Bank Collapse Research Articles

Anthropogenic Effects on the Contemporary Sediment Budget of the Lower Rhine‐Meuse Delta Channel Network

AbstractDeltas and estuaries worldwide face the challenge of capturing sufficient sediment to keep up with relative sea‐level rise. Knowledge about sediment pathways and fluxes is crucial to combat adverse effects on channel morphology, for example, erosion which enhances bank collapse and increasing tidal penetration. Here, we construct sediment budgets which quantify annual changes for the urbanized Rhine‐Meuse Delta of the Netherlands, a typical urban delta experiences changing fluvial and coastal fluxes of sediment, engineering works and dredging and dumping activities. The delta shows a negative sediment budget (more outgoing than incoming sediment) since the 1980s, due to anthropogenic intervention. Following a large offshore port expansion, dredging in ports and harbors in the region has doubled in the past 5 years, likely due to the induced change in net sediment fluxes. In addition, the deeper navigation channels, ports, and harbors are now trapping siltier sediment, changing the sediment composition in the mouth. The removal of sediment by dredging is adverse to the necessity for sediment in heavily eroding branches. To allow for sustainable sediment management in the future and to cope with sea‐level rise, further measurements are required to properly quantify the amount of incoming sediment at the boundaries of the system and the internal mechanisms of transport. The varied response of the branches has important consequences for navigation, ecology and flood safety and management of the sediment in the system. These effects will be of pivotal importance in coming decades with similar implications for many urbanized deltas worldwide.

A Numerical Model of Bank Collapse and River Meandering

AbstractMeander migration results from the interaction between inner bank accretion and outer bank erosion/collapse. This interaction has been usually treated as a long‐term average of a sequence of erosion events determined by flow hydrographs. Little attention has been paid to the role that individual bank collapse events play on meander evolution. To fill this gap, we developed a numerical model of river meandering that describes explicitly bank collapse. Results show that as bend curvature increases due to meander migration and elongation, the initially scattered locations of bank collapse events converge toward the channel section where bed shear stress attains a maximum. Simulations illustrate the observed catch‐up behavior between inner and outer banks, driven by intermittent bank collapse events. Moreover, bank collapse is found to speed up short‐term meander migration and, consistent with field observations, meanders turn out to evolve toward a state characterized by constant channel width.

Failure mechanism and stability analysis of bank slope deformation under the synergistic effect of heavy rainfall and blasting vibration

Underwater blasting technique is often adopted to clear away the obstructed reef and dredge-cut in the mountainous waterway dredging engineering. However, the vibration of the underwater blasting and excavation of the riverbed has a certain influence on the stability of bank slopes. Combined with the partial bank collapse phenomenon in the waterway regulation project between two dams in the Three Gorges reservoir area, the change of pore water pressure of unsaturated soil under heavy rainfall and the increase of permanent displacement of soil under blasting vibration in the reservoir area are discussed. This paper explains the weakening effect of rainfall infiltration and blasting vibration on the stability of the bank slope. By studying the law of slope failure deformation under the separate action and coupling action, it is found that rainfall infiltration promotes the increase of slope permanent displacement and the blasting vibration enlarges the infiltration area of the soil, which demonstrated the accelerated failure mechanism of the rainfall-blasting slope.

The South African small banks’ crisis of 2002/3

ABSTRACT Following the collapse of Saambou bank in February 2002, contagion rapidly spread amongst South African small and medium-sized banks. By the end of 2003, half of the country’s banks had deregistered. The paper constructs a unique monthly bank-level data set to show that the banks that failed were those with short-term liabilities from other financial institutions. An initial delay in providing liquidity to solvent banks in distress and raising interest rates may have exacerbated the crisis. The need for prompt, swift action echoes lessons from banking panics throughout history.

Variable discharges control composite bank erosion in Zoige meandering rivers

This study investigated the roles of variable daily discharges in controlling processes of composite bank erosion in alpine meandering rivers located in the Zoige basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China using Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM). BSTEM was calibrated from compiled daily discharges, field measurements, and pre-determined model parameters for modeling fluvial erosion (FE) and bank collapse (BC) in the lower layer of a conceptualized composite bank profile. Modeling was based on theoretically designed five sets of competent hydrographs, each of which contains seven hydrographs with the same mean daily discharge (Qa) and variable shapes represented by different combinations of the initial daily discharge, the peak daily discharge, and its occurrence time. The design was guided by 77 real competent hydrographs representing daily discharges recorded in 14 years. Results showed that shapes of these hydrographs (1) had discernable impact on FE and BC, but this impact is secondary to that of Qa; and (2) affected FE in magnitude, but BC in both magnitude and frequency. After identifying a proportion of the designed hydrographs that are realistic in the existing flow regime, hydrograph-based rating curves for both FE and BC were established and used to create hydrograph-based effective discharges (Qe) for FE and BC, respectively. Finally, Qe was correlated to the width of overhanging arm for explaining the dominant processes controlling composite bank erosion and linking the nature of these processes to lateral migration of the associated meandering rivers. This success demonstrates a great potential of using Qe to reveal many complex processes in fluvial systems.

Banking reforms and bank efficiency: Evidence for the collapse of Spanish savings banks

This paper analyzes the impact of the banking system reform implemented through the banking consolidation (mergers and acquisitions) carried out in Spain to address the collapse of savings banks. The 2008 global financial crisis triggered a sovereign debt crisis in Europe and the burst of a real estate bubble in Spain, and forced a government intervention, despite policymakers not yet having developed a clear guidance for addressing banking crises. We therefore explore to what extent the efficiency of the Spanish financial system increased as the troubled savings banks merged with each other and/or were acquired by healthy savings or commercial banks. Our findings show that this Spanish banking reform impacts positively on the banking performance in terms of both bank efficiency and bank solvency. Consequently, banking reform via M&A drives out unviable banks and is a feasible alternative that minimizes the negative effects of government interventions in the financial systems.

Effect of subsurface water level on gully headcut retreat in tropical highlands of Ethiopia

AbstractGully erosion is a major cause of soil loss and severe land degradation in sub‐humid Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to investigate the role and the effect of subsurface water level change on gully headcut retreat, gully formation and expansion in high rainfall tropical regions in the Ethiopian highlands. During the rainy seasons of 2017–2019, the expansion rate of 16 fixed gullies was measured and subsurface water levels were measured by piezometers installed near gully heads. During the study period, headcut retreats ranged from 0.70 to 2.35 m, with a mean value of 1.49 ± 0.56 m year−1, and average depth of the surface water level varied between 1.12 and 2.82 m, with a mean value of 2.62 m. Gully cross‐section areas ranged from 2.90 to 20.90 m2, with an average of 9.31 ± 4.80 m2. Volumetric retreat of gully headcuts ranged from 4.49 to 40.55 m3 and averaged 13.34 ± 9.10 m3. Soil loss from individual gullies ranged from 5.79 to 52.31 t year−1 and averaged 17.21 ± 11.74 t year−1. The headcut retreat rate and sediment yield were closely related over the three study seasons. Elevated subsurface water levels facilitated the slumping of gully banks and heads, causing high sediment yield. When the soil was saturated, bank collapse and headcut retreat were favoured by the combination of elevated subsurface water and high rainfall. This study indicates that area exclosures are effective in controlling subsurface water level, thus reducing gully headcut retreat and associated soil loss.

Signal crayfish burrowing, bank retreat and sediment supply to rivers: A biophysical sediment budget

AbstractBurrowing into riverbanks by animals transfers sediment directly into river channels and has been hypothesised to accelerate bank erosion and promote mass failure. A field monitoring study on two UK rivers invaded by signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) assessed the impact of burrowing on bank erosion processes. Erosion pins were installed in 17 riverbanks across a gradient of crayfish burrow densities and monitored for 22 months. Bank retreat increased significantly with crayfish burrow density. At the bank scale (<6 m river length), high crayfish burrow densities were associated with accelerated bank retreat of up to 253% and more than a doubling of the area of bank collapse compared with banks without burrows. Direct sediment supply by burrowing activity contributed 0.2% and 0.6% of total sediment at the reach (1.1 km) and local bank (<6 m) scales. However, accelerated bank retreat caused by burrows contributed 12.2% and 29.8% of the total sediment supply at the reach and bank scales. Together, burrowing and the associated acceleration of retreat and collapse supplied an additional 25.4 t km−1 a−1 of floodplain sediments at one site, demonstrating the substantial impact that signal crayfish can have on fine sediment supply. For the first time, an empirical relation linking animal burrow characteristics to riverbank retreat is presented. The study adds to a small number of sediment budget studies that compare sediment fluxes driven by biotic and abiotic energy but is unique in isolating and measuring the substantial interactive effect of the acceleration of abiotic bank erosion facilitated by biotic activity. Biotic energy expended through burrowing represents an energy surcharge to the river system that can augment sediment erosion by geophysical mechanisms.

Stability Analysis of Bank Collapse in a Reservoir Area of Baoshan City

Stability Analysis of Bank Collapse in a Reservoir Area of Baoshan City

ДОВІРА УКРАЇНЦІВ ДО БАНКІВСЬКОЇ СИСТЕМИ: КРОС-КУЛЬТУРНИЙ АНАЛІЗ

According to the data presented in the article, the level of trust in the banking system in modern Ukraine is lower than in most countries, and is falling in recent years, according to data from both international and national studies. Trust in banks is considered as important for an efficient financial system, but little is known about what determines trust in banks. Only a few studies discuss this topic, so this article aims to fill the gap by providing a comparative cross-cultural analysis of the level, dynamics and determinants of trust in banks. Using data from the World Values Survey of Round 7, which covered 46 countries during the period 2017–2020, the author observes significant differences in trust in banks in different countries and tracks the impact of several socio-demographic indicators. The main conclusions are: women tend to trust banks more than men; confidence in banks tends to increase with income, but decreases with age and level of education. The Covid-19 pandemic has reminded us that well-functioning banks play an important role in economic growth, and stressed the importance of trust in banks by economic agents. Authorities are trying to maintain confidence in these difficult times through various measures to prevent the collapse of banks and protect financial stability. Trust in banks is important in difficult times. It promotes financial attraction and financial stability, and thus promotes economic stability and growth. Without trust, banks cannot attract depositors or find households willing to borrow money to finance their business and housing. In short, trust in banks is a fundamental component of economic efficiency. The proposed study has certain limitations associated with data collection. At first, we only have data for one point in time. Therefore, our results may be affected by the research period, and they may not inform about the evolution of confidence in banks. Secondly, even if the sample of countries includes developed and developing countries, it is not exhaustive of the 46 countries. Thirdly, because we use survey data, we can only rely on one issue of trust in banks. Therefore, it is impossible to check whether the results are valid with the help of alternative questions of trust in banks.

PENGARUH JUMLAH KRIB TIPE ZIGZAG TERHADAP KECEPATAN ALIRAN PADA SUNGAI KRUENG ACEH

The velocity at the inner turns of the Krueng Aceh river which is ± 100 meters from the Pango Bridge results in the collapse of river banks and endangers public facilities. For this reason, it is necessary to design a construction to protect the river bank. One of the alternatives is to use groyne construction. This study simulated the gropozag type groyne as an alternative form of groyne to be installed in the field. The aim of the study is to see the effect of gropozag type groyne on the river speed using the Surfacewater Modeling System (SMS) program to predict the direction of flow after the installation of the crib. Calibration is performed by determining the relative error value using velocity measurement data. This study uses gropozag groyne type with a length of 2,47 m (6 % B), 3 perpendicular groyne formation placements with an inclination of 10o,20o and 30o towards the upstream and the downstream area in 2 variations, namely 5-unit groynes and 3-unit groynes. The results shows that the RMA2 model obtained results that are close to the measurement value, where the value of the relative error obtained is 7.74% in cross 1 and 6.27% in cross 2. The lengthwise analysis of maximum velocity of 5-unit groynes shows that the maximum velocity occurs at V3 of 4,029 m/sec in the KRA5 formation (10o inclined to downstream of 5 units). Maximum speed of 3-unit groynes at V3 with KTA3 formation (3 perpendicular units) is 3,612 m/s. The number of groynes installed also affects the velocity of the simulation results. The velocity of the 5-unit groynes series is greater than that of the 3-unit groynes series.

Les défis mondiaux à venir en 2020 et 2021, 2022

We are living, according to Naomi Klein, a very effective Worldwide Shock Strategy. Indeed, after the covid19 crisis, we could be confronted with an important economic collapse of Banks, moneys, and stock markets. Governments will probably be obliged to install a “Basic Income” for the poorest citizens. To create new money systems for companies and for citizens. And to promote culture in a new and very powerful way. We will also discover after this collapse, that the new circular economy is already functioning very well.
 Two scenarios are possible. 1. An extreme but soft political control of the citizens, “Chinese way”. And the scenario 2 will be a very important paradigm shift, towards a higher level of consciousness, with a new spiritual dimension. This second scenario becomes more and more possible.

Progressive geomorphic evolution of reservoir bank in coarse-grained soil in East China – Insights from long-term observations and physical model test

Reservoir bank collapse, as a typical geological hazard, severely affects the geomorphic evolution and safety of residential sites. In this study, a case of Tankeng Reservoir, which is a large reservoir in eastern China is used to analyze a three-dimensional evolution mechanism and deformation characteristics of reservoir bank collapse by years of field investigation, underwater topography measurements and monitoring and corresponding physical modeling experiment. The results show that 90% of the bank collapsed within six years, and a full collapse occurred within nine years for the coarse-grained soil bank. In addition, a three-dimensional progressive pattern for the bank collapse evolution process and a new parameter of stable angles were proposed for first time, and this parameter has practical significance for further scientific calculations of the width and length of bank collapse.

Investigating the Performance of Enhanced Permeable Groins in Series

The enhanced permeable groin is a novel eco-friendly and cost-effective technique for bank protection and restoration of meander bends. The behavior of bed deformations due to the distance between the structures has to be studied to design enhanced permeable groins in series properly. In this study, scour morphologies around enhanced permeable groins in series, characterized by four different distances and located in a 180° mild flume bend, for clear water conditions were investigated. The analysis indicated that scour geometrical patterns such as the maximum scour depth nearby the structures and the maximum deposition height between them are strongly affected by the distance between the groins. The results revealed that the maximum scour depth around the structures increases with the distance between structures, the scour holes develop towards the outer bank and create a series of pools that can lead to the bank collapse. All experiments, carried out with different structure distances, demonstrated that the location of thalweg effectively shifted towards the middle of the channel and near the inner bank for high and low particle Froude numbers, respectively. As a general result, a distance between enhanced permeable groins equal to four times the effective length of the structure is recommended for a 180° mild flume bend for the investigated particle Froude numbers. Finally, a general design guideline is presented to a proper design of enhanced permeable groins in series.

IRI: financial intermediary or entrepreneurial state?

The Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI), a state-controlled holding company, was founded in 1933. Its original mission was to prevent the collapse of Italy's largest universal banks by taking over their huge industrial shareholdings. As a consequence, the historiography traditionally associates it with the concept of ‘entrepreneurial state’. This article aims to challenge this interpretation by focusing on the ideas and actions of three prominent figures: Alberto Beneduce, the IRI's first chairman; Donato Menichella, Beneduce's right-hand man who became governor of the Bank of Italy after World War II; and Pasquale Saraceno, a technocrat who spent his entire career as one of the IRI's top managers. Beneduce and Menichella regarded the IRI as a financial intermediary open to private shareholders. To Saraceno, by contrast, the IRI was an expression of a Catholic ideology that entrusted to the state the mission of promoting the industrialization of the south. This view, which aimed at reducing regional inequalities in order to complete the country's political unification, prevailed only in the second half of the 1950s. By trying to blend profit maximization with political and social goals, this strategy sowed the seeds of the IRI's decline and eventual demise.

Study on Characteristics and Prediction of Bank Collapse Caused by Water Conservancy Projects in Shanxi Province

Bank collapse is a common engineering geological problem during the operation of water conservancy and hydropower projects. Due to different regional geological environment conditions, types and characteristics of bank collapses are various. Based on the field investigation of water conservancy projects in Shanxi Province, according to the different regional and geological environment conditions, the bank collapse caused by the water conservancy project in Shaanxi Province is divided into abrasion-induced bank collapse, erosion-induced slipping bank collapse, erosion-induced falling bank collapse and storage-induced slipping bank collapse. This paper described basic characteristics of four typical bank collapses separately, and summarized regional distribution characteristics of the four typical bank collapses; Through field investigation, we obtained the water stable slope angle, underwater stable slope angle and wave strike belt slope angle of various types of reservoir collapse banks, and used the graphical method to predict the width and development trend of different types of bank collapse and analyzed the impact of bank collapse Scope and degree of influence.

A new alternative estimation method for Liu-type logistic estimator via particle swarm optimization: an application to data of collapse of Turkish commercial banks during the Asian financial crisis

In the existence of multicollinearity problem in the logistic model, some important problems may occur in the analysis of the model, such as unstable maximum likelihood estimator with very high standard errors, false inferences. The Liu-type logistic estimator was proposed as two-parameter estimator to overcome multicollinearity problem in the logistic model. In the existing previous studies, the (k, d) pair in this shrinkage estimator is estimated by two-phase methods. However, since the different estimators can be utilized in the estimation of d, optimal choice of the (k, d) pair provided using the two-phase approaches is not guaranteed to overcome multicollinearity. In this article, a new alternative method based on particle swarm optimization is suggested to estimate (k, d) pair in Liu-type logistic estimator, simultaneously. For this purpose, an objective function that eliminates the multicollinearity problem, provides minimization of the bias of the model and improvement of the model’s predictive performance, is developed. Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted to show the performance of the proposed method by comparing it with existing methods. The performance of the proposed method is also demonstrated by the real dataset which is related to the collapse of commercial banks in Turkey during Asian financial crisis.

Characteristics of turbulence and dissipation mechanism in a polluted radiation–advection fog life cycle in Tianjin

Characteristics of turbulence and dissipation mechanism during a polluted advection–radiation fog life cycle occurring on 26–27 November, 2018 are investigated, using the measurements at a 255-m meteorological tower located in Tianjin. The increase in relative humidity during fog formation phase is attributed to the radiative cooling and advection, indicating that the fog type is advection–radiation fog. The dispersion of PM2.5 at all heights can be attributed to the strong winds, while dispersion of PM2.5 at surface is inhibited and delayed by the thick fog. The four phases during fog life cycle are all linked to the turbulence intensity. Weak turbulence is crucial for fog formation, and the threshold σw2 range is between 0.01 and 0.10 m2 s−2. The fog dissipation at high elevations is due to strong cold and dry advection. Downdraughts at high elevations lead dry air to sink down into the lower fog layer and aid the erosion of the fog layer at medium elevations. However, the collapse of fog bank at surface is mainly due to the strong turbulence. The theory that there is a threshold relationship between turbulence and fog dissipation is verified through case analysis. However, there are two main application conditions: one is that only radiative cooling, turbulent mixing, and gravitational settling are involved in the dissipation phase of fog. The second is that the dissipation time should be at night or dawn (radiative cooling should be positive), and the fog layer collapses due to strong turbulent mixing induced by nocturnal LLJ or synoptic system.

Determinants of Banks’ Financial Stability in Kenya Commercial Banks

Introduction: The collapse of several banks in Kenya followed by a possibility of acquisition of struggling banks led to bank runs in Kenya causing customers to withdraw their deposits from stressed banks and taking them to financially stable banks.
 Aim of the Research: The paper investigated the determinants of Bank’s stability as proxied by asset quality in the Kenyan banking sector.
 Data Collection: Monthly secondary data spanning from the period January 2015 to December 2019 was collected from central Bank of Kenya and Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
 Methodology: A multiple regression model with the help of SPSS statistical software was employed to address the objective of this study.
 Main Results: The multiple regression model results indicated that liquidity ratio; inflation rate and lending rate results presented a negative but statistically significant relationship with banking stability indicating that a decrease in liquidity ratio, inflation rate and lending rates affect banking stability respectively. The results for loan growth and return on equity exhibited a positive but statistically significant relationship with banking stability indicating that an increase in growth of loans and returns on equity diminishes and enhances banking stability in Kenya respectively. Exchange rate results had a positive and statistically insignificant relationship with banking stability implying that exchange rate does not affect banking stability. Return on assets and public debt results indicated a negative and statistically insignificant relationship with banking stability implying that return on assets and a country’s public debt has no effect on banking stability respectively.
 Recommendation: Banking financial stability is fundamental in reducing the far-reaching social and economic effect that could occur due to challenges facing the banking industry. The study recommends adoption of policies that minimize the negative effect of microeconomic and macroeconomic factors in the banking industry in Kenya.

Macroeconomic factors, corporate governance and financial malpractices in Nigerian banks

PurposeMany studies have traced the collapse of most banks in the past to weak corporate governance. In response to this, the Central Bank of Nigeria established a Code of Corporate Governance which was made mandatory for all banks in Nigeria since 2003. Fifteen years after this provision the amount of actual loss attributed to financial malpractices in banks is still substantial. Available statistics show that the number of fraud cases has been on the increase in recent times.Design/methodology/approachThis study examined the extent to which corporate governance has mitigated or moderated the effect of two macroeconomic factors – unemployment and inflation – on fraud in Nigerian banks. An interactive model was specified and estimated with PROCESS – a computational tool developed by Andrew Hayes.FindingsThe result revealed that while the structure of corporate governance by banks in Nigeria moderates the effect of unemployment, the reverse is the case for inflation.Practical implicationsThis goes to show that the motivation factor stipulated by the fraud triangle theory holds sway in Nigeria.Originality/valueIt is recommended that efforts to bring a lasting solution to the challenge of financial malpractices in Nigerian banks must adopt a holistic approach.