Bank Structure Research Articles

Promoting Sustainable Economy by Integrating Tri Hita Karana Concept in The Bank's Ownership Structure as Inclusive and Sustainable Risk Mitigation

Objective: Bank ownership structure can influence corporate governance and risk management. Risk Mitigation as a comprehensive effort to identify, measure, and reduce various types of risk impacts faced by the banking industry. Theoretical Framework: The concept of tri hita karana rooted in Balinese philosophy offers a holistic framework to achieve balance and harmony in three aspects that emphasise harmony between man and God, man and man, and man and his environment. Studies on the integration of the tri hita karana concept in the context of bank ownership structure and its implications for risk management are limited. This article aims to explore the potential synergies between bank ownership structure, tri hita karana principles, and risk mitigation strategies that can be applied. Method: This research uses a qualitative approach based on a literature study, by reviewing various sources related to banking ownership structure, tri hita karana concept, and risk management in the banking industry. Results and Discussion: The results of the analysis show that the integration of the tri hita karana concept in the ownership structure of banks can contribute to more comprehensive risk mitigation. The balance between parhyangan, pawongan, and palemahan can encourage better corporate governance practices that are sustainable, an organisational culture of integrity, and have environmental social responsibility. Research Implications: This article can provide recommendations that in the preparation of policies and procedures need to integrate the values of Tri Hita Karana, develop a monitoring and evaluation system based on the concept of balance, provide training and socialisation to all employees based on the concept of tri hita karana and conduct regular control and evaluation of the effectiveness of its implementation. Originality/Value: This article offers a new conceptual framework in understanding the relationship between ownership structure, tri hita karana concept as an effort of risk mitigation strategy in the banking sector.

Evolution of banking systems: A comprehensive historical analysis

This paper provides a comprehensive historical analysis of the evolution of banking systems, tracing their origins from ancient Greece and Rome through medieval Europe, the Renaissance, and the emergence of modern banking institutions. It explores the foundational practices of ancient Greek "trapezitai" and Roman "argentarii," which laid the groundwork for more advanced systems that flourished in the Italian city-states during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The development of commercial and central banking systems in early modern Europe, including the establishment of the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England, is examined in detail. The study further highlights the role of colonial powers in shaping banking structures across the globe and discusses significant innovations of the 19th and 20th centuries, such as fractional reserves and the rise of investment banking. Emphasis is placed on the transformational impact of globalization, deregulation, and technological advancements in the modern banking era. Additionally, the paper delves into contemporary challenges, including cybersecurity, data privacy, and the integration of artificial intelligence, offering insights into the future trajectory of banking institutions. By bridging historical developments with modern trends, this analysis underscores the enduring significance of banking as a dynamic and essential component of economic systems, providing valuable lessons for understanding its future evolution.

Conformational Variability Prediction of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins with Amino Acid Mutations Using Supersecondary Structure Code.

Supersecondary structure code (SSSC), which is represented as a conformation term using the letters "H," "S," "T," and "D" for each amino acid peptide unit, can be utilized to look up supersecondary structure motifs like a helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) motif as character strings from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) structure files. The deep neural network-based conformational variability prediction system of protein structures (SSSCPreds) can simultaneously predict locations of protein flexibility or rigidity and the shapes of those regions with high accuracy. The sequence flexibility/rigidity map obtained from SSSCPreds has the prediction accuracy enough to discuss the correlation with the sequence-to-phenotype ones by mutations. In this chapter, the protocol of conformational variability prediction methods using SSSC, including the analysis of influenza virus hemagglutinins with amino acid mutations, is described. The conformational variability pattern of hemagglutinins for human influenza A H1N1pdm extremely resembles that of avian influenza A H5N1, except for the furin cleavage site of H5N1. The transition of virus variants is visually understandable from the maps, including the sharply increased flexibility with the insight into the recent unseasonal influenza epidemics in Japan. The prediction accuracy of conformational variability is low for proteins at pH5 with very few measurement conditions, so this is the limitation of the conformational variability prediction method.

Capital Structure and Profitability of Public and Government Banks in Nepal

The study will examine how capital structure influences Nepalese public and government bank profitability. The study's statistical analysis utilizes secondary data. Descriptive and casual comparative analysis utilizing bank website data and correlations and multiple regression models for hypothesis testing was done using software. The study sampled 6 public banks and 2 governments from the population. The capital structure and profitability were examined as a cause-and-effect connection utilizing informal comparative study. This study uses NIM as a dependent variable and leverage ratio, bank size, liquidity ratio, and capital ratio as independent variables. Mean, standard deviation, correlation, multiple regression model, and hypothesis testing are statistical methods. Excel and SPSS assess such variables. Leverage Ratio boosts Public Bank NIM but not significantly. Bank Size negatively affects NIM somewhat. NIM and Liquidity Ratio are positively correlated. Public bank NIM is little affected by capital ratio. Leverage Ratio and bank size negatively affect Nepal's government banks' NIM. NIM positively and insignificantly impacts Liquidity Ratio. Capital ratio positively affects government bank NIM. Banks should recognise other variables' importance.

The Role of Vimentin Peptide Citrullination in the Structure and Dynamics of HLA-DRB1 Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk-Associated Alleles.

Citrullination, a post-translational modification (PTM), plays a critical role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by triggering immune responses to citrullinated self-antigens. Some HLA-DRB1 genes encode molecules with the shared epitope (QKRAA/QRRAA) sequence in the peptide-binding groove which preferentially presents citrulline-modified peptides, like vimentin, that intensifies the immune response in RA. In this study, we used computational approaches to evaluate intermolecular interactions between vimentin peptide-ligands (with/without PTM) and HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with a significantly increased risk for RA development. Crystal structures for HLA-DRB1*04:01, *04:04, and *04:05 bound to citrullinated peptides (PDB ID: 4MCY, 4MD5, 6BIR) were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank and non-citrullinated 3D structures were generated by mutating citrulline to arginine. The pHLA complexes were submitted to four rounds (50 ns each) of molecular dynamic simulations (MD) with Gromacs v.2022. Our results show that citrulline strengthens the interaction between vimentin and the HLA-DRB1 molecules, therefore impacting both the peptide affinity to the HLAs and pHLA stability; it also induces more intermolecular hydrogen bond formation during MD in the pHLA. Citrulline prevents repulsion between amino acid 71β and the P4-residue of native vimentin. Thus, vimentin citrullination seems to affect pHLA binding and dynamics, which may influence RA-related immune responses.

The role of bank diversity in the banking development-income inequality nexus. Regional evidence from Italy

Purpose The function of banking development in reducing income inequality is critical because financial institutions can grant loans, stimulating prospective productive investments. Based on this promise, the aim of this study is to fill the vacuum by particularly evaluating the influence of banking development, as proxied by bank cost efficiency estimated using a parametric approach, on income inequality. Design/methodology/approach To evaluate the impact of banking development on income inequality, the authors use data from 20 Italian regions from 2004 to 2017. Particular attention will be made to the consequences that the varied composition of the Italian banking structure, namely, the presence of cooperative and non-cooperative banks, may have on income inequality. To do this, the authors use a generalized method of moments (GMM) regression on panel data to address the endogeneity problem that exists between banking development and income inequality. Findings Evidence reveals that increasing bank development plays an important impact in reducing income inequality, with cooperative banks faring best. A set of robustness tests generally validates our empirical findings and brings relevant policy implications. Originality/value A “qualitative” measure, such as cost efficiency, which is computed using a parametric technique, has been used as a proxy for banking development to analyse the relationship between banking development and income inequality. The contribution, in particular, focuses on how bank diversity influences the nexus between banking development and income inequality in a homogenous context.

Board Structure and Financial Stability of Commercial Banks in Rwanda

Purpose: To assess the relationship between board structure and financial stability has been a subject of extensive research and debate globally. Methodology: The target population for this study consists of the board members from the 13 commercial banks operating in Rwanda. The sample of the study was nine commercial banks based on purposive sampling technique. Findings: Panel regression analysis was used and the findings indicated that board size significant affected financial stability of the banks negatively; board independence insignificantly affected financial stability of the banks positively. The outcome further indicated that board gender diversity insignificantly affected the banks financial stability negatively while board age affected the financial stability of Rwandan commercial banks insignificantly and positively. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that the regulatory bodies and bank management should consider implementing guidelines to optimize board composition. Specifically, banks should aim to establish a more streamlined board structure that balances diversity of thought with effective governance. This could involve setting a maximum limit on the number of board members, ensuring that boards remain manageable and conducive to clear communication and swift decision-making.

Analysis of the Current Situation of Liquidity Risk Management in China's Commercial Banks and the Proposed Countermeasures

This paper discusses in depth the importance of liquidity risk management in commercial banks and the challenges it faces at a time of accelerated global economic integration. Financial globalization not only brings unprecedented development opportunities for the banking industry, but also exposes it to more complex and volatile liquidity risks. As an important part of the financial system, the sound operation of commercial banks is crucial for maintaining financial stability and healthy economic development. The article focuses on the current situation of liquidity risk management in Chinese commercial banks and reveals the core issues of weakening deposit base and loan expansion aggravating liquidity pressure through detailed analysis. Subsequently, a combination of literature review and case studies is used to analyze the dual impact of macroeconomic fluctuations and micro-management deficiencies on liquidity risk. Ultimately, the study concludes by emphasizing the key roles of the improvement of the government regulatory system and fintech in optimizing the asset and liability structure of banks and enhancing the efficacy of risk management, which together safeguard the sound operation of the financial system and the sustained and healthy development of the economy.

Tantangan Akuntansi Syariah dalam Pengelolaan Rekening Investasi Berbagi Keuntungan pada Bank Islam

Because interest-bearing deposits are not allowed by Islamic Sharia rules and principles, Islamic banks generally collect deposits in the form of profit-sharing investment accounts. These accounts differ from conventional deposits not only because of the profit-sharing nature of the returns they offer but also because the relationship between the customer and the bank is not a debt contract, so these deposits are not considered 'fixed capital.' (artinya, nasabah dapat menerima hasil negatif atau kerugian). This last characteristic poses serious regulatory issues in jurisdictions where bank deposits are legally required to have a definition of 'certain capital.' In general, the presence of such 'risk-bearing instruments' in the capital structure of Islamic banks complicates the assessment of their capital adequacy. Moreover, the fact that profit-sharing investment account holders are a type of equity investor without the governance rights held by creditors or shareholders poses a significant oversight problem. This article explains these issues in more detail and proposes a solution in the form of a structural distinction between Islamic banks in the narrow sense on one side, and entities managing profit-sharing investment accounts on the other.

CATH v4.4: major expansion of CATH by experimental and predicted structural data.

CATH (https://www.cathdb.info) is a structural classification database that assigns domains to the structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and AlphaFold Protein Structure Database (AFDB) and adds layers of biological information, including homology and functional annotation. This article covers developments in the CATH classification since 2021. We report the significant expansion of structural information (180-fold) for CATH superfamilies through classification of PDB domains and predicted domain structures from the Encyclopedia of Domains (TED) resource. TED provides information on predicted domains in AFDB. CATH v4.4 represents an expansion of ∼64 844 experimentally determined domain structures from PDB. We also present a mapping of ∼90 million predicted domains from TED to CATH superfamilies. New PDB and TED data increases the number of superfamilies from 5841 to 6573, folds from 1349 to 2078 and architectures from 41 to 77. TED data comprises predicted structures, so these new folds and architectures remain hypothetical until experimentally confirmed. CATH also classifies domains into functional families (FunFams) within a superfamily. We have updated sequences in FunFams by scanning FunFam-HMMs against UniProt release 2024_02, giving a 276% increase in FunFams coverage. The mapping of TED structural domains has resulted in a 4-fold increase in FunFams with structural information.

A Study on Capital Structure of Selective Banks in India

The project report combines key information for the study from secondary data focused on the effect of capital structure on the profitability of specific companies. The study, which is organized into five chapters, employs a descriptive research technique and mostly gathers secondary data of five distinct automakers: Axis Bank, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, State Bank of India, and Kotak Mahindra Bank. The study mostly employed ratio analysis and EPS analysis as analytical techniques

Evaluating Board Characteristics’ Influence on the Readability of Annual Reports: Insights from the Egyptian Banking Sector

This study aims to examine the impact of board characteristics (BCs) on banks’ annual reports readability (BARR). Further, it examines whether bank size (BS) moderates the association between BC and BARR. The study employs a sample of 208 bank-year observations from both listed and non-listed banks in the Egyptian stock exchange (EGX), utilizing data spanning from 2016 to 2023. The study employs a random-effect regression model to test the hypotheses and discuss the results. The results suggest that BARR has a significant association with board meetings, gender and cultural diversity. Furthermore, BS played a moderating role in determining the association between BCs and BARR, supporting the second hypothesis. The findings show that the BCs and disclosure quality differ for banks of varying sizes. The findings have practical implications for the Egyptian banking sector, highlighting that board structure is critical to transparency and maintaining public trust. Additionally, the results focus policymakers’ attention on standardizing the contents and structure of banks’ annual reports, with the aim of reducing managers’ manipulation of disclosures and reducing the level of information asymmetry between stockholders, as suggested by the agency theory.

Highly Enhanced Light Recycling in Quantum Dot Displays by Sidewall Reflectors

AbstractQuantum dot (QD) color conversion‐based displays have emerged as one of the most promising next‐generation devices due to their superior emission properties in terms of color expression. To date, however, existing QD color conversion layer (QD‐CCL) technologies have suffered from low luminance and power efficiency, mainly due to significant light absorption by the bank structure. Here, the color conversion efficiency of QD‐CCL has been significantly enhanced by fabricating a highly reflective metal layer on the side surface of the bank structure. Using a high‐aspect‐ratio silver reflector fabricated through a secondary sputtering lithographic technique involving argon ion bombardment, the fabricated QD‐CCL is combined with a blue organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) serving as a light source. As a result, light recycling from the reflector significantly enhances color conversion efficiency and luminance by up to 4.60‐fold and 4.29‐fold, respectively. Optical simulation reveals that higher pixel resolution provides greater reflection probabilities during extraction. This photomask‐free approach is not only simple but also highly compatible with existing semiconductor fabrication processes, making it a viable commercial alternative for all color‐converting structures that utilize light‐emitting materials with omnidirectional emission characteristics.

Restoring protein glycosylation with GlycoShape

Despite ground-breaking innovations in experimental structural biology and protein structure prediction techniques, capturing the structure of the glycans that functionalize proteins remains a challenge. Here we introduce GlycoShape (https://glycoshape.org), an open-access glycan structure database and toolbox designed to restore glycoproteins to their native and functional form in seconds. The GlycoShape database counts over 500 unique glycans so far, covering the human glycome and augmented by elements from a wide range of organisms, obtained from 1 ms of cumulative sampling from molecular dynamics simulations. These structures can be linked to proteins with a robust algorithm named Re-Glyco, directly compatible with structural data in open-access repositories, such as the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB) and AlphaFold Protein Structure Database, or own. The quality, performance and broad applicability of GlycoShape is demonstrated by its ability to predict N-glycosylation occupancy, scoring a 93% agreement with experiment, based on screening all proteins in the PDB with a corresponding glycoproteomics profile, for a total of 4,259 N-glycosylation sequons.

Evaluation of the Fundamental Differences that Distinguish Participation Banking from Deposit Banks in Turkiye

Participation banking, or, more broadly, participation finance, continues to exist as a sector different from deposit banks in principle, purpose, and practice, developing at national and international levels. Understanding the difference between participation banking and deposit banks also provides accurate observation of the operation, processes, and results reflections. For this reason, this study examines the fundamental differences that separate participation and conventional banks from each other. Firstly, the study includes elements that differentiate participation banking conceptually and based on basic operating principles. The different structures of participation banks in pricing and balance sheets constitute the basis of the operating mechanism. For this reason, fund collection and allocation methods are explained in detail together with this structure. As a result, the participation banking sector, which continues its development as an alternative finance, was born from a different approach and has differentiated itself from deposit banks in many areas. Knowing these differences is essential in supporting the correct reading and analysis of the sector.

STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES CONSUMER AND MORTGAGE LENDING IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The purpose of the article is to determine the optimal development trajectories based on the research of the mortgage and consumer lending segment in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The mechanism of management of the consumer and mortgage lending system in the system of financial relations between the population and the institution of banking structures; the level of optimal relationships between participants in this process and their regulation through the bank credit rate, investment and marketing activities of the country's banking institutions. The article uses methods of transformation of analytical data display, analysis and synthesis based on qualitative and quantitative approaches. The official statistics of the NBRK and the second-tier banks of the Republic of Kazakhstan were used as the initial information of the analysis. Based on the analysis of the interdependence of mortgage and consumer lending, the level of the base rate of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other factors, recommendations for the development of an optimal trajectory of long-term development are proposed. The problems and prospects of achieving the optimal level of mortgage and consumer lending in the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account the interests of both banking institutions and consumers of the country, are considered.

IMPACT OF DIGITALISATION ON BANKING SECTOR

The banking sector has been substantially changed by the fast development of digital technology. The effect of digitalisation on general financial services, client contacts, and banking operations is investigated in this article. In banking, digitalisation has brought about the automation of formerly manual procedures, therefore improving client happiness, efficiency, and operating expenses while lowering running costs. Offering 24/7 access to financial services from anywhere in the globe, services such internet banking, smartphone apps, and digital payment systems have transformed the way consumers connect with banks. Furthermore, digitalisation has helped fintech to emerge, therefore undermining established banking structures and encouraging more innovation and competitiveness. Advanced technologies such artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and blockchain have been embraced by banks to guarantee better security in transactions, provide tailored services, and help to guide decisions. Although digitalisation has many advantages, it also brings problems like cybersecurity threats, data privacy issues, and the necessity of large technological infrastructure investment. This study also addresses its function in financial inclusion by enabling underprivileged groups to use banking services. Banks have to strike a mix between innovation and regulatory compliance, risk control, and client confidence as the digital revolution unfolds. The results of this research imply that banks must embrace digital transformation if they are to stay competitive in an economy becoming more and more digital and also meet the changing demands of tech-savvy customers.

PROBLEMS IN LENDING INDIVIDUALS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS AND WAYS TO ELIMINATE THEM

In this article, banks are in the process of digital transformation Problems and current situation in improving retail banking services are analyzed. In particular, in the transformation of the banking system of Uzbekistan, the revision of the bank structure and the optimization of the bank's service processes, the one-step lending system through underwriters and the management of personal funds for users are the most important. comments on the applications. The results of this study are important in studying the factors influencing the development of retail banking services and eliminating problematic situations

To What Extent Did the Chinese Banking Industry Affect Chinas Economic Growth in Past 50 Years?

Currently, the Chinese economy is encountering a period of stagnation in its development. Sustaining the rapid growth rate of the economy has become a challenge, as there is a lack of adequate momentum for continuous high-speed advancement. The nation is edging closer to the middle-income trap, and the conventional approach of relying on investment, exports, and consumption to propel economic growth is proving to be unattainable. It must be achieved through the transformation of economic structure, and the transformation of the financial industry is the most important part of it. The research question of this article is how commercial banks affect economic growth and how China's banking system has developed. The WTO's entrance into China has been a major catalyst for the banking industry and its system to be built. The literature review section delved deeply into economic growth, examining the concept of it, how it is achieved in China, as well as any factors that may influence it. More importantly, the study reviewed what the banking industry is and the development stages of China's banking industry. The banking industry's development was examined in the concluding part of the literature review, examining pertinent studies on the effect of economic expansion. In the discussion section of the research, we analyzed how the banking industry affects economic growth through its impact on capital allocation, banking services, and currency. Ultimately, we drew corresponding conclusions and proposed countermeasures and suggestions for the future development of the banking industry. Due to the fact that the industrial structure of developing countries is usually dominated by labor-intensive industries, clarifying the interrelationship between China's banking structure, capital allocation efficiency, and economic growth has universal significance and reference value for relevant financial arrangements in developing countries.

Prediction of protein-ligand binding sites modulating activity of MAST protein kinases

Aim. Identification of the protein-ligand binding sites, that may be the target of compounds, affecting individual human protein kinases of the MAST family (MAST1, 2, 3, 4 and MASTL / GWL). Methods. Literature and database search. Comparison of protein and ligand structures. Protein structure modeling, structural superimposition, etc. Results. The structural alignment demonstrates significant similarity of catalytic domains in MAST1, 2, 3, 4 and MASTL (GWL). It justifies transferring of reference ligands from PDB structures to human MASTs, discovering potential sites of ligand binding. 13 sites of ligand-binding were specified based on refrence ligands, transferred from RCSB Protein Data Bank structures, and differences in sites amino acid composition of MAST family members were discovered. Сonclusions. Based on the differences in the amino acid composition of the studied pockets in MAST1, 2, 3, 4 and MASTL (GWL), the sites B, C, D, E, F, were selected for further study and virtual screening for new selective inhibitors of individual members of MAST protein kinase family.