Entry Barriers Research Articles

How is Fintech reshaping the traditional financial markets? New evidence from InsurTech and insurance sectors in China

We examine the effect of Fintech on the market structure of traditional financial markets, and focus particularly on InsurTech and the insurance sector. We find that InsurTech has significantly reduced the non-life insurance sector's market concentration but plays a limited role in the life insurance sector's market structure. The results are not driven by potential reverse causality and remain unchanged when we employ an instrumental variables approach and use an alternative supply-side InsurTech index. We further explore the underlying mechanisms and find that, instead of competing directly with insurance companies, Fintech companies provide insurance technologies to traditional insurers and help them lower entry barriers and reduce operating costs. Our paper sheds light on how InsurTech is reshaping traditional insurance sectors, and the results are generalizable to Fintech and financial markets.

Barriers to entry and exit in the mobile service sector in Algeria

The aim of this study is to determine the nature of the entry barriers and the exit barriers in the mobile service sector in Algeria, this is because thesebarriers directly affect in the structure of the sector , especially in terms of thedegree of competition in it, We found that Algeria's mobile service sector wascharacterized by natural entry barriers associated with economies of scaleand capital requirements, as well as concentration on the research and thedevelopment which is characterized by the sector especially on the level ofequipment and services. There are also legal entry barriers imposed by theARPT, which regulate competition and grant licenses…, The legal entrybarriers play a key role in influencing the degree of the competition especiallyin reducing the entry of new institutions. The sector also includes strategicentry barriers, particularly in the control of dealers on distribution channelsin the sector. In addition to barriers to entry the sector also has barriers to exit, as thesector is provides thousands of direct and indirect jobs, and the association ofthe sector's institutions with other sectors, which is reflected in the variousoffers to institutions, the sector is also subject to the licensing system grantedin person for a period of 15 years so that it may not be waived or the rightsresulting there from, except with the consent of the donor body which hindersthe exit from the sector .

A practical guide to collections-based research on ecogeographic rules.

Ecogeographic research into how species' forms vary across space, time, and climate has taken on new urgency due to contemporary global climate change. Research using museum specimens and other records to study biological rules like Bergmann's, Allen's, and Gloger's Rules has a long history and continues to generate publications and robust scientific debates. Despite the prevalence and history of the field, however, no simple guide on how to carry out such work has ever been published. To lower the barriers of entry for new researchers, this review was created as a practical guide on how to perform ecogeographic research. The guide consolidates disparately published methodologies into a single, convenient document that reviews the history and present of the field of ecogeographic rule research, and describes how to generate appropriate hypotheses, design experiments, gather, and analyze biotic and geographic data, and interpret the results in an ecologically meaningful manner. The result is a semi-standardized guide that enables scientists at all levels from any institution to carry out an investigation from start to finish on any biological rule, taxon, and location of their choice.

Leader characteristics and constitutional compliance

While research in constitutional economics has made important progress in recent decades, the factors determining whether a constitution is complied with have only received scant attention. We contribute to that narrow literature by studying how personal traits of political leaders are associated with constitutional compliance. Compliance levels of 943 political leaders between 1950 and 2010 can be explained by their education, entry into office, political experience, military background, and whether they are members of extreme left-wing parties. Specifically, under former military officers and Communist leaders, constitutional compliance is significantly lower. The combined effect of these two traits corresponds to the difference between democracy and nondemocracy. This implies a difficult normative question, which we discuss in our conclusion: Should constitutions set entry barriers for high political offices that are based on leader characteristics?

Understanding the startup’s intention of digital marketing’s learners: An application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and technology acceptance method (TAM)

Due to its low entry barrier, minimal overhead, and high return on investment, digital marketing has become more popular among startups, small and medium-sized enterprises as well as all businesses. There is a high need for workers skilled in Digital Marketing, so it is no surprise that schools are vying for students with an interest in this area. In this study, we will look at how students of digital marketing feel about the goals of startups, using data from recent studies to help us draw conclusions. The findings indicate that there is a strong positive relationship between startups’ propensity to use digital marketing tools and their intended behavior, which has a positive effect on their intention to launch a business. The results also support the theoretical hypotheses of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), as entrepreneurs’ propensity to use digital marketing tools has a direct impact on their intention to launch a business. Consistent with recent research, these findings indicate that the level of adoption of technological innovations can predict people’s intent to act in particular ways. This study offers insights for entrepreneurs and policymakers seeking to promote entrepreneurship by maximizing the potential of digital marketing tools.Based on theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the technology acceptance model (TAM), this research has also helped bring to light the role of normative influence and behavioral control in shaping entrepreneurs’ intention.

Labor market changes and social inclusiveness across regions: evidence from the rise of the modern office

Could complex changes in the labor market reduce social inequalities across regions? We study the rise of office employment in the early twentieth century that was induced by innovations in office technology and organizational changes affecting the type of required office tasks. The new office jobs required little physical strength. We find that the regional employment share of industries that were strongly connected to the modern office, is positively linked to labor force participation of people with physical impairments. The positive employment effect is more visible for disabled men. In sum, the rise of the modern office that differed across regions started to lower labor market entry barriers and fostered social inclusiveness.

Incidence and Performance of Spinouts and Incumbent New Establishments: Role of Selection and Redeployability within Parent Firms.

Using matched employer-employee data from 30 U.S. states covering a wide range of industries, we compare spinouts with new establishments formed by incumbents (INEs). We propose a selection-based framework comprising idea selection by parents to internally implement ideas as INEs, entrepreneurial selection by founders to form spinouts, and exit selection to close ventures. Consistent with parents choosing better ideas in the idea selection stage, we find that INEs perform relatively better than spinouts, and more so with larger parents. Regarding the entrepreneurial selection stage, we find evidence consistent with resource requirements being a greater entry barrier to spinouts. Parents' resource redeployment opportunities are associated with lower relative survival of INEs, consistent with their being subject to greater selection pressures in the exit selection stage. Spinouts, or new ventures started by employees leaving a parent firm, have received special attention because spinouts tend to outperform other types of new firms. This superior performance is typically attributed to the better knowledge and higher-quality ideas developed by founders at the parent firms. However, parent firms can also select and implement such ideas internally, particularly if they are good quality ideas. We compare spinouts with new establishments formed within parent firms and find that consistent with such a process of selection, the latter outperform spinouts, more so in the case of larger parents. Interestingly, new establishments of parent firms tend to close at a greater rate than spinouts, consistent with parent firms being able to redeploy resources elsewhere within their firms.

Inequality and the structure of countries’ external liabilities

In this paper, we present empirical evidence that higher income inequality is associated with a greater equity share in countries’ external liabilities, and we develop a theoretical model that can explain this observation: In a small open economy with traded and non-traded goods, entry barriers depress entrepreneurial activity in non-traded industries and raise income inequality. The small number of domestic non-traded goods firms leaves room for foreign firms to operate on the domestic market, and it reduces external borrowing. The model thus suggests that barriers to entrepreneurial activity raise both inequality and the equity share in foreign liabilities. Our empirical results lend some support to this conjecture.

카카오톡 채널의 러닝동호회 오픈채팅방 기능과 러닝크루 관계 변화

This study focused on the open chat room of the Kakao Talk channel. It was started to find out what the function of the running club open chat room is and how the relationship has changed in various perspectives of the running crew in terms of exploration. And through the results of this study, the operation and understanding of the open chat room of the running club were microscopically brought. Macroscopically, we focused on the change in the relationship between the past and the present running crew and tried to interpret the philosophy and purpose of running pursued by the generation who liked running. As for the research method, data were collected and analyzed through an insider perspective observation and interviews with five study participants in which rapport was formed by joining the running club open chat room in three regions, Seoul, Daejeon, and Busan. The research results showed the change in the relationship between the function of the open chat room and the running crew as a top topic. As a sub-topic, the functions of open chat rooms were derived from entry barriers, expulsion, information sharing, product promotion sales, motivation, and Pareto

Automated Discovery of Container Executables

Linux container technologies such as Docker and Singularity offer encapsulated environments for easy execution of software. In high performance computing, this is especially important for evolving and complex software stacks with conflicting dependencies that must co-exist. Singularity Registry HPC (“shpc”) was created as an effort to install containers in this environment as modules, seamlessly allowing for typically hidden executables inside containers to be presented to the user as commands, and as such significantly simplifying the user experience. A remaining challenge, however, is deriving the list of important executables in the container. In this work, we present a new modular methodology that allows for discovering new containers in large community sets, deriving container entries with relevant executables therein, and fully automating both recipe generation and updates over time. As an exemplar outcome, we have employed this methodology to add to the Registry over 8,000 containers from the BioContainers community that can be maintained and updated by the software automation. All software is publicly available on the GitHub platform, and can be beneficial to container registries and infrastructure providers for automatically generating container modules, thus lowering the usage entry barrier and improving user experience.

The regulation dice game: Teaching the effects of entry barriers on wealth creation using an interactive class activity

There is a well-known connection between the barriers to entry created by an overburdensome regulatory climate and lower levels of productivity that create less economic growth. Many economics students are under the impression that regulations are designed to protect the workers and consumers as well as improve product quality, so they are often uninformed about the adverse effects of regulations and are sometimes reluctant to accept the idea that regulations such as occupational licensing can work to the detriment of those in that occupation and the economy as a whole. The author of this article presents an interactive class activity, providing the instructions and worksheets needed to employ it in the classroom, and which illustrate the costs and benefits of various regulatory environments.

Skill Mismatch as Constraint to Entrepreneurship in the Leather Sector of Bangladesh: A Conceptual Study

Promoting entrepreneurship is a key approach to reducing youth unemployment and enhancing economic development. This paper aims to explore skill mismatch as a constraint to entrepreneurship in the leather sector of Bangladesh. The paper is a conceptual study and follows the worldview of critical realism. This study used one-to-one interviews and a survey based on a non-probability sampling procedure to supplement the conceptual analysis. The empirical findings were considered complementary evidence to the conceptual discussion. The study was designed to explore the issues related to skill mismatch through a conceptual analysis instead of aiming to make generalizable statistical inferences. The paper had two major findings. Firstly, the ability to develop ‘political connections’ is considered an important skill that entrepreneurs look for in their business partners and managers, especially at the early stage of business capital formation. Other forms of skills mismatch impose a high amount of cost on the entrepreneurs and function as an entry barrier to entrepreneurship. Secondly, entrepreneurs are not well incentivized to invest in training and up-skilling their workers due to the high risk associated with such investments. Social Science Review, Vol. 39(1), June 2022 Page 103-123

Factors affecting business performance of e-mobility companies in Korea

The emergence of e-mobility is leading to significant changes in the field of mobility. It has the potential to address the issue of climate change and provide personalized technology to various consumers through the use of intelligent technology. As e-mobility is an emerging industry, technological innovation and the survival and growth of companies within it are crucial. Unlike the automobile industry, e-mobility industry is a low-tech sector and low entry barriers, and has characteristics that are composed of SMEs. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on the factors that affect the performance of e-mobility companies. This study aimed to identify the performance factors of e-mobility companies and analyze their impact on growth and profits. The study was conducted on the e-mobility industry in Korea, where advanced ICT and transportation technology have enabled the industry to make significant progress. The study found that higher investment in R&D for technological innovation led to better growth potential and profitability for e-mobility companies. It also revealed that improving synergies at the regional level cluster policy is crucial for performance, rather than just temporary policy support at the national level.

Struktur Perilaku Dan Kinerja Pasar Komoditi Karet Di Desa Manggala Kabupaten Melawi

<em>This study aims to identify marketing channels, find out the structure, behavior and performance of the rubber market in Manggala Village, Melawi Regency.The market structure approach uses market share (market share), concentration ratio, and market entry barriers. The approach to market behavior using qualitative descriptive analysis explains with regard to the pricing system, and cooperation between marketing agencies.while the market performance approach uses marketing margin analysis. The respondents to the study were 67 rubber farmers and 13 marketing agencies involved in distributing rubber from producers to factories. The results showed that the structure of the rubber market in Manggala Village, Melawi Regency, led to an oligopoly. Based on the results of a descriptive analysis of market behavior, results were obtained in the process of pricing at the farmer level that farmers are not as determinants of prices but rather prices are determined by collecting traders and wholesalers. At the level of farmers and marketing institutions, there are as many as 21 people who cooperate with collecting merchants who have grocery stores, namely in the form of basic food debt,and paid when farmers sell their rubber production At the level of marketing institutions with marketing agencies, the cooperation carried out is with the provision of business capital to buy rubber from farmers and in the form of transportation of rubber picks to the place of collecting traders. The performance of the rubber market has not been efficient because the margins and profits of marketing institutions are uneven and farmers are the most disadvantaged because farmers are only price takers.</em>

Role of market participation on smallholder vegetable farmers' wellbeing: Evidence from matching approach in Eastern India

AbstractThe study identifies determinants of vegetable farmers' market participation and evaluates their impact on households' welfare. In this study, we collected 175 cross‐sectional household data and employed a probit regression model to identify the determinants of vegetable farmers' market participation. The study estimates the impact of market participation on households' income and per capita consumption using the propensity score matching approach (PSM). Subsequently, the study used the endogenous switch regression (ESR) model to control sample selection bias and unobserved heterogeneity. ESR also evaluates the robustness of PSM outcomes. Results from PSM and ESR approaches suggest that vegetable market participation positively and significantly impacts smallholders' income and consumption expenditure. The study rejects the null hypothesis that vegetable market participation does not significantly impact farmers' welfare. Results show that vegetable market participation increases the farmers' monthly income and annual per capita consumption expenditure on average by Indian rupee (INR) 8360 and INR 26,410, respectively. Findings also indicate that household size, distance to market, off‐farm income, access to training, price information, vehicle ownership, and storage systems are critical determinants of vegetable farmers' market participation. Identified determinants may support policymakers in designing suitable agricultural marketing policies to reduce market entry barriers and motivate farmers for market participation. [EconLit Citations: Q13, D60].

Technological trajectories as an outcome of the structure-agency interplay at the national level: Insights from emerging varieties of AI

Development studies have paid less attention to the role of technological innovations and we are yet to understand how, and more importantly why, technological trajectories differ across countries. This gap becomes sharper as emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) are becoming increasingly important in addressing many world development challenges. Drawing on insights from institutional work literature, this paper develops a structure-agency interplay framework to unravel the various trajectories of emerging technologies at the national level and examines the development and diffusion of AI in Canada and China. The findings show that Canada’s stable institutional environment, reinforced through institutional work by various actors, generated a national AI trajectory driven by technology development through a strong focus on scientific research and ethics, with slower organic commercialisation of AI. In China, a dynamic and loose institutional structure characterised by lax regulations, low entry barriers, and high openness to novelties has resulted in a market-driven AI trajectory focused on technology commercialisation, with domestic digital giants and the government as dominant players. National-level dynamics in formal institutions, informal institutions, technologies, and actor strategies determine heterogeneous approaches to technology development and diffusion, giving rise to varieties of technological trajectories. The levels of institutionalisation exert different forces and create different spaces for institutional work across different geographical contexts.

An immersive virtual reality learning environment with CFD simulations: Unveiling the Virtual Garage concept.

Virtual reality has become a significant asset to diversify the existing toolkit supporting engineering education and training. The cognitive and behavioral advantages of virtual reality (VR) can help lecturers reduce entry barriers to concepts that students struggle with. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are imperative tools intensively utilized in the design and analysis of chemical engineering problems. Although CFD simulation tools can be directly applied in engineering education, they bring several challenges in the implementation and operation for both students and lecturers. In this study, we develop the "Virtual Garage" as a task-centered educational VR application with CFD simulations to tackle these challenges. The Virtual Garage is composed of a holistic immersive virtual reality experience to educate students with a real-life engineering problem solved by CFD simulation data. The prototype is tested by graduate students (n = 24) assessing usability, user experience, task load and simulator sickness via standardized questionnaires together with self-reported metrics and a semi-structured interview. Results show that the Virtual Garage is well-received by participants. We identify features that can further leverage the quality of the VR experience with CFD simulations. Implications are incorporated throughout the study to provide practical guidance for developers and practitioners.

The Interplay Between Technology and Pre-Industry Convergence: An Analysis in the Technology Field of Smart Mobility

Previous studies examine convergence by focusing on different individual levels such as the science, technology, market, and industry level. However, little is known about the concrete interaction between these levels. To fill this gap, this article deals with the transition between technology convergence and industry convergence at a very early stage (which we will be referring to as pre-industry convergence). We combine semantic and bibliographic analyses in a four-step approach in order to jointly measure both convergence levels by means of patents. We apply our method to the technology field of smart mobility as a promising test bed. Our results show that technology and pre-industry convergence occur simultaneously several times. However, we identify four conditions under which there is no connection at all or a time-lagged connection between both convergence levels. In particular, the connection is missing, if entering a technology field requires deep and specialized technical know-how or if there are high market entry barriers due to incumbent companies that started patenting in a technology field at an early stage. Additionally, if incumbent companies are small and specialized, they do not drive pre-industry convergence, as they do not enter distant markets. In general, it is more difficult for companies from distant industries to enter convergence processes in infrastructure-related technologies than in product-related technologies. Furthermore, there is a time-lagged connection, if pre-industry convergence follows technology convergence with a delay. This occurs if technology convergence is initially driven by application-oriented companies that exploit these technologies for their niche markets.

Value Co-Creation An Exploratory Study of Sagala Multi-Brand Virtual Kitchen

Culinary businesses accounted for 40% of Indonesian MSMEs at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, making them one of the most affected industries. The transformation of the business model into a cloud kitchen or virtual kitchen is one of the innovation methods that can benefit the post-pandemic situation. This business model is thought to offer a value co-creation strategy. The authors note that Sagala, one of the virtual kitchens, has both a strong future and a low entry barrier. In order to analyze and assess Sagala's value co-creation, this study will employ The DART approach. Interviews with individuals from the staff, delivery, and customer categories were done as part of this exploratory study. Furthermore, the results show that Sagala's value co-creation initiative is a success, but conversation, particularly with delivery personnel, still has to be enhanced. Therefore, it is advised to create a framework to accept complaints and suggestions from both customers and delivery personnel. It is advised to create the value co-creation mechanism for the cloud kitchen company as further research.

Trade policy uncertainty and new firm entry: Evidence from China

This study offers novel evidence that reduced trade policy uncertainty (TPU) in the destination market promotes domestic entrepreneurial activities in a large developing economy. Exploiting China’s WTO accession as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that Chinese manufacturing industries with greater TPU reduction are associated with relative increases in the new firm entry rate. The TPU effect is more pronounced in industries with lower entry barriers or larger irreversible investments. In addition, TPU reduction fosters new entrants through both the exporting and non-exporting margins and contributes to strengthening regional agglomeration forces. Heterogeneity across regions with varying exporting costs and entry barriers is also identified, illustrating the important synchronization between external openness and internal reform for developing economies. Last, we show that reduction in TPU intensifies industry-level competition, induces better-quality entrants, and that new firm entry plays a non-negligible role in linking TPU reduction to improved economic performance.