Bare Surface Area Research Articles

Soils Associated with Biotic Activity on Frost Boils in Arctic Alaska

Frost boils occur extensively across arctic tundra ecosystems, and biotic crusts form on the mineral soils exposed in centers of boils. These center areas of the frost boils eventually become completely covered by tundra vegetation. We studied the biogeochemistry of the surface soils (0‐ to 10‐cm depth) on frost boils at nine sites across a soil pH gradient in arctic Alaska. Soils under biotic crusts were compared with adjacent bare and fully vegetated areas within the centers of the same boil. Near the sea coast we found segregation of Na salts to the bare surface areas of boils and concentration of Ca under adjacent crusted areas within the boils. In contrast, inland coastal plain soils with nonacidic tundra showed Ca accumulation under both crusted and vegetated areas within the boils. Nonacidic soils rich in inorganic C were effective at buffering pH changes with organic carbon (OC) accumulations of up to 200 g kg−1. Soil water‐soluble OC (OCws) stocks of nonacidic boil sites correlated well with soil total OC (R2 = 0.62, p < 0.01), while OCws for boils formed in acidic soils was correlated to total soil N stocks (R2 = 0.69, p < 0.01), consistent with there being different limitations to soil biological activity for soils across the soil pH gradient. Although there were differences in quantity of accumulated organic matter across the soil pH gradient, soil nutrient pools increased as OC accumulated under crusted and then vegetated soils across all sites.

The effect on coastal vegetation of trampling on a parabolic dune

Abstract This paper examines the effect of trampling activity and intensity on the vegetation growing up the central axis of a tropical coastal parabolic dune at La Mancha, Veracruz State, Mexico. A trampling path was established across the dune with slopes varying from 1° to 34°, and the vegetation cover and richness was sampled after 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 tramplings. There was a significant decline in relative cover over time as the trampling intensity increased, and rare species disappeared after only 10 tramplings. As the slope increased the rate of decline of relative cover of the dominant species also increased. Within the steeper slope segments of the path (21–25, >25, crest, and relic slipface down-slope segments) between 40% and 80% of the number of species disappear from the survey transect by 100 cumulative tramplings, whereas, only 13–30% of the number of species disappeared from the survey transect within the low/moderate slope segments by 100 cumulative tramplings. Within the 21–25° slope segment, a staircase morphology was gradually created, while at higher slopes, shearing occurred and linear debris slopes were formed. There was a greater decrease in richness values on steep slopes compared to low/moderate slope angles, independent of trampling intensity. Apart from the 21–25° slope, the creation of bare surface area does not appear to be related to slope angle as trampling increases.

Using Spatial Information Technologies as Monitoring Devices in International Watershed Conservation along the Senegal River Basin of West Africa

In this paper, we present the applications of spatial technologies-Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing-in the international monitoring of river basins particularly analyzing the ecological, hydrological, and socio-economic issues along the Senegal River. The literature on multinational water crisis has for decades focused on mediation aspects of trans-boundary watershed management resulting in limited emphasis placed on the application of advances in geo-spatial information technologies in multinational watershed conservation in the arid areas of the West African sub-region within the Senegal River Basin for decision-making and monitoring. While the basin offers life support in a complex ecosystem that stretches across different nations in a mostly desert region characterized by water scarcity and subsistence economies, there exists recurrent environmental stress induced by both socio-economic and physical factors. Part of the problems consists of flooding, drought and limited access to sufficient quantities of water. These remain particularly sensitive issues that are crucial for the health of a rapidly growing population and the economy. The problems are further compounded due to the threats of climate change and the resultant degradation of almost the region's entire natural resources base. While the pace at which the institutional framework for managing the waters offers opportunities for hydro electricity and irrigated agriculture through the proliferation of dams, it has raised other serious concerns in the region. Even where data exists for confronting these issues, some of them are incompatible and dispersed among different agencies. This not only widens the geo-spatial data gaps, but it hinders the ability to monitor water problems along the basin. This study will fill that gap in research through mix scale methods built on descriptive statistics, GIS and remote sensing techniques by generating spatially referenced data to supplement the existing ones for the management of the Senegal River Basin. The results show the incidence of change predicated on pressures from demography, natural forces and the proliferation of river basin development which resulted in more irrigated areas to meet the needs of the inhabitants of the basin. With the substantial increase in bare surface areas, the basin faces growing exposure to the threats of desertification.

Density functional theory studies on stress stabilization of the Cu(1 1 0) striped phase

Under oxygen exposure, the Cu(1 1 0) surface shows a striped phase consisting of alternating bare (1 1 0) surface areas and added-row (2 × 1)O reconstructions. Density functional theory is used to show that the major origin for the formation of the striped phase is the elastic interaction between these areas. The difference between the surface stress of the bare surface and the (2 × 1)O covered surface is predicted to be 1.3 N/m in reasonable agreement with values derived from grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Supercell calculations for periods of up to 62 Å confirm that the formation of the striped phase is favorable compared to an added-row (4 × 1)O reconstruction with the same coverage. But the predicted equilibrium period of roughly 30 Å is significantly smaller than in experiment. The calculations are impeded by the surface energy alternating with the number of layers in the slab. This behavior is related to a quantum well behavior of the Cu 4s-electrons. A simple model for this behavior is discussed and compared to ab initio results.

Singlewall carbon nanotubes covered with polystyrene nanoparticles by in‐situ miniemulsion polymerization

AbstractThis work is to make carbon nanotubes dispersible in both water and organic solvents without oxidation and cutting nanotube threads. Polystyrene‐singlewall carbon nanotube (PS‐SWNT) composites were prepared with three different methods: miniemulsion polymerization, conventional emulsion polymerization, and mixing SWNT with PS latex. The two factors, crosslinking and surface coverage of PS are important factors for the mechanical and electrical properties, including dispersion states of SWNT in various solvents. The PS‐SWNT composite prepared via a conventional emulsion polymerization showed SWNT bundles entirely covered with PS, whereas the PS‐SWNT composite prepared via a miniemulsion polymerization showed SWNT partially covered with crosslinked PS nanoparticles. The method of mixing SWNTs with PS latex did not show the well dispersed state of carbon nanotubes because PS was not crosslinked and was dissolved in a solvent, and nanotubes separated from PS precipitated. So the PS nanoparticle‐SWNT composite had lower electrical resistance, and higher mechanical strength than the other composites made by the latter two methods. As the amount of SWNT increases, the bare surface area of SWNT increases and the electrical conductivity increases in the composite made by the miniemulsion polymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 573–584, 2006

Validation of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission height data

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) provided data for detailed topographical maps of about 80% of the Earth's land surface. SRTM consisted of single-pass C- and X-band interferometric synthetic aperture radars (INSARs). In order to utilize SRTM data in remote sensing applications the data must be calibrated and validated. This paper presents The University of Michigan's SRTM calibration and validation campaign and our results using recently acquired C-band SRTM data of our calibration sites. An array of calibration targets was deployed with the intention of determining the accuracy of INSAR-derived digital elevation maps. The array spanned one of the X-band swaths and stretched from Toledo, OH to Lansing, MI. Passive and active targets were used. The passive targets included trihedrals and tophats. The locations in latitude, longitude, and elevation of the point targets were determined using differential GPS. We also acquired U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital elevation models (DEMs) to use in the calibration and validation work. The SRTM data used in this study are both Principal Investigator Processor (PI) data, which are not the refined final data product, and the ground data processing system (GDPS) data, which are a more refined data product. We report that both datasets for southeastern Michigan exceed the SRTM mission specifications for absolute and relative height errors for our point targets. A more extensive analysis of the SRTM GDPS data indicates that it meets the absolute and relative accuracy requirements even for bare surface areas. In addition, we validate the PI height error files, which are used to provide a statistical characterization of the difference between the SRTM GDPS and USGS DEM heights. The statistical characterization of the GDPS-USGS difference is of interest in forest parameter retrieval algorithms.

Exfoliation corrosion of aluminum alloys and their protection by coatings with metal-filled primers

Exfoliation corrosion (EC) is shown to represent a special type of stress corrosion which develops under the surface of aluminum high-alloyed alloys like Д16ЧT and B95ΠЧT1. Protection against EC by using common paint coatings (PCs) is ineffective. Indoor tests demonstrate that EC can be almost completely suppressed by using PCs with zinc-filled primers (ZFPs). After 2-year tests in sea tropics, common PCs do not prevent the appearance and development of EC. At the same time, samples protected by PCs that involve ZFP EP-057 demonstrate the total absence of EC including bare surface areas up to 5 and even 10 mm wide where the coating has failed. Similar results are obtained in 6-year tests in north sea atmosphere. Potentiodynamic studies of different protection schemes confirm the electrochemical protection mechanism of aluminum alloys against EC by using ZFPs. It is shown that ZFPs can also be used during maintenance works. The advantages of metal-filled primers based on polyurethane over those based on epoxy resin are shown.

Development of low contact resistivity electrode for HTSC films

The electrodes on LPE films for the case of persistent current switches were developed. The electrode was fabricated by the sputtering method using targets of Ag-based metal alloys. In the targets, the different amounts of Cu were added in order to suppress the reaction between the RE123 and the electrode metal films. Consequently, the suitable composition of the Ag–Cu electrode to obtain a low contact resistance was found. When the copper composition in the Ag electrode was controlled to be 1.09 wt.%, the lowest contact resistance of 1.7 × 10 −12 Ω m 2 was obtained. And all of these results are reasonable values as the requirements for the LPE film. Moreover, we found that a thick film is necessary to fabricate electrodes with low contact resistivity since fine grains in a small bare surface area were expended due to vaporization, etc., by the heat treatment in the case of thin films.

Water balance change for a re-vegetated xerophyte shrub area/Changement du bilan hydrique d’une zone replantée d’arbustes xérophiles

Water balances for a re-vegetated xerophyte shrub (Caragana korshinskii) area were compared to that of a bare surface area by using auto-weighing type lysimeters during the 1990–1995 growing seasons at the southeast Tengger Desert, Shapotou, China. The six-year experiment displayed how major daily water balance components might vary for a bare and a re-vegetated sand dune area. Evapotranspiration from the C. korshinskii lysimeter represented a major part of the water balance. The average annual ET/P ratios varied between 69 and 142%. No seepage was observed for the vegetated lysimeter. For the bare lysimeter, on the other hand, 48 mm or 27% of observed rainfall per year occurred as seepage. These results suggest that re-vegetating large sandy areas with xerophytic shrubs could reduce soil water storage by transpiration. Also, the experimental results indicate that re-vegetating large sandy areas could significantly change groundwater recharge conditions. However, from a viewpoint of desert ecosystem reconstruction, it appears that natural rainfall can sustain xerophytic shrubs such as C. korshinskii which would reduce erosion loss of sand. However, re-vegetation has to be balanced with recharge/groundwater needs of local populations.

West Indian Dropseed/Giant Smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus var. pyramidalis) Control in Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) Pastures1

Field experiments were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate the effect of mowing followed by hexazinone for West Indian dropseed/giant smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus var. pyramidalis) (hereafter referred to as dropseed) control. The experimental design was a split plot, with mowing (nonmowed [mature] and 35-cm regrowth) as the whole plot and hexazinone rate (0.0 [control], 0.56, 0.84, 1.12, 1.40, and 1.68 kg ai/ha) as the subplot treatments. The application of 0.84 kg/ha hexazinone provided 94 and 81% dropseed control, 365 d after treatment (DAT) during 1997 and 1998, respectively. Increasing application rate to 1.12 kg/ha hexazinone provided 87 and 88% dropseed control, 365 DAT during 1997 and 1998, respectively. Both the 0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha rates provided the same average control (87.5%); however, the 1.12 kg/ha rate provided consistent control over years. Mowing dropseed, followed by hexazinone application at 35-cm regrowth, provided no additional control when compared with no mowing treatments. Rates of hexazinone at 1.40 and 1.68 kg/ha caused phytotoxicity to bahiagrass and increased bare soil surface area, especially 90 and 120 DAT. Phytotoxic effect on bahiagrass and on bare soil decreased 365 DAT, resulting in 75 to 80% total forage cover. Concentration and yield of total nonstructural carbohydrates were significantly lower for the mowed 35-cm regrowth treatment than for the nonmowed plants; however, even in its weakened condition this reduction had no effect on dropseed control.Nomenclature: Hexazinone; West Indian dropseed/giant smutgrass, Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. pyramidalis (P. Beauv.) Veldkamp; S. indicus (L.) R. Br. var. indicus #3 SPZIN; S. jacquemontii Kunth.; S. poiretii (Roem. & Schult.) A. S. Hitchc. # SPZIN; bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Fluegge # PASNO.Additional index words: Bermudagrass, CYNDA, Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers., hexazinone, pasture weeds, tropical forage.Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment; GC, percent ground cover; TNC, total nonstructural carbohydrates.

Dynamical rearrangements of the (2×1)O adlayer during CO oxidation on Cu [formula omitted

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to visualize dynamical rearrangements of the (2×1)O adlayer on Cu(1 1 0) during reaction with CO. Taking an initially fully oxygen covered surface at 350 K, the reaction starts at terrace edges, where vacant sites for CO adsorption exist. The reaction then proceeds almost uniformly perpendicular to these terrace edges leaving the bare surface behind. In contrast, starting with an initially fully oxygen covered surface at 470 K, the reaction results in the formation of fingerlike structures at the terrace edges. In subsequent images these fingers of bare surface area extend deep into the original adlayer along the [0 0 1] direction, i.e. along the Cu–O–Cu-chains, while the reaction along the [1 1 0] direction, i.e. perpendicular to the chains, appears to proceed uniformly exhibiting a comparatively straight adlayer boundary all the time. The observations are discussed taking into account the complex adsorbate–adsorbate interactions of the Cu–O compounds and the high mobility of these species at 470 K.

Mechanism of liquid-phase epitaxy growth of NdBa2Cu3O7−xfilm from low-peritectic-temperature YBa2Cu3O7−xseed film

NdBa2Cu3O7-x (NdBCO) superconducting films were successfully grown on MgO substrates by liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) using YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) seed films which have lower peritectic temperatures. Microstructural characterizations using optical and electron microscopes revealed that most of the seed grains decomposed at the high processing temperature and dissolved when they touched the solution. The NdBCO grains were formed first by the quasi-homoepitaxial growth of NdBCO units on the few surviving YBCO seed grains and then grew pendently to cover the large bare surface areas of the MgO substrates quickly by lateral overgrowth. A micrometer-thick melt layer was entrapped between the film and the substrate. Through the few links provided by the surviving seed grains, a stable film/substrate orientation relationship could still be maintained. A semiquantitative analysis was done for the lateral overgrowth process, and two different lateral overgrowth stages were observed with about 50 times difference in the lateral overgrowth rate. Then, a semiquantitative understanding for the entire YBCO-seeded NdBCO LPE growth process was finally reached.

Labelling and binding of poly-( l-lysine) to functionalised gold surfaces. Combined FT-IRRAS and XPS characterisation

We compare herein the interfacial reactivity of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), 1-undecanethiol (UDT) and 11-mercaptoundecanol (MUD) on gold surfaces towards aqueous solutions of poly-( l-lysine) (PL). Liquid-phase labelling of PL with the alkyne dicobalt hexacarbonyl cluster 1 combined with analysis of the substrates by Fourier transform infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that irreversible binding of PL occurred in all cases. However, the mechanism of binding involved differed markedly from one monolayer to the other. The main mode of interaction of PL to MUA SAM was of electrostatic nature between the terminal carboxylate of MUA and the ammonium groups of PL. For a similar number of bound thiolate molecules, the UDT adsorbed layer was found less continuous than the MUA one, allowing a higher fraction of PL to directly bind to the gold surface. As for MUD, very little thiolate molecules were adsorbed, leaving bare gold surface areas for non specific adsorption of PL.

Microsensors and Microsystems

Lateral structures of bare gold within self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of gold alkanethiolates were created by electrochemical desorption in the direct mode of the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). The ultramicroelectrode (UME) of the SECM was positioned 10-20 μm above the surface and used as the auxiliary electrode in a three electrode cell with the SAM-coated Au electrode as working electrode. The microscopic auxiliary electrode causes an inhomogeneous electric field above the macroscopic gold electrode and limits the total current. As a consequence only thiols located directly beneath the UME are affected by the desorption procedure. Sample regions from which the SAM had been removed were imaged in the SECM feedback mode or, after galvanic Cu deposition, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (after sulfidisation of Cu). The influence of hydrocarbon chain length, protection of the SAM by an additional layer of n-octanol and the use of alternating current were investigated in order to decrease the size of the bare surface areas and to enhance their edge definition. In particular the use of alternating current led to feature sizes of 1.2 times the UME diameter which represents an advance with regard to 2-3 UME diameters reported earlier.

Kinetics of etch products and reaction process in electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching of Si

The effect of etch products on the Si etching characteristics in electron cyclotron resonance plasmas with Cl2 was investigated by using both plasma diagnostics and a numerical simulation. The etch products both in the gas phase and on the etched surface were observed by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy. The concentration range of silicon tetrachloride SiCl4 detected as the gas-phase etch product during Si etching was about 1012 molecules/cm3 within the pressure range of 0.1–10 mTorr, while that of silicon oxide was 1010–1012 molecules/cm3. On the etched surface, unsaturated silicon chlorides SiClx (x=1–3) as well as SiCl4 were observed. Moreover, the effect of the etch products was numerically investigated by using a kinetic etching model. The calculated etch rate showed good agreement with the measured one within the pressure range of 0.1–10 mTorr even though the sticking coefficient of silicon oxide was varied from 0.001 to 0.5. The coverage of the SiClx layer saturated about one monolayer beyond pressure of 1 mTorr. The bare Si surface area and the actual coverage of the oxide layer decreased by increasing the gas pressure. However, the actual coverage of oxide layer at <1 mTorr varied according to the sticking coefficient of silicon oxide. The calculated concentration of the etch products was the same order of magnitude as the concentration obtained by in situ FTIR diagnostics. It is expected that the effect of etch products on the etching characteristic, especially etched profiles, becomes more and more important at pressure of less than 1 mTorr.

Statistical characteristics of simulated radar imagery from bare soil surfaces: effects of surface roughness and soil moisture variability

The potential of high-resolution radar imagery to estimate various hydrological parameters, such as soil moisture, has long been recognized. Image simulation is one approach to study the interrelationships between the radar response and the underlying ground parameters. In order to perform realistic simulations, the authors incorporated the effects of naturally occurring spatial variability and spatial correlations of those ground parameters that affect the radar response, primarily surface roughness and soil moisture. Surface roughness and soil moisture images were generated for a hypothetical 100/spl times/100 m bare soil surface area at 1 m resolution using valid probability distributions and correlation lengths. These values were then used to obtain copolarized radar scattering coefficients at 2 GHz (L band) and 10 GHz (X band) frequencies using appropriate backscatter models, which were then converted to a digital number within 0-255 gray scale in order to generate radar images. The effect of surface roughness variability causes variability in the radar image, which is more apparent under smooth soil conditions. On the other hand, the inherent spatial pattern in soil moisture tends to cause similar patterns in the radar image under rougher soil conditions. The maximum difference between contrast-enhanced mean values of the radar image digital number due to moisture variations occurs at surface roughness values in the 1.5-2.0 cm range. >

Molecular mechanics and molecular shape. V. on the computation of the bare surface area of molecules

AbstractThis article examines the numerical estimation of molecular surface areas within the model of overlapping atomic spheres. One has the choice of either basing the estimate on all elements that contribute to the surface, or of ignoring systematically some elements in the interatomic clefts. It is argued that the second choice, even though more approximate, implicitly improves on the model and is to be preferred. Since surface areas are not measurable, the demonstration is unavoidably roundabout, relying mostly on correlation analysis. Among the regressors occur two compounded parameters. One, ratio of the surface area of the equivalent sphere to the surface area, is interpreted as a measure of molecular globularity. It reflects the molecular axis‐ratio and surface convolution. The other, ratio of the surface area to the volume, is interpreted as a measure of the global congestion of a chemical residue. Together with a measure of the local congestion at the point of attachment, it affects the steric hindrance that a residue offers. The relation between the surface area and the number of valence electrons is also discussed.

Adsorption of nitrogen, argon, and neon on sintered copper and of neon on argon-coated sintered copper at low temperatures

The results of measurements of adsorption isotherms are given for nitrogen, argon, and neon on bare sintered copper and on sintered copper covered with a monolayer of argon. The temperatures employed where 77.3 K for the N2 and argon, and 17.26, 20.22, 22.64, 25.71, and 27.00 K for the neon, and the pressure range was from 0.25 to 200 Torr. The sintered copper specimen was of mass 170 g, made with powder (Alcan Metal Powders, Inc., “Druid Copper,” grade MD60), which had an average particle size of 2 × 2 × 0.5 µ. The sintering was done at 650°C for 0.5 h. The bare surface area e in m2/g, of the sintered copper specimen was found from the N2 adsorption isotherms at 77.3 K. This gave e=0.41 m2/g, based on a molecular area of N2 of 13.8 A2 (solid N2). The N2 and argon isotherms on the bare sintered copper at 77.3 K yielded values of the monolayer coverage ofV m =0.11 cm3(STP)/g for N2 andV m =0.11 cm3(STP)/g for argon. The neon results showed that at any given pressure and temperature the mass of neon adsorbed was less when the adsorption was on argon-coated copper than on bare copper. Calculations were made of the isosteric heat of adsorptionQ st for neon, and the results are presented graphically as functions of the coverage. For neon adsorption on the bare copper,Q st /R had a maximum value of about 390 K at a coverage of about 0.2 cm3(STP)/m2, and it decreased to about 275 K at 0.5 cm3(STP)/m2. For neon on the argon-coated copper,Q st /R had a maximum value of about 320 K- at the lowest coverages and fell to about 245 K at 0.5 cm3(STP)/m2. The shape of theQ st /R curve vs. coverage for neon indicated that the argoncoated copper was more homogeneous from an adsorptive point of view than the bare copper. TheQ st /R vs. coverage curves allowed an assessment to be made of the monolayer coveragesV m , which were 0.38 cm3(STP)/m2 for neon on the bare sintered copper and 0.34 cm 3 (STP)/m 2 on the argon monolayer coated on the sintered copper. This indicated that the effective area for adsorption on the argon monolayer was 0.37 m 2 /g, which was 10% less than that for the bare copper. In addition, theQ st /R values at monolayer coverage were found to be 306 K on the bare copper and 275 K on the argon monolayer.

Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Technique to Change Detection in Land Use/Land Cover Mapping of Igbokoda, Ondo State, Nigeria

This paper aims at establishing changes in land use and land cover in Igbokoda municipality using Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques. Three satellite images for three different epochs 1986, 1999 and 2013 were used to produce a land use/land cover map classification for Igbokoda. In determining the extent of land use/land cover changes in the township from 1986 through 1999 to 2013, Landsat images of the town were downloaded from the United State Geological Survey online archive. The images were analyzed using change detection technique (NDVI differencing) along with SRTM 90m DEM of the study area to generate the extent of the changes that have occurred. Ground trotting was carried out to ascertain the accuracy of data and the major changes in the land use/land cover. Results show that vegetation has decreased from 75.04% in 1986 to 46.81% in 2013 which was due to increase in population and rapid urbanization. In 1996 the Built-up area covers 19.6321 km2 of the study area but has increased rapidly to 39.1505 km2 in the year 1999 with an average annual increment of 2.025Km2/year. By the year 2013, the built-up area has increased to 64.1520Km2. Also in the same vein, the bare surface area which was 13.28029km2 in 1986 was increased to 39.6053 and 50.240Km2 in 1999 and 2013 respectively. On the contrary, the vegetated area of Igbokoda reduced from 196.3046Km2 in 1999 to 122.4680Km2 in 2013. This study has demonstrated that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach is timely and cost effective than the conventional method of analysis, classification of land use pattern effective for planning and management. It further shows that If the rapid change in land use is not properly manage, the situation poses a serious threat to Igbokoda town by increasing surface runoff and susceptibility to flooding.