Bar Of Cross Section Research Articles

Formation of Symmetric Gradient Microstructure in Carbon Steel Bars

In recent years, severe plastic deformation has attracted the most attention as a way to improve the mechanical properties of steel bars. Obtaining ultrafine grains and nanostructures in such bars leads to a strong increase in strength properties but strongly reduces their plastic properties. This study shows that the formation of a gradient microstructure allows simultaneous improvement in the strength and plastic properties of carbon steel bars, taking into account the symmetry of the microstructure distribution from the center of machining. A new combined technology is proposed to obtain such a microstructure. This technology consists of drawing bars from medium carbon steel on a radial-displacement rolling mill and carrying out subsequent drawing. Steel bars with a diameter of 30 mm were strained in three passes to a diameter of 16 mm at room temperature. The results show that the average value of microhardness in the center, neutral, and surface areas for the three straining cycles were 1890 MPa, 2335 MPa, and 2920 MPa, respectively. This symmetrical distribution of microhardness confirms the gradient microstructure. Strength characteristics also increased almost twofold: the yield strength increased from 330 to 735 MPa, and the ultimate strength increased from 600 MPa to 1025 MPa. Relative elongation decreased from 18 to 14 MPa, and relative reduction decreased from 40 to 31%, but remained at a fairly good level for AISI 1045 steel. The validity of all results was confirmed through numerous experiments using a set of traditional and modern research methods, which included optical, scanning, and transmission microscopy. EBSD analysis allowed precise positioning of the field of vision for studying microstructural changes across the entire bar cross-section. All of these methods used together, including tensile testing of the mechanical properties and the fractographic method, allow us to assess changes in microhardness and the reproduction of results.

Excellent strength-ductility combination of interstitial non-equiatomic middle-entropy alloy subjected to cold rotary swaging and post-deformation annealing

The effect of cold rotary swaging and subsequent annealing on the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of a Fe49.5Mn30Co10Cr10C0.5 middle-entropy alloy was studied. Finite element modeling predicted inhomogeneous stress distribution and temperature gradient during deformation. Microstructure analysis indicated the development of deformation-induced γ→ε martensitic transformation during earlier steps of cold rotary swaging (20–40 % reduction). However, a single-phase face-centered cubic structure was attained after 60–90 % reduction due to reverse ε→γ transformation. Meanwhile, a twin-matrix microstructure was observed in the bar center, whereas an ultrafine microstructure was formed at the bar edge. Post-deformation annealing at 600 °C caused the onset of static recrystallization and thereby the formation of ultrafine dislocation-free grains. Apparently, after 60–90 % reduction, a ⟨100⟩- and ⟨111⟩-fiber texture gradient along the bar cross-section was developed. Besides, at the bar edge, a pronounced B/B‾ shear texture was obtained that transformed into a Cube texture after annealing at 700 °C. Compared to the as-swaged material (yield strength (YS) = 1250 MPa; ultimate tensile strength (UTS) = 1520 MPa; elongation to failure (EF) = 6.5 %), annealing at 500 °C resulted in additional strengthening (YS = 1655 MPa; UTS = 1660 MPa), but EF did not change noticeably. Yet, annealing at 600°С was accompanied by an essential increase in both EF (to 11 %) and YS (to 1500 MPa). The applied approach can be used for obtaining a material with an attractive strength-ductility combination due to overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off.

Investigation of the Temperature Field during Radial-Shear Rolling of Technical Copper

Radial-shear rolling is one of the most promising methods of metal forming, allowing to develop a level of strain in the rolled bar sufficient to obtain an ultrafine-grained structure. At the same time, it has already been theoretically and experimentally confirmed that after metal processing by this method, a gradient distribution of grain size is observed in the cross section of the rod, which is a consequence of the laminar-turbulent flow of metal in the deformation zone. This work, carried out within the framework of grant №AP14869128, funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, is devoted to the study of the temperature field during radial-shear rolling of M1 technical copper at an initial workpiece temperature of 20°C. To study the temperature distribution over the bar cross section, finite element modeling of radial-shear rolling of M1 technical copper was performed in the Deform program. A rod with a diameter of 30 mm and a length of 150 mm was set as the initial workpiece. It was decided to conduct three passes of radial-shear rolling with compression of 3 mm per pass. In addition to studying the temperature fields on the workpiece, the temperature distribution on the rolls was also considered. Analysis of the simulation results showed that the temperature distribution over the cross-section of the rod has a gradient character.

Curvature Analysis in a Bi-layered Non-linear Elastic Bar under Uniform Heating

The present theoretical paper is concerned with analysis of the curvature in a bi-layered bar of rectangular cross-section. The bar is subjected to uniform heating. The two layers of the bar have different thickness and material properties. Besides, the layers exhibit non-linear elastic mechanical behaviour that is treated by applying a power-law stress-strain constitutive relationship. The bi-layered bar curvature is studied analytically. For this purpose, the mechanical response of the bar to uniform heating is investigated. The strains in the two layers due to heating are analyzed. An equation is compiled by using the fact that the prolongations of the bar layers are equal. Two equations are worked out by considering the equilibrium of the layers. The analysis of the curvature presented in this paper is checked-up by comparing with a known solution for the curvature in a bi-layered linear-elastic bar under uniform heating. The uniform heating induced curvature in a bi-layered bar whose layers are continuously inhomogeneous in longitudinal direction is also studied.

Reinforced concrete corner for timber frame moment resisting joints – Design and experimental assessment

In this paper, a new type of moment-resisting joint for timber frames is proposed and discussed. In short, the prismatic volume of the corner is made up of high-strength concrete reinforced with steel bars bonded in both the timber beam and the column, forming a composite joint. The analytical and experimental study of the resisting moment, stiffness and failure modes of the proposed joint are carried out. The role of the timber cross section and diameters of the steel bars on the resisting moment are investigated, based on an assumed mechanical model for the stress-strain relation. The failure mode based on the yielding of the steel bars is privileged towards the timber shear failure of the bonding of the bars, given its ductile nature. Series of knee joint specimens with steel reinforcement bars of two different diameters were produced and tested to failure. The experimental results showed good agreement with the ultimate moment estimates obtained from the proposed analytical method. Specimens of polygonal bolted joint were also tested, for the sake of comparison. Both the rotational stiffness and bending strength are much higher than those of the traditional bolted joints tested. It is concluded that this joint is structurally effective and has, consequently, good potential of application.

On the development of a high strain-rate tensile testing method for thin low-impedance materials

This work deals with the high strain-rate characterization of paper under uniaxial tension using a Split Hopkinson test bench. An aluminum bar system featuring a highly sensitive hollow transmission bar was used. Paper tests were performed in a strain-rate range between approximately 60 s−1 and 210 s−1. The experimental tests showed that the breaking strength appears to decrease with increasing strain-rate. To verify these results, a digital twin of both the paper specimen and the entire test rig was created in an explicit Finite Element method environment. The numerical model was then used to perform a parameter study with different types of transmission bars. It was shown that the system is quite sensitive to additional masses caused by the specimen fixtures, as well as to drastic reductions in the cross section of the transmission bar. As a result, the transmitted measuring signal can be distorted and may need to be corrected using the digital twin.

Durability of GFRP and BFRP reinforcing bars in simulated seawater sea sand calcium sulfoaluminate cement concrete pore solution

Thanks to the much smaller carbon footprint of calcium sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) concrete and the corrosion resistance of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement, FRP-reinforced SAC concrete can possibly replace conventional reinforced concrete in some cases. In this study, for the first time, the durability of glass FRP (GFRP) and basalt FRP (BFRP) bars, made with epoxy resin, is investigated in simulated pore solutions of concretes made with (a) SAC and fresh water, (b) SAC and seawater and sea sand. The bars were immersed in each solution and kept at constant temperature of 30 °C, 45 °C and 60 °C for up to 180 days. Bar samples were tested for their retained tensile strength and physiochemical degradation after 30, 60, 90, and 180 days of immersion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to identify the underlying damage mechanisms. Results show that solution (b) is less harmful to BFRP than solution (a), while the opposite is true in the case of GFRP. Both solutions caused the dissolution of the epoxy resin and the leaching of the Fe in the basalt fiber. Overall, GFRP exhibited higher durability than BFRP. Based on image analysis, the deteriorated zone within the bar cross-section is not a uniform ring, but its area correlates with the loss of tensile strength. Inspired by the Avrami-Erofe'ev Equation and the Eyring's Transition State Theory, a novel time-temperature-dependent FRP bar degradation model is proposed. The proposed model shows close agreement between the predicted and measured tensile strengths.

Concrete Cover Cracking and Reinforcement Corrosion Behavior in Concrete with New-to-Old Concrete Interfaces.

In reinforced concrete (RC) structures, new-to-old concrete interfaces are widely present due to precast splices, repairs, and construction joints. In this paper, both monolithic and segmental specimens were fabricated with five kinds of water-cement ratios, including ordinary and high-strength concrete. The impressed current-accelerated corrosion test was used, and the degree of reinforcement corrosion was controlled by Faraday's Law. In the accelerated corrosion process, the concrete surface cracking, steel corrosion, and mechanical properties of the corroded steels in the segmental specimens were investigated and compared with monolithic specimens considering the pouring method, concrete strength, and the strength difference between new and old concrete. The prediction of concrete cracking time was also discussed. The results indicated that, for the monolithic specimens, longitudinal cracks could be observed on the ordinary concrete surface, while no cracks were produced on a high-strength concrete surface; only the rust leaked out at the ends. For the segmental specimens, both longitudinal and transverse cracks were produced on an ordinary concrete surface, while only transverse cracks were produced at the high-strength new-to-old concrete interfaces. The steel embedded in the segmental specimens suffered more sectional loss at the new-to-old concrete interfaces. An influence coefficient based on the section loss of the rebar was proposed to evaluate the influence of interfaces on the rust uniformity of rebars. When there were differences in strength between new and old concrete, the influence of the interface on the uniformity of steel bar cross-section loss slightly increased. Based on available theoretical analysis for uniform corrosion, the concrete cracking time of the monolithic specimens was predicted, which was basically consistent with experimental phenomena. However, further research is needed to predict the service life of segmental specimens with new-to-old concrete interfaces.

A FEM-Based Comparative Study of the Effect of Rotor Bar Designs on the Performance of Squirrel Cage Induction Motors

Induction motors (IM) are the most frequently used type of motor in the industry. The number of rotor slots, bar geometry, and conductivity of bar material have a strong impact on the torque profile and efficiency characteristics of induction motors. This study focused on investigating the effect of different rotor bar designs on motor performance by the finite element method (FEM). The IMs have been designed using the same stator core, winding, and core lengths. The total rotor bar cross-section areas are also fixed throughout all designs. In addition to the change in the number of rotor bars and geometry, the effect of copper and aluminum bar materials on motor performance was also investigated, both for single and double-layered squirrel-cage structures. The results of the study indicate that the starting torque of the motor in a 36/30-slot aluminum single-cage structure was obtained as 96.26 Nm, while the starting torque of a 36/46-slot aluminum double-cage structure was found to be 115.34 Nm. It is also found that the starting torque of the initial design can be increased by up to 19.82% by changing only the rotor bar numbers and material with the same stator and rotor size. The efficiency of the motors was determined as 86.6% for both designs. In addition to efficiency, the output torque ripple has been decreased to 2.63, which equals a 67.32% decrease in the ripple of the initial design. The improved design has an approximately 8 °C lower T2 due to better cooling performance as a result of a higher number of rotor slots.

Dependence of the coefficient of restitution on the shape of an impacting body

The effect of the shape possessed by an impacting body on the coefficient of restitution is addressed using the case of low velocity axial impact of axisymmetric bars. We consider bars of a fixed mass but varying shapes that are parameterized by certain non-dimensional parameters. The eigenvalue problems in all such cases are solved analytically, and the obtained eigenfunctions are used to address the problem of impact with a rigid wall. This transient response problem is solved exactly using the method of Laplace transform. The analytical solutions are compared with fully numerical solutions obtained from the impact of three-dimensional axisymmetric bars using the Finite Element Method (FEM), and a very good match is obtained in all cases considered. In each case, the deformation and restitution times are determined for calculating the coefficient of restitution (COR) using Poisson’s definition, which is compared with Newton’s definition of COR. It is observed for variable cross-section bars that the end of deformation phase is not marked by the bar being completely at rest with the energy purely as internal strain energy, as is conventionally thought of. The redistribution of the initial kinetic energy of the bar after impact in the form of gross motion of the bar and its internal motion is studied. It is found that the longitudinal cross-section variation of the bar decides its rebound characteristic, which is observed by the velocity of gross motion of the bar post impact.

An Analytic Solution for 2D Heat Conduction Problems with Space–Time-Dependent Dirichlet Boundary Conditions and Heat Sources

This study proposes a closed-form solution for the two-dimensional (2D) transient heat conduction in a rectangular cross-section of an infinite bar with space–time-dependent Dirichlet boundary conditions and heat sources. The main purpose of this study is to eliminate the limitations of the previous study and add heat sources to the heat conduction system. The restriction of the previous study is that the values of the boundary conditions and initial conditions at the four corners of the rectangular region should be zero. First, the boundary value problem of 2D heat conduction system is transformed into a dimensionless form. Second, the dimensionless temperature function is transformed so that the temperatures at the four endpoints of the boundary of the rectangular region become zero. Dividing the system into two one-dimensional (1D) subsystems and solving them by combining the proposed shifting function method with the eigenfunction expansion theorem, the complete solution in series form is obtained through the superposition of the subsystem solutions. Three examples are studied to illustrate the efficiency and reliability of the method. For convenience, the space–time-dependent functions used in the examples are considered separable in the space–time domain. The linear, parabolic, and sine functions are chosen as the space-dependent functions, and the sine, cosine, and exponential functions are chosen as the time-dependent functions. The solutions in the literature are used to verify the correctness of the solutions derived using the proposed method, and the results are completely consistent. The parameter influence of the time-dependent function of the boundary conditions and heat sources on the temperature variation is also investigated. The time-dependent function includes exponential type and harmonic type. For the exponential time-dependent function, a smaller decay constant of the time-dependent function leads to a greater temperature drop. For the harmonic time-dependent function, a higher frequency of the time-dependent function leads to a more frequent fluctuation of the temperature change.

Measurements of decaying grid turbulence with various initial conditions

The uniform grid, a tool commonly used to generate homogeneous and isotropic turbulence, has been the subject of many studies. Many studies have primarily focused on how initial conditions of uniform square grids, including the Reynolds number, mesh size, bar size, cross-section of bar, and solidities, affect the statistical characteristics of grid turbulence. However, the influence of mesh shape has not been studied extensively. This study deviates from the norm by examining the influence of different mesh shapes, specifically the uniform nonsquare grid, on grid turbulence. This variation in mesh shape can be easily achieved based on the traditional uniform square grid. The findings reveal that when a uniform nonsquare grid is used, the distance required for turbulence to fully develop decreases. Additionally, there is an increase in the low-frequency components of fluctuating velocity, while high-frequency components decrease. This shift leads to a difference in energy distribution. Moreover, using a uniform nonsquare grid reduces the anisotropies of decaying turbulence to a certain extent. The skewness approaches theoretical value of 0 more closely, while the flatness remains largely unchanged. The mesh shape also affects the decay exponents and power-law coefficients obtained, with the decay exponent potentially getting much closer to 1. Furthermore, larger integral length scales can be achieved at the same downstream position, without significantly modifying the turbulence intensity, by using the uniform nonsquare grid. This could better meet the requirements of large-scale turbulence in certain engineering fields, such as wind engineering, compared to the traditional uniform square grid.

Study on the Semi-Solid Thixotropic Forging Forming Process for the Low-Carbon Steel Claw Pole.

Low-carbon steel has been popularly applied in numerous applications because of its unique features, such as good plasticity, high strength, great hardness, and excellent toughness. Additionally, the semi-solid thixotropic forging forming method has been widely used in light alloys, due to its advantages of low forming force and high forming quality, whereas its application in ferrous materials is still limited. In this study, the semi-solid thixotropic forging forming process is proposed for producing the low-carbon steel claw pole, with the main stages being radial forging deformation, isothermal treatment, and forging forming. The effect of the area reduction rate on the effective strain from the cross sections of the radial-forged metal bar was studied using numerical simulations. The effect of the isothermal holding process on the microstructures of radial-forged billets was investigated, to obtain the ideal semi-solid microstructures. The microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon steel claw poles from the thixotropic forging experiment are presented and discussed. It was found that when the area reduction rate was 67%, the effective strain at the edge of the metal bar exceeded 5.0, while the effective strain at the center was above 1.2, indicating an excellent quality of forging for the bar. The optimization of the process parameters for preparing low-carbon steel semi-solid billets with fine and globular microstructures was achieved with an area reduction rate of 67%, an isothermal temperature of 1500 °C, and a duration time of 15 min. Moreover, the low-carbon steel claw pole fabricated with the optimized operating parameters was found fully filled, with a sharp profile and a flat surface, where the yield strength and tensile strength increased by 88.5% and 79.8%, respectively, compared to the starting materials.

Understanding the bond performance between BFRP bars and alkali-activated seawater coral aggregate concrete under marine environments

To improve the bond durability of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars with coral aggregate concrete (CAC), this study employed alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement for preparing alkali-activated slag CAC (AACAC) and investigated their bond behavior with FRP bars under seawater corrosion environments. The influences of various exposure times (0, 6, 9, and 12 months) and seawater environments (seawater immersion and drying-wetting cycles) on bond performance were considered. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were adopted to characterize the microstructural changes and mineralogical characteristics at the cross-section of BFRP bars and at paste matrix-aggregates interfaces of the concrete after seawater environment exposure. The tested results manifested that with the increase in exposure age, the bond strength for AACAC and CAC specimens gradually degraded, but their slope at the ascending stage of bond-stress curves (i.e., bond stiffness) tended to be enhanced. Compared with CAC specimens, AACAC specimens achieved a slightly lower rate of performance degradation. After being suffered from seawater conditions for 12 months, the compressive strength and bond strength of CAC specimens decreased by approximately 6.5% and 2.3%, respectively, while those of AACAC specimens only degraded by 2.5% and 1.5%, respectively.

An Analytic Solution for 2D Heat Conduction Problems with General Dirichlet Boundary Conditions

This paper proposed a closed-form solution for the 2D transient heat conduction in a rectangular cross-section of an infinite bar with the general Dirichlet boundary conditions. The boundary conditions at the four edges of the rectangular region are specified as the general case of space–time dependence. First, the physical system is decomposed into two one-dimensional subsystems, each of which can be solved by combining the proposed shifting function method with the eigenfunction expansion theorem. Therefore, through the superposition of the solutions of the two subsystems, the complete solution in the form of series can be obtained. Two numerical examples are used to investigate the analytic solution of the 2D heat conduction problems with space–time-dependent boundary conditions. The considered space–time-dependent functions are separable in the space–time domain for convenience. The space-dependent function is specified as a sine function and/or a parabolic function, and the time-dependent function is specified as an exponential function and/or a cosine function. In order to verify the correctness of the proposed method, the case of the space-dependent sinusoidal function and time-dependent exponential function is studied, and the consistency between the derived solution and the literature solution is verified. The parameter influence of the time-dependent function of the boundary conditions on the temperature variation is also investigated, and the time-dependent function includes harmonic type and exponential type.

Bond durability between BFRP bars and seawater coral aggregate concrete under seawater corrosion environments

The combination of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites with seawater coral aggregate concrete (CAC) in offshore construction contributes to reduced construction costs and avoids the corrosion problems related to steel-reinforced concrete structures. However, the durability for FRP-reinforced CAC members during service in marine environments is not well understood, which greatly hinders their application in offshore construction. In this paper, accelerated aging tests were employed for investigating the bond performance between the basalt-FRP (BFRP) bars and the CAC under seawater drying-wetting cycle and immersion environments. The effects of various exposure temperatures and exposure times on bond characteristics were considered, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was adopted to characterize microstructure changes at the cross-section of BFRP bars subjected to seawater exposure environments. The experimental results revealed that after being exposed to seawater corrosion conditions, the slope in the rising stage of the curves (i.e., initial bond stiffness) appeared to increase somewhat due to the hygroscopic expansion effect of the FRP bars, but the bond strength and its corresponding slip value demonstrated a gradual decrease. After being subjected to seawater drying-wetting cycle conditions at 45 °C and 60 °C for 12 months, the bond strength of BFRP bars in CAC declined by approximately 6.5 % and 12.0 %, respectively. This deterioration in the bond strength was related to the degradations in the mechanical properties of the FRP bars and the CAC, as well as the interfacial performance between the FRP bars and the CAC.

Оптимизация сжатых деревянных стоек переменного сечения по критерию максимума критической нагрузки

The article presents a numerical and analytical solution to the problem of optimizing compressed rods according to the criterion of the maximum critical load with a possible loss of stability in two planes. We consider a wooden bar of rectangular cross section, the height of which varies according to a linear law, and the width is constant. The calculation is performed in an elastic formulation. A constraint on the constancy of the rod mass is introduced. Variable parameters are the ratio of the minimum section height to the maximum, as well as the ratio of the section width to the maximum height. Numerical search for the optimal solution is performed in the MATLAB environment using the method of sequential quadratic programming. It has been established that the use of rods with a cross-sectional height that varies linearly along the length is effective only if the rod is fixed in at least one of the planes according to the “pinched-free end” scheme. It has been established that the increase in the critical load when using rods with a linearly varying cross-sectional height can be up to 22%.

A study of the dependence of the 3-phase cage motor maximum torque on the centroid of the rotor bar section

The paper investigates the relative influence of the centroid of the three-phase squirrel cage induction motor rotor bar cross section, on the breakdown (maximum) torque of the machine. The influence of the angle of taper, the top width and the radial depth of the bar section, as established design variables, were also investigated so as to properly situate the degree of influence of the centroid, in comparison; as far as the maximum torque is concerned. The machines were investigated in their steady state operating mode using the equivalent circuit method. The machine learning capabilities of the Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) was deployed to extract by prediction, information about the likely dependencies between the randomized block of the geometric variables and the maximum torque, and the captured information was stored using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of predictions. The validated results show that the rotor leakage reactance – a part determinant of the maximum torque; tends to show some significant sensitivity to a design change in the centroid of the transverse section of the rotor bar.

Obtaining an Equiaxed Ultrafine-Grained State of the Longlength Bulk Zirconium Alloy Bars by Extralarge Shear Deformations with a Vortex Metal Flow.

The method of radial shear rolling makes it possible to achieve comparable to high pressure torsion (HPT) method ultrahigh degrees of total strain level in combination with the vortex metal flow character for long-length large bulk bars unable by HPT and many other processes of sever plastic deformation (SPD). Sequential rolling of the Zr-1%Nb alloy was carried out under extreme conditions on two radial shear rolling mills with a total diameter reduction ε = 185% and a maximum total strain level = 46 mm/mm. The strain level and its cross-section distribution assessment by finite element method (FEM) simulation was studied. The final bar cross-section structure type distribution detailed study 1 mm resolution by electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping was performed. A gradient structure with a predominance of the equiaxed ultrafine-grained (UFG) state was found. The deformation level rising did not allow to refine it in the periphery zone more than that obtained nearly middle of the processing, but it allows for significant change in the axial zone structure. The additional large warm deformations by radial shear rolling have no additional grain refinement effect for already 300-600 nm refined zone. An equiaxed UFG structure was obtained in a relatively large volume of the sample with a reduced gradient towards the non-UFG center zone in regard to known works.

Dynamic Composite Materials Characterisation with Hopkinson Bars: Design and Development of New Dynamic Compression Systems

The split Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) system is the most commonly employed machine to study the dynamic characteristics of different materials under high strain rates. In this research, a numerical investigation is carried out to study different bar shapes such as square, hexagonal, and triangular cross-sections and to compare them with the standard cylindrical bars. The 3D finite element model developed for circular cross-sectional shapes was first validated with the experimental results and then compared with the other proposed shapes. In most scientific research, cylindrical cross-section bars with a square cross-section specimen are traditionally used as they have several advantages, such as in situ imaging of the side surfaces of the specimen during stress wave propagation. Moreover, the flat surfaces of the proposed shapes counter the problem of debonding strain gauges, especially at high impact pressures. Comparison of the results showed an excellent confirmation of the sample dynamic behaviour and different geometric shapes of the bar geometries, which validates the choice of the appropriate system.