Basic Verbs Research Articles

ІНТЕНСИФІКАЦІЯ У ДАВНЬОГРЕЦЬКИХ ЗВʼЯЗУЮЧИХ ПРОКЛЯТТЯХ

The article discusses the means of implementing illocutionary intensifi cation, which is one of the characteristic features of ancient Greek curses. The theoretical basis of the study is the theory of performatives and the three-level structure of the speech act proposed by J. Austin. The texts on which the research was carried out can be interpreted as specifi c speech acts, since they are characterized by all the structural elements identifi ed by J. Austin – locution, illocution, and perlocution. We will also refer to the c lassifi cation of illocutionary acts by J. Searle. In addition, the research also used a number of traditional linguistic methods, in particular, descriptive, contextual, component and pragmalinguistic analyses. The illocutionary act is primarily realized at the level of predicates, among which there is a signifi cant share of prefi xed verbs. They are usually used with de-semanticized prefi xes that do not change but intensify the meaning of the base verb. In addition, the prefi x can emphasize the terminative character of the verb, which is especially noticeable when combining a simple and a prefi xed verb formed from a common base. Verbal intensifi cation can be implemented in four ways: using verbs with the same prefi x, combining prefi xed and simple verbs, accumulating verbs with a similar meaning, using verbs formed from a common base with diff erent prefi xes. As an intensifying strategy in curses, repetitions are widely used, among which the dominant anaphora is represented at all levels — from phonetic to syntactic. Repetition does not constitute a morphological rule, but is rather occasional to express intensifi cation. It is shown that its main function in Ancient Greek curse tablets is to express illocutionary intensifi cation modifying such Speech Acts as orders and requests. For the most part, both mentioned means are combined within the text, sporadically supplemented with “magic words”. The extensive use of prefi xed verbs, verb groups, and repetition in curses, which rarely occurs in literary texts, is a feature of the language of magic. The combination of these elements, supplemented by a ritualized action, was supposed to guarantee the eff ectiveness of the curse and achieve the desired result for the addressee. Key words: ancient Greek, curse, intensifi cation, illocutionary act, verb, prefi xation, repetition.

Hämmern, verwandeln und entschärfen. Zur Valenz metaphorischer Verben des Erzielens und Verhinderns von Toren im Handball, Eishockey und Fußball

This article examines metaphorical verbs for describing the scoring and preventing of goals in the languages of handball, ice hockey and football, such as hämmern, donnern, verwandeln or entschärfen. The focus here is on the changes in the valency structure compared to the general language verbs as well as the relationship to the valency of prototypical base verbs such as werfen and schießen. Expansions and reductions of valency can be observed, as well as changes in argument types. The syntactic-semantic characteristics of metaphorical verbs are described as a result of terminologisation in the professional language of sport.

Word Formation and Semantic Features of Composites in Verbal Word-Forming Nests With the Base Word ‘Lyubit’/ ‘Lieben’ in Russian and German

The aim of this study is to identify the word formation, semantic, and stylistic features of words with complex bases within Russian and German verb nests, centered around the base verbs lyubit’ / lieben (‘to love’). This research unveils the word-forming and semantic potential of these base verbs by analyzing their complex derivatives and comparing the composites derived from lyubit’ and lieben. Empirical data were collected through continuous sampling, and the word formation analysis method was employed to describe the formation processes of the units in question. Epidigmatic analysis was utilized to examine their semantic structures, complemented by quantitative assessments of frequency and distribution. The findings indicate that word composition is the predominant method of forming complex words in both languages’ verb nests, with a notable prevalence of composite nouns that exhibit a subordinate relationship between bases and are monosemantic. The study also reveals that while fusion is a method of producing composites in Russian, in German, it is limited to compound words. Reduplication, as seen in Russian composites like lyubish-ne-lyubish (‘love-not-love’), is absent in German. The study concludes, that the analyzed words are integral to the professional lexicon of psychologists, criminologists, biologists, botanists, and others. Beyond their terminological meanings, these complex lexemes encapsulate cultural concepts that mirror the mentalities of Russian and German speakers. Recognizing these concepts is crucial for effective communication across various fields, particularly in professional contexts.

Visual perception verbs in Old Anatolian Turkish

Abstract This study aims at describing the verbs of the visual sensory domain in Old Anatolian Turkish (oat), including basic and compound verb forms. We shall specifically focus on intra-field and trans-field meaning extensions of visual perception verbs such as baḳ-, naẓar et-, gör-, and görin-/gözük-. Our findings are based on a corpus consisting of 11 texts both in prose and poetry from the 13th to 15th centuries. There are mainly two types of verbs that conceptualise mental and emotive states through visual perception: one pertains to idiomatic expressions with göz ‘eye’, such as göz-(ün) aç- (eye-poss.acc open), göz-den düş- (eye-abl fall), and göz dut- (eye hold). The second form includes basic verbs including baḳ- (to look at), gör- (to see), naẓar et- (to look at) and gör-in-/göz-ük- (to appear). We shall show that visual perception constitutes a rich source for expressing emotive states, and the use of vision verbs for the expression of emotions is as productive as it is for mental states. Similar to Sweetser’s body is mind metaphor, we suggest that vision is emotion. The domain of visual perception in oat texts displays a strong connection to intellection; however, there is no evidence in our data indicating that the verbs gör- and baḳ- have meaning extension to ‘to know’. The phenomenon-based verbs görin- and gözük- have mainly two meaning extensions: one is related to physical existence, as in ‘occur’ and ‘appear’ in English. When these verbs co-occur with nouns and adjectives, they reflect the speakers’ judgements and beliefs by means of a metaphor.

VERB STRESS IN "THE FIRST READER FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS" BY A. KRUSHELNYTSKYI, O. POPOVYCH, B. LEPKYI (1918)

The article traces the peculiarities of verb stress in "The First Reader for Public Schools" authored by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, and B. Lepkyi (1918), which was one of the official textbooks for Ukrainian-speaking schools during the time of Austria-Hungary. The proposed publication introduces the textbook by the mentioned authors into the scientific linguistic circulation in the accentological aspect. The article identifies historically formed accentuation models, analyses the degree of their compliance with the norms of the time recorded in Western Ukrainian dictionaries and grammars of the late 19th - early 20th century, determines the possibility of their application in the modern literary language. Research Objective: To define the conformity degree of accentuation in "The First Reader for Public Schools" (1918) by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, and B. Lepkyi to the linguistic norms that were in effect in the Ukrainian-language education system of Austria-Hungary on the one hand, and to the requirements of the main Ukrainian Orthographies and grammars of the 20th – 21st centuries on the other. Source Base: "The First Reader for Public Schools" by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, B. Lepkyi (1918); "Malorus’ka-German Dictionary" by Ye. Zhelekhivsky and S. Nedilsky (1886); "Grammar of the Rus’ka Language" by S. Smal’-Stotskyi and F. Gartner (1893). The research utilized the following methods: descriptive, comparative, statistical, comprehensive material selection, partially historical reconstruction. Article Structure: Introduction, Literature Review, Presentation of the Main Material, Conclusions. The section "Presentation of the Main Material" includes the following subsections: "Features of Verbs Stress of the First Conjugation", "Features of Verbs Stress of the Second Conjugation", "Features of Irregular Verbs Stress". In the "The First Reader", a total of 900 verb word forms were identified. Of these, 866 usages (96 percent) conform to modern accentuation norms. In the section "Presentation of the Main Material", 34 verb stresses were analyzed, which do not correspond to the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language. It was found that 32 word forms conform to the norms that were in force in Halychyna and Bukovyna at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century. The indicated linguistic and cultural environment could have influenced the stress of certain verbal forms. In the "Conclusions" section, it is noted that the research results attest to the stability of basic verb stress in the Ukrainian literary language across time and space. Practically all accentuations in the "The First Reader for Public Schools" (1918), which differ from contemporary norms, corresponded to the standards of the Ukrainian literary language at that time. Therefore, the "The First Reader" exhibited a high degree of accentuation normativity. The accentuation norms in the "The First Reader" corresponded to the living literary language of Halychyna and Bukovyna at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century.

Conversion – process of naming the verbal bases in the Akathist text. Interpretation difficulties

Nominalization is a process to which the languages of the world show varying degrees of sensitivity. In Romanian, this linguistic phenomenon registers an increased productivity. The main nominalization pattern is represented by the transition of verbal bases to the noun class. In the current work, we approached a less frequent procedure for nominalizing verbal bases - conversion. It is known that the main way of nominalizing verbal bases is suffixation (primarily by attaching the long infinitive suffix -re, followed by the agent suffix -tor and others). Our article deals with conversion as a procedure for nominalizing verbal radicals, using the Orthodox hymnographic text as an example material. The main problem that emerges from the analysis of the excerpted examples is the differentiation of the participle from the supine as a basis for nominalization.

МЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ЛЕКСИКА В ТЕКСТЕ ХАКАССКОГО ГЕРОИЧЕСКОГО СКАЗАНИЯ «АЛБЫНЧЫ»

Our research is devoted to the identification and description of one of the fragments of the folklore-linguistic picture of the world – the semantic field of mental vocabulary based on the material of the Khakas heroic legend Albynchy. The interest in this linguistic representation of the characters' image stems from the principle of the anthropocentric paradigm, which represents the study of the inner world of a person, in particular, their psychological and mental functions. We understand a mental vocabulary as lexemes that not only name the process, the state of the subject, but contain elements of its description in their semantics and indicate the ethnic specifics of perception, understanding, cognition of the surrounding reality by an individual linguistic personality or the ethnolinguistic community as a whole. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the semantic and functional structures of a mental vocabulary based on the material of the specified work of oral folk art. The tasks set to achieve this goal are related to the anthropocentric paradigm, i.e. the issues of revealing the human phenomenon through language. The relevance of the research is due to the insufficiency of research on the lexical system of the language of the Khakas heroic tales and the need to develop their linguistic and folklore paradigm as an independent scientific direction. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that mental vocabulary based on folklore material becomes the subject of special research for the first time. Based on the material of the Khakas heroic tale Albynchy the field of mental vocabulary turned out to be few. These include two basic verbs (сағын- ‘to think’, пiл- ‘to know’); verbal synonymous constructions; nouns – synonyms with the general meaning “mind, thought, reason” (ис, ағыл, сағыс), one cliched expression (ис ирт-, ағыл ас- ‘reason to pass by, lose your mind’), the phraseology of сағыс кiр- ‘the mind to enter’, describing the processes of mental activity and mental states of the characters. The study revealed that the semantic structures of these means of expressing mentality differ significantly from the contents of common-language dictionary variants, since the system of traditional folklore texts primarily reflect the ideological orientations and attitudes of the ethnic group. The conceptual basis of the set of mental representations is the categorical polarity of assessments: positive and negative in the absence of a neutral one. We see the prospects for the study of the language of heroic tales in deeper and more thorough developments of both individual lexical groupings and conceptual spheres, which contribute to the development of the Turkic interdisciplinary directions “folklore-linguistic picture of the world” and “linguofoloristics”.

The heterogeneous nature of verbal alternations: What information structure can tell us about it

In this paper, I discuss Dative Alternation and Locative Alternation, proposing a cross‑linguistically heterogeneous behavior of verb alternates. I explore information structural factors and study the available basic verb patterns in contexts where no previous shared information is presumed (broad focus), which is taken as diagnostic of the derived or non-derived nature of a given verbal alternation. I examine the different discourse interpretations of the two alternates in Spanish, English, Portuguese and Turkish. I suggest a non-derived nature of the two instances of verbs in Spanish Locative Alternation. On the contrary, Dative Alternation in Spanish exhibits derivational properties from a discourse perspective. In short, I propose two types of alternates (a derivational type and a non-derivational type), for which I find evidence in the notion of scope freezing (Larson 2014, Antonyuk 2020, Cépeda & Cyrino 2020). In Spanish, an inverse scope reading is available in quantifiers in locative alternation, which supports a non-derivational analysis of the two patterns. Locative Alternation shows scope freezing, favoring a derivational analysis. I put forth a Minimalist derivation based on discourse features and the notion of feature inheritance, which accounts for the above-mentioned characteristics.

Is instrumental causee available in Azerbaijani?

This paper focuses on the availability of instrumental PPs in the ditransitive and causative of ditransitive verbs. While base ditransitive verbs only allow PPs to be marked with inanimate NPs, causative of ditransitive base verbs also accept animate NPs. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether these animate NPs marked with instrumental PPs can be the causee of the causative of ditransitive sentences, and to give an argument structure analysis within the Lexical Mapping Theory.

How Complex Verbs Acquire Their Idiosyncratic Meanings.

Complex verbs with the same preverb/prefix/particle that is both linguistically productive and analyzable can be compositional as well as non-compositional in meaning. For example, the English on has compositional spatial uses (put a hat on) but also a non-spatial "continuative" use, where its semantic contribution is consistent with multiple verbs (we played / worked / talked on despite the interruption). Comparable examples can be given with German preverbs or Russian prefixes, which are the main data analyzed in the present paper. The preverbs/prefixes/particles that encode non-compositional, construction-specific senses have been extensively studied; however, it is still far from clear how their semantic idiosyncrasies arise. Even when one can identify the contribution of the base, it is counterintuitive to assign the remaining sememes to the preverb/prefix/particle part. Therefore, on one hand, there seems to be an element without meaning, and on the other, there is a word sense that apparently comes from nowhere. In this article, I suggest analyzing compositional and non-compositional complex verbs as instantiations of two different types of constructions: one with an open slot for the preverb/prefix/particle and a fixed base verb and another with a fixed preverb/prefix/particle and an open slot for the base verb. Both experimental and corpus evidence supporting this decision is provided for Russian data. I argue that each construction implies its own meaning-processing model and that the actual choice between the two can be predicted by taking into account the discrepancy in probabilities of transition from preverb/prefix/particle to base and from base to preverb/prefix/particle.

The Lexicogrammatical Profile of Non-agentive Deverbal -er Nominals: A Usage-based Approach

In this paper we analyse the lexicogrammatical profile of 30 non-agentive deverbal -er nominalisations, showing that the different semantic types that middle structures instantiate in Heyvaert’s (2003) usage-based classification (i.e., facility-, quality-, feasibility-, destinyand result-oriented) can be systematically found among the non-agentive -er nominals in our corpus. Following Lemmens (1998) and Heyvaert (2001, 2003), we believe that a detailed analysis of the type of base verbs used in deverbal -er formations is necessary to provide a more accurate classification on a lexicogrammatical basis. A basic distinction is thus made between -er nominals that profile patientive participants and -er nominals that designate circumstantial participants. Patientive nominalisations include Goal-profiling derivations based on transitive verbs, such as Freerider or scratcher, as well as Medium-profiling formations derived from ergative verbs, such as best-seller, top-seller and broiler, where the profiled entities can be said to co-participate in the process. Circumstantial nominalisations (mostly derived from intransitive verbs) include Location-profiling formations, like two-seater or bed-sitter, and Instrumental-profiling formations, such as baby jumper or tourer. We have conducted a qualitative corpus-based analysis in order to examine the lexico-semantic and lexico-paradigmatic profile of 30 deverbal -er nominalisations in present-day English. Using the Concordance section of Sketch Engine in the enTenTen20 corpus, we have been able to retrieve a total of 2,847 contextualised examples, including agentive and non-agentive instantiations.

Verb Forms of Sikka Krowe Language: a Contrastive Analysis

Language is a crucial factor in teaching and learning. The language could be mother tongue, foreign language or local language. This research was aimed at finding and describing about English and Sikka Krowe language verb forms, the similarities and differences of both language verb forms, the implications of the similarities and differences of English and Sikka Krowe language verbs in teaching English in EFL setting. This research was classified as a qualitative study. The techniques of data collection used in this research were interview and study document. The result of the research showed that both English and Sikka Krowe language verbs changed based on subjects as in English. There are some verbs which do not change in all forms for all times. The difference was that Sikka Krowe language verbs did not have any grammatical tense as in English. Each subject has its own verb form which is used for all times. English have six basic verb forms namely base, to infinitive, present, past, present participle and pas participle whereas Sikka Krowe language only has base forms which different for each subject. Since the difference of both language is caused by the grammatical tense of the verbs, the recommended methods which could be applied are grammar translation method and community language learning.

Morphophonological Study of Southern Bade Prefixes

This paper describes the structures and functions of prefixes in southern Bade, a dialect of Bade language. Bade is the West Chadic-B language of Afro-Asiatic phyla, mainly spoken in the northern part of Yobe State, Nigeria. Prefixation, as a morphological operation, is a process whereby a bound morpheme is attached before a root or a stem to derive a new lexeme or inflect the existing one. In addition to the researcher’s innate knowledge as a native speaker, the data were obtained through an oral interview and unobtrusive observation, mainly from dialect speakers of the language. Generative Approaches (Chomsky and Halle, 1968) formed the theoretical framework of the study. From the data obtained, the paper identified and discussed five derivational prefixes found in the nominal system of the dialect {ma-} prefix is used in deriving agential nouns, personal and instrument names, {ga(a)-} in forming participial adjectives and adverbs, {saa-} in deriving female namesake and circumstantial names. {tə-} and {də-} are used in deriving personal names and adjectives respectively from a verb base. The morphophonological alternations that occurred in the prefixation processes include the weakening of voiced velar /g/ to becoming labial velar [w]; schwa [ə] deletion re-syllabification; insertion of link element; deletion, labialization; and palatalization. It argues that some of the prefixes simultaneously co-occur with varying suffixes, depending on the word class derived, in the formation process, while a few are not.

The morphologization of German noun-participle combinations. A diachronic case study

The present paper focuses on the recent history of German noun-participle combinations in which the noun saturates an argument of the base verb. These structures are hybrids between phrases and words, yielding variation in spelling and in the form of the nominal constituent. For instance, the combinations Mitleid erregend vs. mitleidØerregend vs. mitleidserregend ‘pitiful’, lit. “pity-arousing” (where Ø represents a zero morpheme) exemplify such variation, which is a (preliminary) result of (ongoing) language change. Therefore, this paper studies how the noun-participle pattern has diachronically evolved between syntax and word formation since the 18th century. Spelling and nominal forms are used as central indicators. For the latter, two approaches based on verb-valency are introduced. Data from the German Text Archive and DWDS core corpus show that over the past 300 years, noun-participle combinations have undergone a process of morphologization: they are increasingly written as a graphemic unit and take nominal forms that are typical of nominal root compounds. Moreover, this study shows that morphologization is partly supported by high token frequencies of individual types. It is argued that the phenomenon is best characterized by assuming a gradient distinction between syntax and word formation.

The role of category ambiguity in normal and impaired lexical processing: can you paint without the paint?

Many words are categorially ambiguous and can be used as a verb (to paint) or as a noun (the paint) due to the presence of unpronounced morphology or "zero morphology". On this account, the verb "paint" is derived from the noun "paint" through the addition of a silent category-changing morpheme. Past studies have uncovered the syntactic and semantic properties of these categorially ambiguous words, but no research has been conducted on how people process them during normal or impaired lexical processing. Are these two different uses of "paint" processed in the same way? Does this morphosyntactic structure have an effect on online sentence processing? This study presents two experiments that investigate the effect of morphosyntactic complexity in categorially ambiguous words presented in isolation (experiment 1) and in a sentential context (experiment 2). The first experiment tested the ability to process categorially unambiguous and ambiguous nouns and verbs in 30 healthy older adults and 12 individuals with aphasia, using a forced choice phrasal-completion task, in which individuals choose whether the or to is most compatible with target words. Healthy controls and individuals with fluent aphasia all showed: (1) a bias toward the base category in selection rates for the and to, where the was selected more frequently for words identified to be base nouns, and to was selected more frequently for base verbs, and (2) longer reaction times for ambiguous (over unambiguous) words. However, individuals with non-fluent agrammatic aphasia showed a base-category effect only for nouns, with chance performance for verbs. The second experiment, using an eye-tracking while reading paradigm with 56 young healthy adults, showed a reading time slowdown for derived forms (to paint) compared to their base-category counterparts (the paint) in sentence contexts. These findings suggest that categorially ambiguous words likely share a common root, and are related by zero-derivation, and that impaired access to the base-category (i.e., verbs like to visit) precludes associated morphological processes and therefore the retrieval of the derived-category (i.e., nouns like the visit) in non-fluent agrammatic aphasia. This study provides insights into the theory of zero morphology, and the principles that need to be accounted for in models of the lexicon.

The Uniqueness of Imperative Construction in the Balinese Language

This study describes the morphosyntax of imperative sentences in the Balinese language. From the morphological approach, the uniqueness of the imperative in Balinese can be seen when compared to some other languages. This study aims to clarify the typology of this matter. Imperative sentences show similarities and distinctions between certain languages. In many languages, imperative sentences commonly use base verbs or bare verbs with or without a second-person subject. However, imperative sentences in Balinese use verbs with different affixes depending on the category. This study discusses the morphological form of the imperative verb, the structure of the imperative, and examples of sentences that can be used in the imperative. We believe that this morphosyntax approach can best explain the uniqueness of the imperative found in Balinese. This study is unlike any previous studies done on the same topic, and it aims to give a comprehensive and conclusive view of the imperative construction in Balinese.

Causatives in Classical Armenian

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study of the five causative formations of Classical Armenian. It focuses on the correspondence between the morphosyntactic complexity of causatives and the autonomy of the causee, which is specified based on the semantic type of the noncausal base verb. The correspondence proves to be incomplete as witnessed by areas of overlap in the lexical distribution of base verbs. While the competing lexical and synthetic causatives reflect the patientive and non-patientive readings of the first argument of the noncausal verb, respectively, the competing synthetic and analytic causatives rather express the contrast in the degree of affectedness of the causee, which does not fully depend on the semantic properties of the noncausal predicate. The semantic types of causation better correlate with morphosyntactic complexity than with segmental length in Classical Armenian.

Соотношение семантики (типология семантики) производных основ, образованных аффиксами -hыт и -ааччы в якутском языке

Affixal word formation and term formation is one of the relevant areas being developed in Yakut linguistics. Starting with the fundamental work by Otto von Bohtlingk “On the Yakut language”, a study of the Yakut word-formation system was conducted in the grammatical works of V.V. Radlov, S.V. Yastremsky, N.N. Poppe, A.E. Kulakovsky, A.A. Ivanov-Kyund, P.A. Oyunsky, N.S. Grigoriev, L.N. Kharitonov, N.K. Antonova, E.I. Ubryatova, P.A. Sleptsova, E.I. Okoneshnikova, V.I. Bygova, I.B. Ivanova, etc. Affix –hyt in the Yakut language is a fairly used word-formation form, which denotes a person or figure for whom this subject (concept) represents the object of their occupation or profession, or constitutes their special inclination, skill, dexterity, predilection. The affix –aachchi in the Yakut language is also a living productive participial-nominal affix, which: firstly, denotes an actor or an actor; secondly, it functions as a participle and a finite verb form that has the meaning of a commonly performed action. The first affix forms nouns from nominal bases, and the second affix forms nouns from verbal bases. These derived bases, when formed from an unambiguous basis, express nouns denoting an actor or figure, which are close-valued and synonymous. For example, suruksut from suruk ‘letter’ – ‘able to write, scribe, clerk’; suruyaachchy from suruy ‘write’ – ‘able to write usually, writer’: tyylbaaschyt from tylbaas ‘translation’ – ‘translator’: tylbaastaachchy from tylbaastaa ‘translate, translate’ –‘translator. This article is devoted to the analysis of the nature of this phenomenon, i.e., the synonymy of names formed by affixes on –hyt and –aachchy from verbs and verbal names ascending to the same verb-nominal derivative root basis. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the main difference between words formed by the affix –hyt from names and the affix –aachchy from these nameless verbs is that names with the affix -hyt express the subject of action from the professional side (skillful possession of quality, activity, ability, inclination, etc.), i.e. the object of which is the given object, and the names with the affix -aachchy call (show) the names simply as subjects of this (given) action.

Deverbal nominalization in Runyankore

In this paper I examine eleven different processes of deverbal nominalization in Runyankore, a Lacustrine Bantu language spoken in Uganda. After establishing both general and Runyankore-specific properties that distinguish nouns from verbs, I test each of these nominalizations against 13 phonological, morphological, and syntactic criteria. Although all eleven nominalization constructions can take the determiner-like initial vowel “augment”, and all can be derived from verb bases that include derivational suffixes (“extensions”), e.g. causative, applicative, and reciprocal, only some of the nominalizations allow a pronominal object prefix or a following noun phrase object or adverbial. The various properties are tabulated to show that the different nominalizations vary along a cline, meeting all, some, or none of the nine most discriminating criteria in defining “noun” vs. “verb”.

Prefigované ekvivalenty francúzskych verb percepcie v slovenčine

The presented article deals with the translation of verbs of perception from French into Slovak in the novel Passing Timeby M. Butor. The focus, in particular, is on the numerous Slovak prefix equivalents of these French non-prefixed verbs. The main goal is the analysis of their meanings. We will observe how the prefix, in addition to changing the imperfect form into the perfect one, modifies the meaning of the basic verb of perception and thus fulfils its lexical-perfective function. We assume that most of the initial non-prefixed verbs in the French source language will be in the compound past tense - passé composé. The partial goal of the research is to find out which prefixes are ​​the most productive in terms of verbal word formation by prefixing. We have found out that in the majority of cases, the prefix not only fulfils a grammatical function, but also has a lexical function that significantly modifies the meaning of the basic non-prefixed verb. For example, it enriches the verb with the meanings of the beginning of the action.