the game is also very effective...

Analysis of lower extremity side-reaching motion in junior high school baseball players.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to clarify the movement pattern of the pelvis and trunk of junior high school baseball players based on the lateral reach motion of the lower limb, which is related to poor pitching movement. [Participants and Methods] Twenty-five male students belonging to a baseball club participated in this study. Each participant performed the lower limb side reach movement in the standing position, during which the movements of the knee joint, hip joint, pelvis, and trunk were analyzed. [Results] A significant correlation was found between reach distance and reach leg hip abduction, supporting leg hip abduction, trunk side bending, and trunk tilt. We found a significant correlation between reach leg hip abduction and pelvic tilt and trunk side bending and between supporting leg hip abduction and pelvic tilt, knee valgus, and trunk side bending. Furthermore, we found a significant correlation between knee valgus and lower leg tilt and trunk tilt and between trunk side bending and pelvic tilt. [Conclusion] This study suggests that in the standing position movement at this age, the hip and trunk movements are related to and affect performance.

짧지만 강렬했던, 그라운드의 이방인 장명부

The purpose of this study is to examine the life story on JanMg yeong-Boo who left a big mark on Korean professional baseball as the ‘Zainichi’ pitcher in the early Kroean baseball history. The findings of the study, using books, interview data, magazines, papers, documentaries and etc. as main data, were as follows: First, he started baseball for the first time in the fourth year of elementary school. After graduating from high school, he joined Yomiuri Giants, a prestigious baseball club, in 1968 asa non-designated player, and began his career as a professional baseball player. Second, after transferring from the Yomiuri to the Nankai Hawks by the 1973 trade, he showed his potential as a starting pitcher from 1973 to 1976 with a good record of 33 wins, 32 losses, and 3.15 ERA. He transferred again to Hiroshima Toyo-Carp in 1977. After that, in 1978 and 1980, he made 15 wins respectively and became the best pitcher in Japan. Thdir, in 1983, after receiving the salary cut notice from the Hiroshima club, Jang declared his retirement from thea ctive base of professional baseball in Japan and made a contract with Korean professional baseball Sammi Superstars with a total amount of 180 million won. He left the unprecedented records in the history of Korean professional baseball in only one season, the most games pitched as a starting pitcher (44 games), the most ocmplete games (36 games), the most pitching innings (427.1 innings), the most wins (30 wins), the most complete winning games (26 wins). In 1986, he was forced to leave the team due to a steady record decline frmo 1984 to 1986. Fourth, as a ‘Zainichi’, Jang, had been discriminated and despised in Japan, suffered discrimniation in Korea as well. Even though Jang’s personal reputations were not good, these should not distort hs iaccomplishments and influence as a Korean professional baseball player. Therefore, if you remove bias an dmisunderstanding from him, you will find tha the made a great contribution to the rapid development of Korean professional baseball in the early days.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms in College Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Introduction: Athletes have been suspected of incurring adverse gastrointestinal (GI) symptomatology. No prior studies have evaluated GI symptoms in college athletes. The aim of our study was to investigate the GI burden of disease in college athletes. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional survey of college club sports athletes at The Ohio State University from November 2017 to January 2018 through an online survey. Tennis, swimming, men's soccer, and men's baseball club teams participated. Demographic and GI symptoms were collected. The primary outcome of interest was determining the overall burden of GI disease. Secondary outcomes included differences between sports and age groups (younger athletes: age 18-21; older athletes: age >21). Results: Twenty-nine athletes participated (13.1% response rate); men's soccer (n: 12; 70.6%) and baseball (n: 9; 17.3%) had the highest response rates. The cohort was predominately male (86.2%), white (86.2%), and did not have a previously diagnosed GI disorder (84%). Abdominal pain (Table 1) was experienced at least ‘rarely' by 62%, most commonly in the pelvic region, with a poor diet triggering the majority of symptoms. The majority reported more than one bowel movement per day, with a fairly normal stool consistency (Table 2). Blood was reported on the toilet paper in the majority of athletes, yet frank hematochezia and/or melena was infrequently reported. NSAIDs were used frequently in 31%; of NSAID users, 55.6% used 400mg at a time and 25.9% reported using 600-800mg at a time. The majority of athletes used NSAIDs on the day of or after competition (Table 3). No differences were noted between baseball and soccer players. Younger athletes trained more hours per week than older athletes, (11-30 hours/week; 81.3% vs. 30.8%). Younger athletes were also more likely to take 600mg or more of NSAIDs on the day of or after competition (40% vs. 0%, p=0.017).2783_A Figure 1 No Caption available.2783_B Figure 2 No Caption available.2783_C Figure 3 No Caption available.Conclusion: College club sport athletes appear to have mild GI symptoms. The majority of these athletes reported infrequent abdominal pain, overall normal bowel movements, and infrequent use of medications. However, many athletes reported bleeding associated with bowel movements, as well as using significant doses of NSAIDs. Further efforts investigating the degree of bleeding may discover undiagnosed GI disease. Additionally, educating college athletes, especially younger ones, on appropriate use of NSAIDs may prevent future GI pathology.

해외자본의 국내프로야구단 후원에 대한 스포츠팬 인식조사

The purpose of this study is to investigate how team loyalty, awareness of Japanese companies, and awareness of loan business’ attitude by Nexen Heroes fans have an effect on awareness of sponsorship for domestic professional baseball clubs. To achieve this, 343 copies were used for final analysis and the following results were obtained. First, team loyalty varied with age. Second, emotional awareness among Japanese company’s image was different according to age, academic background, and Japanese image while perceptive awareness varied with sex and Japanese image Third, awareness of Attitude toward loan business was different according to sex and age Fourth, positive awareness among awareness of sponsoring for domestic professional baseball clubs by foreign capital was different according to age, income and Japanese image while negative awareness varied with age Fifth, the result of analyzing the effect of team loyalty, awareness of Japanese companies, and awareness of loan business’ attitude on awareness of sponsorship for domestic professional baseball clubs by foreign capital showed that in case of positive awareness team loyalty, perceptive awareness and Attitude toward loan business have a positive effect while emotional awareness has a negative effect. In case of negative awareness, emotional awareness was shown to have a positive effect while team loyalty and perceptive awareness have a negative effect.

프로야구 구단의 경제적 성과를 위한 관람 활성화 방안

이 연구는 프로야구 구단의 경제적 성과를 위한 관람 활성화 방안으로 관람 추구가치와 응원구단선정배경을 통해 관람 활성화 방안을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 서울, 경기지역의 프로야구를 관람한 관중 390명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 분석하였다. 자료처리 분석을 위해 SPSS 24.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석과 AMOS24를 통해 경로모형을 검증하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 프로야구 관람 추구가치는 승리 및 선수에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 프로야구 관람 추구가치는 지역에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 프로야구 관람추구가치는 코칭에 부분적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 프로야구 관람 추구가치는 경쟁에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 응원구단 선정배경의 하위 요인(승리 및 선수, 지역, 코칭, 경쟁) 중 승리 및 선수와 경쟁이 재 관람 의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 프로야구 팬들을 재 관람으로 유도하기 위해서는 경기력은 물론이고 경기 내적인 심리적 요소와 욕구를 보다 자세히 파악하여 제공해야 할 필요성이 요구되어진다 하겠다.

사회인 야구 동호인들의 커뮤니케이션이 응집력 및 운동지속에 미치는 영향

사회인 야구 동호인들의 커뮤니케이션이 응집력 및 운동지속에 미치는 영향

The Mediation Effects for the 2x2 Achievement Goals of Relationship Between Perfectionism and Mental Well-Being in Baseball Club Members

The Mediation Effects for the 2x2 Achievement Goals of Relationship Between Perfectionism and Mental Well-Being in Baseball Club Members

사회인 야구동호인들의 야구용품 구매결정요인이 브랜드이미지와 브랜드만족 및 재구매의도에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of amateur baseball club members’ baseball supplies purchase decision factor (factor of amateur baseball club members’ decision to purchase baseball supplies) on brand image, brand satisfaction, and intent of repeat purchase. This study was conducted for 356 amateur baseball club members in the areas of Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon, and as for data processing, SPSS 23.0 version was used to conduct frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, multiple regression analysis, and simple repression analysis. The results derived through such procedure are as follows. First, brand, design, showing off (or self-display), quality, and advertisement, among sub-factors of the baseball supplies purchase decision factor, had significant effect on brand image. Second, quality among sub-factors of the baseball supplies purchase decision factor, had significant effect on brand satisfaction. Third, baseball supplies’ brand image as perceived by amateur baseball club members had significant effect on brand satisfaction. Fourth, baseball supplies’ brand image and brand satisfaction as perceived by amateur baseball club members had significant effect on the intent of repeat purchase.

Predictors of Psychological Happiness in Leisure Sports Participant - Focusing on Amateur Baseball Clubs -

Predictors of Psychological Happiness in Leisure Sports Participant - Focusing on Amateur Baseball Clubs -

More than Just California Dreaminn?: California Labor Code 2855 and Its Applicability to Major League Baseball

This Article examines California Labor Law §2855 and explores whether it might apply to Major League Baseball (MLB) clubs operating within the state of California. Further, it attempts to answer the question of how the statute might impact California clubs, as well as those operating outside of California, if in fact it does. It will explore the history, purpose and workings of the statute – one most typically applied to artists and creatives such as Hollywood actors – as well as its public policy aims to see whether the concerns that underpin the language and subsequent judicial interpretation of §2855 are likewise present in modern day professional baseball. For if they are there is a strong argument that the statute applies to the creatives pursing their craft on the diamond just as it does to those who perform on the sound stage. This Article will also examine the issue of federal pre-emption given that player relations within MLB are governed by a collective bargaining agreement negotiated pursuant to the National Labor Relations Act. It will explore how the statute has been applied historically and how the “anti-collusion” language written into MLB’s collective bargaining agreement might hinder club owners’ ability to prevent their players from exercising their rights under §2855. It will also scrutinize the potential nexus between §2855 and baseball’s arbitration rules to see if perhaps some small tweaks of these rules might bring baseball into compliance with the statute surprisingly easily. And finally this Article will take a look at the practical impact the application of §2855 might have on California clubs as well as MLB overall and will show that without its realizing it, baseball has been inching towards compliance with the statute in recent years. As this Article will conclude, rather than ushering in the End of Days of baseball in California as some fear, formally applying §2855 to MLB might very well provide California clubs with negotiating advantages relative to their non-California brethren when it comes to the wooing of free agents. For all of these reasons, this Article argues that, rather than fight it, both MLB and its California clubs ought to instead embrace §2855 as one way or the other, they will be following many of its dictates in the not-so-distant future.

사회인 야구동호인의 여가열의가 여가만족과 심리적행복감에 미치는 영향 연구

사회인 야구동호인의 여가열의가 여가만족과 심리적행복감에 미치는 영향 연구

A History of Baseball and Paper Mills [History

On Saturday night, 22 October 2016, I witnessed the Chicago Cubs clinch a place in baseball's 2016 World Series after capturing the pennant during the National League Central Division playoffs with the Los Angeles Dodgers. Not since 1945 had this baseball club been able to accomplish this extraordinary feat. It was on 28 May 1957, at a National League baseball owners midseason meeting in Chicago, that the decision was made to move the Brooklyn Dodgers franchise to Los Angeles. Chicago, of course, has always been known as a baseball town, and the young Cubs players, in their early 20s, magically captured the hearts of their devoted fans in winning their place in history once again.