Bar Width Research Articles

Potassium hydroxide polishing of nanoscale deep reactive-ion etched ultrahigh aspect ratio gratings

A fabrication process has been developed to chemically polish the sidewalls of 200 nm-pitch gratings via potassium hydroxide (KOH) etching following the Bosch deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) process. Previous KOH polishing experiments focused on micron scale features. This work is the first reported combined DRIE-KOH etching process on the nanoscale for ultrahigh aspect ratio structures with feature sizes 30 times smaller than previously published work. The primary application of the gratings is x-ray spectroscopy and requires polished sidewalls for efficient x-ray reflection. Polishing is also critical for increasing the open area by narrowing the grating bars, which increases the throughput of x-rays. The increased open area is also valuable for other applications such as ultraviolet filtration, neutron spectroscopy and biofiltration. Advanced Bosch processes leave approximately 4 nm, root mean square (RMS), of roughness on the sidewalls. This roughness needs to be reduced to below 1 nm to efficiently reflect soft x-rays with wavelengths between 1 and 5 nm. Furthermore, high aspect ratio DRIE can result in bar width variations of approximately a factor of two from the top to the middle of the channel, commonly referred to as bowing. The polishing procedure presented here removes the roughness to below the resolution of the scanning electron microscope, and was measured via an atomic force microscope to be less than 1 nm RMS. The bowing has also been reduced by at least a factor of 3. The polishing process takes advantage of the anisotropy of KOH silicon etching. Specifically, the {111} silicon planes etch approximately 100 times slower than other crystal planes. This anisotropy allows the grating bars to be etched in 50% by weight KOH at room temperature for up to 60 min. Long etches have several key requirements, including 0.2 degree alignment of the grating with respect to the {111} planes, mask roughness below 40 nm and minimal defects in the silicon. If these requirements are not met, the grating will quickly be destroyed by the etch, which etches the non-{111} planes in excess of 1 μm per hour. The fabrication steps of this work are described in detail including a novel technique to align the 200 nm-pitch interference lithography image grating to the {111} planes of a ⟨110⟩ silicon wafer.

KLa of stirred tank bioreactors revisited

By means of improved feedback control kLa measurements become possible at a precision and reproducibility that now allow a closer look at the influences of power input and aeration rate on the oxygen mass transfer. These measurements are performed online during running fermentations without a notable impact on the biochemical conversion processes. A closer inspection of the mass transfer during cultivations showed that at least the number of impellers influences mass transfer and mixing: On the laboratory scale, two hollow blade impellers clearly showed a larger kLa than the usually employed three impeller versions when operated at the same agitation power and aeration rate. Hollow blade impellers are preferable under most operational conditions because of their perfect gas handling capacity. Mixing time studies showed that these two impeller systems are also preferable with respect to mixing. Furthermore the widths of the baffle bars depict a significant influence on the kLa. All this clearly supports the fact that it is not only the integral power density that finally determines kLa.

Dimension and frequency of bar formation in a braided river

This paper presents flume and field observations of a bank-confined braided river. Morphological features, including plan form configuration, channel width, and main channel migration, were examined by a series of experiments. Repeated measurements of channel morphology, provided a basis to estimate the relationship between noncumulative frequency of bars and bar area. Additional results from the Dajia River, located in Central Western Taiwan, were presented to provide a reference data set for comparing the laboratory and field data. The results indicate that the relationship between bar length and width can be predicted by a simple best-fit power function relating to self-similarity characteristics. The Hurst index by Walsh and Hicks (2002) provides acceptable predictions of the bar length and width observed in the experiments and confirmed by the field investigations. Eexperimental and field results both show that large river width yields a uniform distribution of bar areas with the similar discharge, leading to a large value of exponent (β) in the model. The river width is confirmed to be a critical parameter in the main channel shift. A small increase in channel width likely increased rapidly the shift cycle.

재활치료를 받는 뇌졸중과 척추손상 외래환자들의 주거환경개선에 대한 요구도 조사

본 연구는 재활치료를 받는 뇌졸중과 척수손상 외래환자를 대상으로 주거 유형, 장애유형, 일상생활 수행 정도에 따른 주거환경개선에 대한 요구도를 알아보고자 하였다. 서울 경기 지역의 재활병원이나 종합병원에서 재활치료를 받는 환자 54명을 대상으로 2012년 1월 2일부터 2월 4일까지 설문조사를 실시하여 기술통계와 <TEX>$x^2$</TEX>검정을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면 주거환경개선에 대한 요구도가 장애 유형에 따라 현관의 계단이나 출입문의 폭, 욕실의 공간이용, 세면대, 양변기, 욕조, 샤워기 걸이와 세면대 높이, 거실과 침실 부엌, 베란다 공간이용 등에서 통계학적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 주거 유형에 따른 주거환경 개선요구는 출입문의 센서 등, 욕실의 휴지걸이와 콘센트 덮개의 개선이 통계학적으로 유의미한 것으로 나타났으며 일상생활 수행정도에 따라 출입문의 폭과 문턱, 욕실의 휴지걸이와 수건걸이, 미끄럼 방지 바닥재, 샤워기, 부엌의 공간과 식탁, 의자, 베란다의 공간이용과 문턱, 조명 밝기의 개선 요구에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 본 연구를 통하여 주거 환경 개선에 대한 요구 정도가 장애유형, 주거 유형, 일상생활 수행 정도에 따라 다르다는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 앞으로 주거환경개선에 대한 평가와 치료적인 접근의 기초자료로써 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the need of home modification for outpatient with stroke and spinal cord injury. The subjects of this study were 54 outpatients who have experience in rehabilitation therapy at hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. A questionnaire was distributed and collected form January 2th to February 4th, 2012. Descriptive statistics and <TEX>$x^2$</TEX>-test were used to analyze data. There were statistically significant difference in stairs of access, in width of front door, in bathroom, space of room according diagnosis. There were statistically significant difference in light of sensor, tissue holder and socket cover in bathroom for the comparison of demands for home modification by living type. There were statistically significant difference in width and threshold of front door, tissue holder and towel bar, nonslip floor in bathroom, space and table, chair of kitchen, space and threshold of porch, light for the comparison of demands for home modification according score of MBI. Based on the results of the survey, needs of home modification is different according disability level, diagnosis, living type, ADL performance. The results of this study show a need for the further occupational therapy of home modification and supporting policies in home modification.

Study of One-Dimensional Bar Code Recognition System

Bar code technology has been widely used with the development of computer application, which studies information identification by bar code and conversion from bar code information to computer language for automatic input, identification and statistics. This paper presents system design and realization of recognition system for one-dimensional bar code according with ISBN encoding rule. Encoding rule of common bar code is introduced at first. Bar code image is preprocessed by binaryzation, then the image noise caused by print quality and dirt is filtered by a mean value method. The actual width of bars and intervals are measured to identify contained digital information in one-dimensional bar code image. The result show that the method presented has good accuracy, quick speed and strong robustness for realtime application.

Generating of quadratic gray scale beam profile using binary gray scale masks

Generating beams with a desired quadratic lateral intensity distribution using 1D binary masks was analyzed, in detail. Effect of width of the first bar as well as the gray scale increment rate on the generated shaped beam was examined. It is shown that increasing the gray scale rate produces smoother and broaden profile. Besides, it was demonstrated that width of the first bar has great impact on the generated profile, so by increasing the width, the generated profile becomes sharper. Theoretical results are confirmed by experiment, as well.

Factors Affecting Crowded Acuity

Acuity measurement is a fundamental method to assess visual performance in the clinic. Little is known about how acuity measured in the presence of neighboring letters, as in the case of letter charts, changes with contrast and with nonfoveal viewing. This information is crucial for acuity measurement using low-contrast charts and when patients cannot use their fovea. In this study, we evaluated how optotype acuity, with and without flankers, is affected by contrast and eccentricity. Five young adults with normal vision identified the orientation of a Tumbling-E presented alone or in the presence of four flanking Tumbling-Es. Edge-to-edge letter spacing ranged from 1 to 20 bar widths. Stimuli were presented on a white background for 150 ms with Weber contrast ranging from -2.5% to -99%. Flankers had the same size and contrast as the target. Testings were performed at the fovea, 3°, 5°, and 10° in the inferior visual field. When plotted as a function of letter spacing, acuity remains unaffected by the presence of flankers until the flankers are within the critical spacing, which averages an edge-to-edge spacing of 4.4 bar widths at the fovea and approximately 16 bar widths at all three eccentricities. Critical spacing decreases with a reduction in contrast. When plotted as a function of contrast, acuity only worsens when the contrast falls below approximately 24% at the fovea and 17% in the periphery, for flanked and unflanked conditions alike. The letter spacing on conventional letter charts exceeds the critical spacing for acuity measurement at the fovea, at all contrast levels. Thus, these charts are appropriate for assessing foveal acuity. In the periphery, the critical spacing is larger than the letter spacing on conventional charts. Consequently, these charts may underestimate the acuity measured in the periphery because of the effects of crowding.

An Experimental Investigation for Optimization of Ytterbium Fiber Laser Parameter during Machining of Al/5 Wt%Al2O3-MMC

This paper presents experimental investigation into the influence of machining parameters of Ytterbium fiber laser during machining of Al/5 wt%Al2O3-MMC. The response surface methodology (RSM) is used to achieve optimum responses i.e. minimum tapering and maximum material removal rate. A comprehensive mathematical model for correlating the interactive and second-order influences of Ytterbium fiber laser machining parameters such as laser power, modulation frequency, gas pressure, wait time, pulse width on metal removal rate and tapering phenomena has been developed for achieving controlled over fiber laser machining process. Test results reveal that the MRR is high at 15 bar gas pressure and 0.1s wait time. MRR is less at moderate gas pressure and moderate wait time. The gas pressure and pulse width both have great effect on taper. At low gas pressure i.e. 15 bar and low pulse width i.e.75% of duty cycle the taper is minimum.

Size Dependence of Ferromagnetic Resonance Frequency in Submicron Patterned Magnet

We investigated the size effect on ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in a submicron-wide single permalloy bar. The resonant frequency markedly increased with decreasing bar width to less than 1 µm, since the demagnetizing field is effectively modified by changing the bar width even in thin films. The resonant frequency difference between 100- and 1000-nm-wide bars was over 4 GHz in the absence of a magnetic field. This characteristic is promising for practical microwave devices because the desired resonant frequency can be obtained simply by varying the width of narrow ferromagnetic bars so that it is not necessary to change the material or magnetic field.

Probing Arginine Side‐Chains and Their Dynamics with Carbon‐Detected NMR Spectroscopy: Application to the 42 kDa Human Histone Deacetylase 8 at High pH

Arginine side-chains play a distinct role because of their high pKa and perpetual positive charge. An NMR method is presented, based on carbon-detected 13Cζ–15Ne correlation spectra, which allows probing the arginine side-chains and their dynamics at neutral-to-high pH. The methodology is demonstrated on human histone deacetylase 8.

Research of EAN-13 Barcode Identification Based on Unitary Decimalization

This paper has put forward a decimal system based on binary system for representing figures of barcode image. Different with traditional distance of similar line unitary method, this paper invents the unitary decimalize method for EAN-13 image identification. Counting and sorting the times of the number that appears when scan the image to calculate the width of unit bar not use the averaging method, which has the same identification effect but more simple and effective. At last make the corresponding program to verify the method, the result shows this method performs well. It is not only suitable to the horizontal positive-going or reversed-going barcode image but also to the oblique barcode image.

SiC/Si Pseudosubstrates for AlGaN Nanoelectronic Devices

Heteroepitaxial AlGaN/GaN on SiC/Si pseudosubstrate was used to fabricate three-terminal junction devices. Narrow bar and wide bar type active regions were fabricated. The measurement at room temperature showed predicted nonlinear behavior (previously reported about as negative type rectification). Unusual, positive type rectification for two dimensional electron gases was also observed. The electrical characteristics depend on the geometrical configuration of the devices.

Alcohol and Lateral Inhibitory Interactions in Human Vision

Acute alcohol consumption detrimentally affects many aspects of visual function, but few studies have addressed the neural mechanisms underlying such changes. One candidate mechanism that may be responsible for some alcohol-induced changes in visual function is lateral inhibition. Alcohol has been shown to abolish lateral inhibitory interactions in experimental preparations in which it is applied directly to the retina, but few studies have attempted to link alcohol-induced reductions in lateral inhibitory interactions with psychophysical performance in assessments of visual function dependent on this mechanism. In the present series of studies we addressed this by investigating the effects of alcohol consumption on a perceptual phenomenon mediated in part by lateral inhibition, the Hermann grid illusion. Participants estimated the contrast of the illusory blobs present at the grid intersections using a matching procedure after consumption of a drink containing alcohol or a nonalcoholic drink. The magnitude of the illusion was diminished in the alcohol condition, and this effect was consistent when we parametrically varied the contrast of the grid squares and widths of the grid bars. These data suggest that alcohol reduces lateral inhibitory interactions in human vision.

Foramen of civinini: a new anatomical guide for maxillofacial surgeons.

Study on Morphometric and radiological aspect on existence of foramen of civinini. Sphenoid bone comprises of some rare ossified ligaments, may encounter difficulty in surgical procedures. Incidence of Pterygospinous bars various with different racial groups and they are genetically controlled. Complete ossification of pterygospinous ligament form foramen of civinini. Entrapments of vessels or nerves may occur due to existence of pterygospinous bar. The bar may locate medially or inferiorly to formen ovale as seen in Hawaiian and lemurs. Co - existence of bar with the wide lateral pterygoid plate exhibits development of the bar from herbivore, carnivore and old world monkeys. Comparatively absence or small spine of civinini noted in new world monkeys, rodents and platyrrhines. Pterygospinousbar represents the phylogenetic remnant of Human beings. By using digital vernier caliper, the measurements of length, width of the pterygospinous bar and area of foramen of civinini including the length and breadth of lateral pterygoid plate were measured. Using X rays the radiological view was determined. In this study from 160 cases of skull and sphenoid bones revealed that complete and incomplete foramen of civinini in 1.25% and 7.5% of cases respectively. Peculiarly accessory foramen of civinini noticed in 1.25% of cases. Maximum area of foramen of civinini was 94.2mm(2). The maximum width of lateral pterygoid was noted as 19.6mm respectively. Mentocoronal view of skiagram clearly shows the bar. During Anaesthesia for trigeminal neuralgia may encounter difficult to pass the needle. The bar compress the mandibular nerve branches can cause lingual numbness, pain and speech impairment. Conductive anaesthesia on the mandibular nerve through the lateral subzygomatic route may be difficult to approach. Exploring the anatomical and clinical updates of pterygospinous bar may guide the surgeons and radiologists to overcome any difficulties in infratemporal and para or retropharyngeal regions.

A High-Density Ternary Barcode Detection System with a Dual-Bias Differential Method

A dual-bias differential method is presented for increasing the detection range of a ternary barcode detection system. The system is provided with a second differential delay circuit with bias control to process optimally gray signals by lowering their averaged level using a clamping circuit. This is added to the primary conventional differential delay circuit without bias control and a comparator to process optimally black signals based on the envelope-differential fixed-period delay (EDFPD) detection technique. This method enables the system to detect over a longer range at high speeds while being capable of handling a large amount of information. The estimate results of gray and white code widths against the clamp bias made through the dynamic operation simulation of a differential circuit using SPICE were nearly consistent with the experimental results. Thereby we can conclude that the dynamic simulation is effective for estimation of an optimum clamp bias voltage. It was confirmed that the detection range of the system with a clamp bias voltage of ?0.4 V for a minimum bar width W = 0.25 mm was 1.4 times that of the conventional EDFPD detection technique. In addition, the system operated at a maximum scanning speed of 7.7 times that of conventional CCD cameras under the practical detection range. The system with clamp bias control is expected to enable the real-time identification of goods on production lines and in automated warehouses.

Molt, feather growth rate and body condition of male and female Barn Swallows

Molt and ecdysis are costly activities crucial to several animals. Most birds completely molt their plumage once per year. The diverse energy and aerodynamic costs of molt are expected to shape the evolution of molt schedules and rate of feather renewal. Differences in molt strategies are also predicted between the sexes because of sex-related variation in fitness payoffs of rapid and early feather renewal. Feathers show barring patterns that reflect daily growth pulses. Ptilochronological analysis of growth bar width (GBW) reflecting condition-dependent feather growth rate can provide important, though overlooked information on molt strategies, and on the effects of body condition on feather renewal and subsequent migration or breeding. In this study of migratory Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) wintering in Nigeria, for the first time we analyzed sex-related variation in molt schedules and feather growth rate using molecular sexing. We found no sex difference in molt schedules but faster feather growth in females. Hence, protandry in arrival of swallows to European breeding grounds does not depend on sex-specific timing of molt or feather renewal rate. Individuals with advanced molt had larger GBW and muscle mass, suggesting that individuals in good condition complete molt earlier thanks to faster feather growth. Arrival date on the breeding areas may thus reliably signal male quality, if molt completion constrains migration. Finally, the frequency of low GBW values among wintering males was larger than during breeding in swallows that winter in Nigeria, suggesting selection against low GBW. This study provides the first unequivocal data on sex-related variation in molt schedules in a species with no discrete sexual dimorphism, and emphasizes the potential of ptilochronology in ecological–evolutionary studies, as it shows that feather growth rate covaries with timing of molt but may not mediate protandrous migration.

Effects of interface geometry on the thermoelectric properties of laterally microstructured ZnO‐based thin films

AbstractA series of samples consisting of alternating stripes of ZnO grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy (MBE) and radio‐frequency (rf) sputtered Ga‐doped ZnO stripes was laterally microstructured with a self‐aligned pattern transfer method. We measured as a function of temperature the Seebeck coefficient S and the electrical resistivity ρ in‐plane of the samples with the transport direction perpendicular to the stripe direction. Throughout the series the bar width and hence the number of interfaces was kept constant, but the interface profile was varied yielding different interface lengths and geometries. The dependence of S, ρ and the power factor S2/ρ on the interface length at room temperature were simulated using an empirical network model and it was demonstrated that the macroscopic transport coefficients are very sensitive to the interface region and that even this rather simple modelling yields useful information about the interface region.

Two new dwarfgobies from the Southwestern Pacific Ocean (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Eviota)

Two species of Eviota with red or orange bars crossing the body, a bifurcated 4th pelvic-fin ray with two long branches,and lacking many or all cephalic sensory-canal pores are described from Palau, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Eviotajewettae has a dorsal/anal fin-ray formula of 8/8, 98% of the specimens lack all cephalic sensory-canal pores, 2–4 lowerpectoral-fin rays branched; non-filamentous dorsal-fin spines; short tubular anterior nares that are not black and are lessthan ½ pupil diameter in length, and five wide bars across the body. Eviota pinocchioi has a dorsal/anal fin-ray formulaof 9/8, always lacks the POP and IT pores and the PITO and AITO pores are fused in about 50% of the specimens, un-branched pectoral-fin rays, males with filamentous dorsal-fin spines, tubular anterior nares black and very long, almost equal to the pupil diameter, and six narrow bars across body.

Effect of European Union BSE-Related Enactments on Fledgling Eurasian GriffonsGyps fulvus

The effects of supplemental feeding on Eurasian Griffon range from increased survival and reproduction to population recoveries. In 2000, the appearance of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Europe resulted in the implementation of the 1774/2002 regulation that required carcass removal and incineration at processing plants within the European Union and resulted in an immediate reduction of food availability for scavengers. We wished to evaluate the effect of the implementation of the reduced food availability on the scavenging Eurasian Griffon population. The study was conducted in La Rioja province (northern Spain). Eurasian Griffon fledglings are regularly brought to a rehabilitation center and can help evaluate the changes in nutritional condition before and after the enactment of the BSE regulations. A total of 47 first year griffons were sampled. Ptilochronology was applied to the rectrices, growth bars that are grown during the fledgling period were counted among nestlings before and after implementation of the EU-BSE directives. We found that the width of the growth bars, that represent the nutritional condition of the bird, showed significant differences over time. The growth bars before the implementation of the BSE EU-directives were significantly narrower than the subsequent period wherein carcasses were greatly reduced. The frequency of fault bars showed trends opposite to those of growth bars and there were significantly more fault bars in the pre-removal implementation period than the post-removal period. In conclusion, we consider this to be a result wherein the local adults with fidelity to their breeding colonies remained in the area while the non-breeding sub-adults and floaters have strayed in search of food. This has resulted in reduced inter-and intra-specific competition and only adults in good body condition breed resulting in healthier fledglings.

Experimental characterization of bi-directional terahertz emission from gold-coated nanogratings

The THz radiation emission of Au-coated nanogratings (fused silica substrate, 30 nm Au layer thickness, 500 nm grating constant) upon fs laser irradiation (785 nm, 150 fs, 1 kHz, ≤1 mJ/pulse) is observed in both directions along the laser beam axis (forward and backward) and for both, illumination of the Au/air or the Au/silica interface. THz radiation along the laser beam propagation is emitted in a narrow solid angle of about 15° fwhm independent on the laser pulse fluence, the angle of incidence and the nanograting profile. The bar width and groove depth of the nanograting as well as the angle of laser beam incidence strongly affect the THz radiation yield. The energy of single THz light pulses is measured absolutely (2 fJ in the 0.3–0.38 THz range) using a highly sensitive and fast superconducting transition edge sensor. The bi-directional emission of THz radiation is in agreement with the model assumption of surface plasmon polaritons propagating simultaneously on both Au layer interfaces (Au/air and Au/silica).