Barley Sprouts Research Articles

Antioxidant Effect of Barley Sprout Extract via Enhancement of Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2 Related Factor 2 Activity and Glutathione Synthesis.

We previously showed that barley sprout extract (BSE) prevents chronic alcohol intake-induced liver injury in mice. BSE notably inhibited glutathione (GSH) depletion and increased inflammatory responses, revealing its mechanism of preventing alcohol-induced liver injury. In the present study we investigated whether the antioxidant effect of BSE involves enhancing nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity and GSH synthesis to inhibit alcohol-induced oxidative liver injury. Mice fed alcohol for four weeks exhibited significantly increased oxidative stress, evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) immunostaining in the liver, whereas treatment with BSE (100 mg/kg) prevented these effects. Similarly, exposure to BSE (0.1–1 mg/mL) significantly reduced oxidative cell death induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP, 300 μM) and stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψ). BSE dose-dependently increased the activity of Nrf2, a potential transcriptional regulator of antioxidant genes, in HepG2 cells. Therefore, increased expression of its target genes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) was observed. Since GCLC is involved in the rate-limiting step of GSH synthesis, BSE increased the GSH level and decreased both cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) expression and taurine level. Because cysteine is a substrate for both taurine and GSH synthesis, a decrease in CDO expression would further contribute to increased cysteine availability for GSH synthesis. In conclusion, BSE protected the liver cells from oxidative stress by activating Nrf2 and increasing GSH synthesis.

Quality Characteristics of Sulgidduk added with Barley Sprout using Different Drying Methods

The purposes of this study were: (1) to examine the quality characteristics of the Sulgidducks added with barley sprouts by blanching (CON), freeze-drying (FBP), hot-air drying(HBP); (2) to examine the quality characteristics of Sulgidduck such as the moisture content, the color value, the textural ...

Quality Characteristics of Sulgidduk added with Barley Sprout using Different Drying Methods

Quality Characteristics of Sulgidduk added with Barley Sprout using Different Drying Methods

Barley sprout extracts reduce hepatic lipid accumulation in ethanol-fed mice by activating hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase

Chronic alcohol consumption leads to hepatic lipid accumulation and alcoholic fatty liver disease. Previously, we demonstrated that barley sprout extract, which contains saponarin as an active compound, reduces hepatic steatosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of barley sprout extracts (BSE) on hepatic lipid accumulation in a mouse model of alcoholic fatty liver disease. Seven-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed an alcohol-containing diet (5% ethanol) and a low or high dose of BSE (100 or 200mg/kg body weight, respectively) for 10days. The high dose of BSE significantly decreased hepatic lipid accumulation compared with the ethanol-only control group. In the second animal study, mice were fed an alcohol-containing diet for 10days, followed by a 45% high-fat diet with oral administration of BSE (100 or 200mg/day/kg body weight) for 4weeks. Mice in both BSE-fed groups showed reduced hepatic steatosis. In the livers of mice fed BSE, phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was increased, and expression of hepatic autophagy markers was elevated. In cultured hepatocytes, BSE (200μg/mL) increased the rate of fatty acid oxidation and reduced that of fatty acid synthesis. Taken together, these findings suggest that BSE promotes degradation of lipid droplets and subsequent activation of fat oxidation by activating AMPK in the liver, thus protecting against development of hepatic steatosis in alcohol-fed mice. Saponarin, a major flavonoid in BSE and an activator of AMPK, increased the activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, which suggests that the reduction in hepatic triglyceride levels was mediated by this component of BSE. In conclusion, BSE ameliorated hepatic steatosis in a mouse model of ethanol-induced fatty liver by activating AMPK, an effect possibly mediated by the saponarin component.

Improving phenolic bioactive-linked anti-hyperglycemic functions of dark germinated barley sprouts (Hordeum vulgare L.) using seed elicitation strategy.

Sprouts of cereal grains, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), are a good source of beneficial phenolic bioactives. Such health relevant phenolic bioactives of cereal sprouts can be targeted to manage chronic hyperglycemia and oxidative stress commonly associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore improving phenolic bioactives by stimulating plant endogenous defense responses such as protective pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) during sprouting has significant merit. Based on this metabolic rationale, this study aimed to enhance phenolic bioactives and associated antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic functions in dark germinated barley sprouts using exogenous elicitor treatments. Dark-germinated sprouts of two malting barley cultivars (Pinnacle and Celebration), treated with chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and marine protein hydrolysate (GP), were evaluated. Total soluble phenolic content (TSP), phenolic acid profiles, total antioxidant activity (TA) and in vitro inhibitory activities of hyperglycemia relevant α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes of the dark germinated barley sprouts were evaluated at day 2, 4, and 6 post elicitor treatments. Overall, TSP content, TA, and α-amylase inhibitory activity of dark germinated barley sprouts decreased, while α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and gallic acid content increased from day 2 to day 6. Among barley cultivars, high phenolic antioxidant-linked anti-hyperglycemic bioactives were observed in Celebration. Furthermore, GP and COS seed elicitor treatments in selective doses improved T2D relevant phenolic-linked anti-hyperglycemic bioactives of barley spouts at day 6. Therefore, such seed elicitation approach can be strategically used to develop bioactive enriched functional food ingredients from cereal sprouts targeting chronic hyperglycemia and oxidative stress linked to T2D.

ABA pretreatment can limit salinity-induced proteome changes in growing barley sprouts

A proteomic study was conducted on caryopses of barley cv. Stratus (Hordeum vulgare). The caryopses were germinated in darkness at 20 °C, according to one of the three experimental setups: (a) in distilled water for 24 h, followed by 100 mM NaCl for another 24 h (salinity stress, SS); (b) in 100 µM abscisic acid for 24 h, with rinsing in distilled water to remove residual ABA, followed by 100 mM NaCl for another 24 h (pretreatment with ABA + salinity stress, ABAS); and (c) only in distilled water, for comparison with the tested samples (control, C). After 48 h, proteomes were extracted from barley sprouts in each treatment, according to the method by Gallardo et al. (2002a, b, modified). Proteins were then separated by 2DE and analyzed by MALDI–TOF/MS (Bruker). Under salinity stress, we observed changes in the pattern of proteins involved in: (a) energy metabolism, (b) one-carbon metabolism, (c) cell wall biogenesis, lignification, and adhesion, (d) response to oxidative stress, desiccation stress, and other defense responses, (e) structure and organization of the cytoskeleton, (f) signal transduction, transcription and translation processing, and (g) protein turnover. Our results revealed that ABA can alter the response of barley seedlings to salinity stress. In general, ABA pretreatment limited stress-induced proteomic changes. Alterations in energy and one-carbon metabolism indicate the importance of ABA in glycolytic/gluconeogenic pathways and the SMM cycle during salinity stress. Other observations demonstrated the role of ABA in hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin biosynthesis, ROS scavenging, actin CK formation, control of PI signaling, chromatin-mediated mechanism of stress tolerance, mRNA stability, and protection against dehydration.

Comparative study of the effect of natural planting, hydroponic germination and barley sprout powder as prebiotic in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. blood indices

Comparative study of the effect of natural planting, hydroponic germination and barley sprout powder as prebiotic in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. blood indices

Hexacosanol reduces plasma and hepatic cholesterol by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 in HepG2 and C57BL/6J mice

Policosanols have hypocholesterolemic activity; however, the molecular mechanism of the policosanol effects is currently poorly characterized. We hypothesized that hexacosanol, a policosanol compound derived from barley sprout, may decrease cellular and plasma cholesterol levels; we thus investigated the hypocholesterolemic activity and mechanism of hexacosanol on both hepatocytes and high-fat–induced obese C57BL/6J mice. The reduction of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester concentrations was confirmed in hexacosanol-stimulated hepatocytes (−38%, −33%, and −53%, respectively). Plasma, hepatic cholesterol concentrations, and hepatic steatosis were significantly reduced in high-fat–fed mice orally administered with hexacosanol (0.7 mg/kg body weight a day) for 8 weeks compared with those of vehicle-fed control mice (−15% and −40%, respectively). Hexacosanol in fact bound to the allosteric regulation site of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-β subunit and thus activated AMPK that inhibited the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase by inhibitory phosphorylation. In addition, activation of AMPK by hexacosanol induced hepatic autophagy activity, which could further reduce hepatic lipid accumulation. Alternatively, hexacosanol suppressed the nuclear translocation and activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), a key transcription factor in cholesterol biosynthesis. These results collectively suggest that hexacosanol is a major hypocholesterolemic compound in barley sprouts with regulation of AMPK activation and SREBP-2 suppression. These suppress 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase at both mRNA expression and protein activity levels. In conclusion, hexacosanol activates AMPK and hepatic autophagy and inhibits SREBP2, resulting in hypocholesterolemic activities and improvement of hepatic steatosis.

Effect of Barley Sprout Water Extracts on Blood Flow Improvement in vitro

Barley sprout (Hordeum rulgare L.) is believed to have effect of antioxidant, metabolism of lipid, anti‐cancer and depression of formation fatty liver. However, the benefits of the barley sprout to blood flow improvement have not been studied yet. The purpose of this study was to investigated the effect of barley sprout water extract efficacy of blood flow improvement in vitro of serotonin secretion, Thromboxane A2 secretion, platelet aggregation, activited partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, shear stress induced platelet aggreagation, and sgear stress induced micorvesicle generation. Serotonin secretion was significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Thromboxane A2 secretion from phospholipid membrane was significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Platelet aggreation was significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Activatied partial thromboplastin time in plasma was significantly increased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Prothrombin time in plasma was non significantly. Shear stress induced platelet aggregation was significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. Shear stress induced microvesicle generation in human erythrocytes were significantly decreased in the 400 μg/mL as compated with 0 μg/mL. In conclusion, these result suggest that Barley sprout water extracts 400 μg/mL administration ha ameliorated the blood flow.

Quality Characteristics of String Cheese Prepared with Barley Sprouts

본 연구에서는 새싹보리를 첨가하여(1, 2%) 스트링치즈를 제조하고 품질 특성을 검토하였다. pH는 새싹보리를 첨가한 스트링치즈에서 낮은 값을 보였으며 첨가 농도에 따른 유의적 차이는 보이지 않았다. 아미노산 함량은 새싹보리를 첨가함에 따라 threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, arginine, alanine, proline, lysine, is...

Effect of Natural and Hydroponic Barley Plant and Sprout on the Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) Growth Performances

This study was designed to investigate the effect of natural, sprout powder and hydroponic planting of Barley on some growth parameters of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. The trail was conducted for 56 days and for this purpose 175 fingerlings common carp, mean initial weight of 34.71 g were acclimated to laboratory conditions and fed with control pellets (30%crude protein) prior to the feeding trials for 21 days. Seven experimental diets were used and the control as 0% (T1), Natural planting 2.5 (T2) and 5 gm/kg diet (T3), Hydroponic Planting 2.5 (T4) and 5 gm/kg diet (T5), Barley sprout powder 2.5 (T6) and 5 gm/kg diet (T7). According to the results no significant differences observed in mean initial weight this was done in way to avoid differences attributed to fish initial weight, T4 (Barley sprout powder 2.5 g/kg diet) was significantly higher in each daily and relative growth rate, but the specific growth rate both T4 and T7 were significantly higher than other treatments. No significant differences observed in Food Conversion Ratio and Protein Efficiency Ratio but T4 (Barley sprout powder 2.5 g/kg diet), T6 (Natural planting 2.5 gm/kg diet) and T7 (Natural planting 5 gm/kg diet) differ significantly in Food Efficiency Ratio. As general conclusion the adding of germinated barley enhance common carp performance in any way of germination.

Biotesting of radioactively contaminated forest soils using barley-based bioassay

Findings from radioactivity and phytotoxicity study are presented for soils from nine study-sites of the Klintsovsky Forestry located in the Bryansk region that were radioactively contaminated after the Chernobyl accident. According to the bioassay based on barley as test-species, stimulating effect of the soils analyzed is revealed for biological indexes of the length of barley roots and sprouts. From data on 137Cs specific activities in soils and plant biomass, the migration potential of radionuclide in the "soil-plant" system is assessed as a transfer factor. With correlation analysis, an impact of 137Cs in soil on the biological characteristics of barley is estimated.

Study on the Bioactive Characteristics of Barley Sprout Extracts as a Raw Material for Beauty Products

This study investigated the anti-oxidative effects, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of barley sprout extracts by extraction processes to evaluate its use as a functional raw material for beauty products. The extracts are water extraction (WE) at 100℃, ethanol extraction (EE) at room temperature, ultrasonification for 6 h with ethanol solution and then extraction for 12 h at 60℃ (USEE) and high pressure extraction for 9 min and then extraction for 12 h at 60℃ with ethanol solution (HPEE). The result of the 2,2‘-azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid] (ABTS) radical scavenging activity of all extracts was highest at 5,000 μg/mL as 97.9~99.85% and was significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. In an antimicrobial activity test, the USEE showed relatively high antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. acnes. Furthermore, barley sprout extracts exhibited no cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. Also anti-inflammatory activity by nitric oxide (NO) assay showed lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced NO was significantly inhibited following treatment with USEE of 100 μg/mL, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins were significantly inhibited following treatment with EE, USEE and HPEE of 100 μg/mL. Accordingly, it can be concluded that barley sprout USEE has the potential to be used as a functional beauty and cosmetic material.

ABA pretreatment can alter the distribution of polysomes in salt-stressed barley sprouts

Abstract The study analyzed caryopses of barley (Hordeum vulgare) cv. Stratus. Caryopses were germinated in darkness at 20°C in three experimental setups: (a) in distilled water for 24 hours, followed by 100 mM NaCl for another 24 hours (salinity stress, SS), (b) in 100 μM of abscisic acid for the first 24 hours, followed by rinsing with distilled water to remove residual ABA, and in 100 mM NaCl for another 24 hours (ABA pretreatment + salinity stress, ABAS), (c) in distilled water only (control, C). Changes in the content of free polysomes (FP), membrane-bound polysomes (MBP), cytoskeleton-bound polysomes (CBP) and cytomatrix-bound polysomes (CMBP) were examined in barley sprouts germinated in SS and ABAS treatments for 48 hours. In salt-stressed barley sprouts, the concentrations of membrane-bound and cytoskeleton-bound polysomes (MBP, CBP and CMBP) decreased significantly, whereas an increase was noted only in the free polysome (FP) fraction. ABA pretreatment altered the distribution of polysomes in stressed plants. The content of cytoskeletonbound polysomes (CBP and CMBP) increased, FP levels decreased, whereas no changes in MBP content were observed in response to ABA treatment. Our results suggest that plants respond to salt stress by increasing the concentrations of free polysomes that are probably released from damaged cell structures, mainly membranes. Our present and previous findings indicate that ABA could inhibit the release of FP in stressed plants by enhancing polysome binding to the cytoskeleton.

Powdered barley sprouts: composition, functionality and polyphenol digestibility

AbstractThis study was performed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant capacity, antihyperglycaemic and anti‐inflammatory activities, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion of 7‐day‐old freeze‐dried barley sprouts (BS), one hybrid and one nonhybrid variety: ‘NS565’ (BSNS) and ‘Golozrni’ (BSG), respectively. BSNS expressed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) content of total phenols, chlorophyll and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds were the most dominant bioactives in both BSNS and BSG (713.25 and 479.02 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW, respectively). BSNS possessed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) antioxidant capacity, evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays, and reducing power ( = 0.54 mg mL−1; IC50ABTS = 0.79 mg mL−1; RP0.5 = 9.35 mg mL−1). Antihyperglycaemic and anti‐inflammatory activities of BSNS ( = 1.43 mg mL−1; = 1.86 mg mL−1) were also significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than BSG ( = 1.97 mg mL−1; = 4.40 mg mL−1). In vitro simulation of gastrointestinal digestion showed higher release of phenolic compounds in intestinal fluid than in gastric fluid.

보리새싹 함유 녹즙의 살균공정 한계기준 설정에 관한 연구

보리새싹 함유 녹즙의 살균공정 한계기준 설정에 관한 연구

Barley Sprouts Extract Attenuates Alcoholic Fatty Liver Injury in Mice by Reducing Inflammatory Response.

It has been reported that barley leaves possess beneficial properties such as antioxidant, hypolipidemic, antidepressant, and antidiabetic. Interestingly, barley sprouts contain a high content of saponarin, which showed both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of barley sprouts on alcohol-induced liver injury mediated by inflammation and oxidative stress. Raw barley sprouts were extracted, and quantitative and qualitative analyses of its components were performed. The mice were fed a liquid alcohol diet with or without barley sprouts for four weeks. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were used to study the effect of barley sprouts on inflammation. Alcohol intake for four weeks caused liver injury, evidenced by an increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. The accumulation of lipid in the liver was also significantly induced, whereas the glutathione (GSH) level was reduced. Moreover, the inflammation-related gene expression was dramatically increased. All these alcohol-induced changes were effectively prevented by barley sprouts treatment. In particular, pretreatment with barley sprouts significantly blocked inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7. This study suggests that the protective effect of barley sprouts against alcohol-induced liver injury is potentially attributable to its inhibition of the inflammatory response induced by alcohol.

보리싹 추출물의 항산화 및 항염증 활성

Barley (Hardeum vulgare L.) sprout has received much attention in recent years as a functional food in many countries, especially in Korea and Japan. It has been reported that barley sprouts are comprised of 52.6% polysaccharides, 34.1% proteins, and 4.97% fats, along with a variety of vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extracts of barley sprouts. We examined the inhibitory effect of barley sprout extracts (BSE) on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. BSE contains high amounts of phenolics and flavonoids and exhibits potent anti-oxidative activity, as depicted by the DPPH radical- scavenging experiment. The concentration of total phenols was 17.55 μg/ml, and flavonoids, 13.98 μg/ml. We also investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of BSE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and PGE2 production, which had increased as a result of treatment with LPS, were significantly inhibited by BSE in a dose-dependent manner. BSE also significantly suppressed LPS-induced production of NO, and this was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of the iNOS and COX-2 proteins. These results indicate that barley sprouts may be a highly valuable natural product owing to its high-quality functional components as well as its anti-oxidant and anti- inflammatory activities.

Optimization of the composition of the powdered cereal sprouts mixtures

Sprouts of cereals have received significant attention as functional food due to their nutritional and functional value. Consumption of sprouts has become increasingly popular among people interested in improving and maintaining their health status by changing dietary habits. Cereal grains contain several classes of phytochemicals, i.e. phenolics, chlorophylls, and carotenoids. However, their nutritional and chemical profile is altered and improved during germination. The purpose of this study was to find the best ratio of the powdered wheat (WS), oat (OS) and barley (BS) sprouts for designing the cereal sprout mixture (CSM) with the highest total phenolic content (TPh) and antioxidant capacity (AC), using Simplex-Centroid experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM). Single- and multi-response optimizations showed that OS did not contribute to TPh or AC values of CSM and, therefore, was not included in any of the compositions of the optimized CSM. Single-response optimizations showed that the highest TPh was found for CSM containing 82% BS and 18% WS, while the best AC was found for pure BS. The predicted ratio of cereal sprout powders in CSM obtained by multi-response optimization was: 96% BS and 4% WS. This mixture possessed the highest predicted TPh and AC (372.32 mg GAE/100 g, 549.99 ?mol TE/100 g, respectively), which was confirmed to be in accordance with the experimental values. Based on the results obtained in this study, a designed CSM is proposed as a convenient ingredient of functional food products, dietary supplements and nutraceuticals.

Quality Characteristics of Cookies added with Barley Sprout Powder

Quality Characteristics of Cookies added with Barley Sprout Powder