Band Patch Antenna Research Articles

Study of Global Navigation Satellite System Receivers' Accuracy for Unmanned Vehicles.

The development of unmanned ground vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles requires high-precision navigation due to the autonomous motion and higher traffic intensity. The existing L1 band GNSS receivers are a good and cheap decision for smartphones, vehicle navigation, fleet management systems, etc., but their accuracy is not good enough for many civilian purposes. At the same time, real-time kinematic (RTK) navigation allows for position precision in a sub-centimeter range, but the system cost significantly narrows this navigation to a very limited area of applications, such as geodesy. A practical solution includes the integration of dual-band GNSS receivers and inertial sensors to solve high-precision navigation tasks, but GNSS position accuracy may significantly affect IMU performance due to having a great impact on Kalman filter performance in unmanned vehicles. The estimation of dilution-of-precision (DOP) parameters is essential for the filter performance as the optimality of the estimation in the filter is closely connected to the quality of a priori information about the noise covariance matrix and measurement noise covariance. In this regard, the current paper analyzes the DOP parameters of the latest generation dual-band GNSS receivers and compares the results with the L1 ones. The study was accomplished using two types of antennas-L1/L5 band patch and wideband helix antennas, which were designed and assembled by the authors. In addition, the study is extended with a comparison of GNSS receivers from different generations but sold on the market by one of the world's leading GNSS manufacturers. The analyses of dilution-of-precision (DOP) parameters show that the introduction of dual-band receivers may significantly increase the navigation precision in a sub-meter range, in addition to multi-constellation signal reception. The fast advances in the performance of the integrated CPU in GNSS receivers allow the number of correlations and tracking satellites to be increased from 8-10 to 24-30, which also significantly improves the position accuracy even of L1-band receivers.

A tri-band low-profile shared-aperture mesh patch/Fabry-Perot cavity antenna

ABSTRACT A tri-band low-profile shared-aperture antenna is proposed. Based on structural multiplexing, a mesh patch is proposed to function as part of the partial reflective surface (PRS) of the Fabry-Perot cavity antenna (FPCA) in the middle- and high-frequency bands, as well as to function as the radiator of the patch antenna in the low-frequency band. Thus, the FPCA and the mesh patch antenna share the same aperture. A dual-band PRS is proposed, which can adjust its reflection amplitude independently in two frequency bands. By introducing artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) grounding to compensate for the transmission phase of the middle-frequency band, the proposed antenna can realize dual-band FPC resonance in a single cavity while maintaining a low profile. To validate the design concept, an antenna prototype is fabricated and measured. Measured results show that the impedance bandwidths of the proposed antenna are 4.74% (1.03–1.08 GHz), 0.42% (4.79–4.81 GHz), and 3.83% (11.52–11.97 GHz). The peak gain is 7.85 dBi at 1.06 GHz, 12.47 dBi at 4.81 GHz, and 20.6 dBi at 11.7 GHz. The isolation between the three bands is better than 30 dB. The three operating bands of the proposed antenna have a high degree of independence and can be flexibly adjusted.

Independently tunable quad band patch antenna using CSRR for C and X-band applications

Independently tunable quad band patch antenna using CSRR for C and X-band applications

Meta-atom loaded circularly polarized triple band patch antenna for Wi-Fi, ISM and X-band communications

Microstrip antennas usually suffer from high losses, gain, and efficiency degradation. It is a challenging task to miniaturize the patch antenna without degrading the performance parameters. To mitigate the above problems, a microstrip patch antenna loaded with stubs and printed on the ground plane loaded with dumbbell meta-atom is presented in this paper. The proposed double dumbbell meta-atom consists of two complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) cells loaded with rectangular rings. This exhibits the Double Negative (DNG) characteristic at 2.45 GHz. The devised meta-atom possesses dimensions of 0.05λ x 0.03λ at lower giga-hertz range. The meta-atom is further analyzed in CST-Microwave Studio and the corresponding S-parameters are extracted in MATLAB using the Nicolson Ross Weir (NRW) method. The electrical model of the meta-atom is also analyzed using Agilent ADS simulator. Further, two models of the proposed antenna with FR-4 and RT/Duroid-5880 are designed and compared. The proposed patch antenna resonates at three different frequency bands i.e. 2.445 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 110 MHz (2.4 GHz–2.51 GHz), at 5.85 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 730 MHz (5.13 GHz–5.86 GHz), and at 8.83 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.83 GHz (7.7 GHz–9.53 GHz). This exhibit peak gains of 2.75dBi, 3.53dBc and 4.36dBi with low cross polarization levels at the said frequencies of operation. Further, the antenna possesses circular polarization in the frequency band (5.15 GHz–5.63 GHz). This antenna is used for Wi-Fi, ISM and X-band communications. The designed prototype is fabricated and tested and bears resemblance to the simulated results.

Performance enhancement of low-cost microstrip patch antennas through 3D-printed conductive geometric forms

With the development of new wireless communication systems, antennas will require excellent characteristics, including high gain, wide bandwidth, and low losses. 3D printing creates structures through an additive process, layer by layer, which enables the manufacturing of antennas with 3D shapes in a cheaper, faster, and more flexible manner. This paper presents a new design for a 3D-printed microstrip patch antenna in the Wi-Fi band with the objective of improving the performance of planar 3D-printed patch antennas. The antenna is fabricated using PLA (Polylactic Acid) as the substrate, Electrifi conductive filament and cooper tape ground. In order to improve the radiation characteristics and overall efficiency of the antenna, two different three-dimensional forms (pyramid and frame) are employed to optimize key parameters, contributing to improved radiation characteristics and overall efficiency. A comparative analysis is presented, highlighting the advantages of the proposed design over traditional two-dimensional counterparts. The experimental results demonstrate enhanced bandwidth and gain, showcasing the potential of the 3D microstrip patch antenna for advanced wireless communication applications.

Design of a Dual-Band Printed Antenna for Modern Wireless Communications and Internet of Things Applications

Wireless technology is increasingly influenced by the advanced technological development of antennas. With the rapid expansion of Internet of Things ( IoT) application in the contemporary communication networks, the demand for small printed antennas is increasing, due to their small size and ease of design and manufacture to suit their various application. In this paper, the antenna is designed which is operating at two different frequency bands 2.40GHz and 5.78GHz. The design parameters of the antenna have been calculated using the transmission line model, and an antenna design program has been used for the simulation process is HFSS ( High frequency simulator structure ) tool, which is based on Finite Element Method (FEM). In this work, the proposed slot dual band patch antenna is implemented using FR4 substrate material with a thickness 1.6mm and relative permittivity 4.4. The size of the proposed antenna is just (28 × 27.7mm). The proposed antenna has Omni-directional radiation patterns on most of the operating band. The dual band antenna is designed by adding a slot to the top of the radiated patch. Therefore, the proposed dual- band antenna shows good performance, which is suitable for modern wireless communications and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The measurements are found to be in good accordance with the simulated results.

Dual-Band Coradiator Antenna Employing Cascaded Triangular Cavities With a Steerable Beam in the Millimeter-Wave Band

A dual-band coradiator antenna with a beam-scanning capability for the sub-6 GHz andmm-wave bands is proposed in this paper. First, four subarrays based on cascaded triangular cavities are arranged using a mirror operation to form the mm-wave antenna array. Then, four mm-wave subarrays are connected at the position where the electric field is at a minimum on their edges. Lastly, the entire mm-wave array structure resonates in the microwave band, which can be equivalent to a shorted quarter-wavelength patch antenna in the sub-6 GHz band. Hence, the same radiator can work as both a sub-6 GHz antenna and a mm-wave antenna array with broadside patterns in both cases. Attributed to the novel co-radiator structure, the proposed design is simple and compact. An interdigital coupled line with a high-pass filtering characteristic is inserted into each mm-wave feeding line to enhance the isolation. Besides, two parasitic patches are loaded to increase the microwave bandwidth. The experimental results show that the peak gain at 2.56 GHz is 3.2 dBi and at 28 GHz is 14.3 dBi for the sub-6 GHz and mm-wave bands, respectively. The isolation among different feeding ports is greater than 15 dB and the mm-wave array also provides ±38° beam scanning performance.

A Simulated Model of a Triple Band Patch Antenna Proposed for Vital Signs Monitoring Equipment

In the modern lifestyle, an increase in psychological pressures was observed, leading to an increase in various diseases, which increased the need for diagnosis and treatment, (i.e., increased demand for) equipment to monitor vital activities, Therefore, a microstrip patch antenna was suggested as the topic of this article because it is popular in wireless systems due to its low cost, lightweight, and thin profile. The proposed design is made of FR-4 as a substrate material, and copper for the patch and the ground. The reader can notice that our proposed antenna owns the following resonance frequencies: (3.68), (6.48), and (7.93) GHz respectively. The gain values for the previous resonance frequencies were respectively (27) dBi, (11.1) dBi, and (4.19) dBi, while the values of directivity were (32.17) dBi, (15.70) dBi, and (7.984) dBi. The radiation efficiency values were (-5.179) dB, (-4.561) dB, and (-3.789) dB, while the values of the total efficiency were (-5.207) dB, (-4.631) dB, and (-3.799) dB The operating bandwidths were: (0.1146) GHz, (0.2764) GHz, and (0.3641) GHz. The design was simulated with CST software.

Study and Design of Ultra Wide Band Patch Antennas, Tunable at Several Frequencies in a Cognitive Environment: Case of the City of Lubumbashi

Study and Design of Ultra Wide Band Patch Antennas, Tunable at Several Frequencies in a Cognitive Environment: Case of the City of Lubumbashi

A novel microstrip fed triple band patch antenna with TM10, TM02 and TM12 induced modes

In this study, a patch antenna with three different operating frequencies (2.94 GHz, 4.5 GHz, and 5.7 GHz) is proposed. The dimensions of the antenna are as follows: 23.4 mm by 30.4 mm by 1.6 mm. The triple band characteristic may be achieved by adjusting the width of the quarter wave transformer (QWT), which in turn modifies the impedance matching in such a manner as to excite the TM10, TM02, and TM12 modes. These modes are able to have additional verification provided by the current distribution on the patch. Altering the width of the QWT provides the proposed antenna with the ability to fine-tune its resonant frequencies. At the resonant frequencies, the impedance bandwidths of -10 dB are 69 MHz, 40 MHz, and 110 MHz, respectively. 5.7 GHz has a gain of 1.5 dB, while 4.5 GHz has a gain of 0.7 dB, and 2.94 GHz has a gain of 2 dB. Additionally, this antenna finds its applications in wireless systems in the S and C bands of the frequency spectrum. The antennas are validated using a vector network analyzer (VNA) after being simulated with mentor graphics software three-dimensional electromagnetic modeling (3DEM) and analyzed with it.

Study and Design of a 5G Millimeter Band Patch Antenna with a Resonant Frequency of 60 GHz

Study and Design of a 5G Millimeter Band Patch Antenna with a Resonant Frequency of 60 GHz

NANORECTANGULAR PRINTED GOLD ANTENNA FOR ON-HUMAN BODY WIRELESS BODY NETWORK APPLICATIONS

In this work we designed a rectangular patch antenna in the teraherk band for wireless body network (WBAN) applications using CST software. This antenna is simulated with RO4003C substrate (εr = 3.55) and has dimensions of 199 × 154 μm<sup>2</sup> for width and length, respectively. We obtained return loss of -41.408 dB, -43.918 dB, and -29.92 dB; gain of 5.32 dB, 6.21 dB, and 4.851 Db; directivity of 6.659 dB, 7.502 dB, and 6.566 dB; in 0.74 THZ, 1.148 THZ, and 1.734 THZ frequencies, respectively. The simulation results are very satisfactory, and this antenna can be used for WBAN applications.

Dual wide band patch antenna for WLAN/WiMAX and X-Band operations

A compact, wideband microstrip antenna with dual-band characteristics is modelled on FR-4 (εr = 4.4, tanδ = 0.02) with an overall measurements of 20 mm × 20 mm × 1.6 mm. The antenna structure engages at 5 GHz with a 10-dB bandwidth of 3160 MHz (63.2 % fractional bandwidth at 5 GHz center frequency) and at 9.3 GHz with a 10-dB bandwidth of 1900 MHz (20.44 % fractional bandwidth at 9.3 GHz center frequency). The return loss observed is −44.6 dB at 5 GHz and −49.1 dB at 9.3 GHz. The practical specifications such as return losses, current distributions, bandwidths, voltage standing wave ratio and radiation patterns are investigated by utilizing the Ansys HFSS 2020 R2 simulation tool and has presented in the results. Thus the addressed antenna is appropriate for the WLAN, WiMAX and X-band operations.

Analysis of a low-profile, dual band patch antenna for wireless applications

<abstract> <p>A dual-band google lens logo-based patch antenna with defected ground structure was designed at 5.3 GHz for wireless applications and 7.4 GHz for wi-fi application. The designed antenna consists of a rounded rectangular patch antenna with a partial ground structure fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line. A google lens shaped logo is subtracted from the rounded rectangular patch and some regular polygon shaped slots are subtracted from the ground plane to obtain good dual-band characteristics and better results in terms of gain, VSWR, and return loss. The proposed antenna has a measurement of 20 × 20 × 1.6 mm<sup>3</sup> and provides wide impedance bandwidths of 0.23 GHz (5.17‒5.40 GHz) and 0.16 GHz (7.33–7.49 GHz) at center frequencies of 5.3 GHz and 7.4 GHz, respectively. The antenna was designed and simulated using an ANSYS Electronics Desktop. Fabrication of the antenna was obtained using chemical etching and the results were measured by using an MS2037C Anritsu combinational analyzer. The return loss characteristics for dual bands are -20.56 dB at 5.3 GHz and -19.17 dB at 7.4 GHz, respectively, with a VSWR < 2 at both the frequencies and a 4 dB gain is obtained.</p> </abstract>

A hybrid equivalent source—particle swarm optimization model for accurate near-field to far-field conversion

This paper proposes an improved equivalent source (ES) model based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to predict the radiated emissions of a 2.4 GHz ISM band patch antenna. The proposed model uses near-field data to extract an equivalent set of infinitesimal electric dipoles representation. Characterized by their positions, orientations, and currents, these dipoles can reproduce the same field distribution as the target device under test (DUT). To build an accurate equivalent dipole model, a numerical experiment is performed and presented in this paper, where many variable selections of observation points and dipole numbers and locations of the dipole plane are examined, with the aspiration of determining a suitable conversion problem. Based on the proper combination of the two methods (ES-PSO), the complete modeling procedure consists of the application of the pseudo-inverse method to find the minimum norm solution to the least-square problem. Then, the obtained solution is provided to the PSO algorithm to initialize the search for the best-fit dipole parameters. The PSO method can further enhance the stability of the obtained dipole solution and improve the accuracy of the far field prediction. Promising and encouraging results in terms of field prediction at higher planes above the DUT are obtained.

Novel design and optimization of S band patch antenna for space application by using a gravitational search algorithm

Novel design and optimization of S band patch antenna for space application by using a gravitational search algorithm

Analysis of tumor in the breast using UWB textile antenna

AbstractCancer is the most frequent and deadly disease, with an increasing number of cancer patients and deaths. Breast cancer is becoming the most common type of cancer among women. This paper describes an octagonal‐shaped ultrawide band patch antenna with a denim substrate having a dielectric constant of 1.7. Various positions of the tumor inside the breast phantom are analyzed by the designed antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave Studio. Multiple tumors are traced by specific absorption rate analysis. The frequency range covered by the antenna is 2.4–10.1 GHz.

Compact Shared-Aperture Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Array Using Filtering Slot Antenna and Dual-Function Metasurface

This article presents a shared-aperture dual-band dual-polarized antenna array for fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication. Within one radiating aperture, four higher band (HB) patch antenna elements are placed over the lower band (LB) full-wavelength slot antenna. The proposed array is miniaturized by bending the ground plane of the slot antenna. Suppression of cross-band mutual coupling and scattering is achieved by using the filtering performance of the slot antenna and a dual-function metasurface. The filtering performance of the slot antenna is realized using coupled microstrip lines inside the radiating slot and open-ended stubs on the feeding lines. The dual-function metasurface operates as an artificial magnetic conductor reflector in the LB and bandpass frequency-selective surface in the HB. By placing the dual-function metasurface behind the slot antenna, the radiation of the slot antenna is enhanced in the LB but not HB, and the negative effect of its HB scattering on the HB antennas is reduced. The working mechanism is explained in detail. The measured and simulated results demonstrate that the proposed array has stable radiation patterns in the bands of 0.69–0.96 and 3.4–3.7 GHz with a high cross-band isolation of over 32 dB and is more compact than the previous works.

Design of inset fed circular dual band patch antenna for WLAN frequencies

Design of inset fed circular dual band patch antenna for WLAN frequencies

Design of inset fed circular dual band patch antenna for WLAN frequencies

Design of inset fed circular dual band patch antenna for WLAN frequencies