Bamboo Segments Research Articles

Preparation of bamboo-shaped mesoporous silica using long-chain alcohol cosurfactants

Herein, orderly arranged bamboo-like mesoporous silica materials were prepared using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the template and n-hexanol as the long-chain alcohol cosurfactant. The ordered meso-structure was characterized by XRD analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Hitachi S4800), transmission electron microscopy, BET and IR spectroscopy analysis. The effects of the CTAB/n-hexanol molar ratio(R), length of the hydrophobic chain with a terminating hydroxyl group on the long-chain alcohol cosurfactant, parity of the hydrophobic carbon atoms on the surface topography, specific surface area, and pore size of the powder were investigated. The results showed that when the molar ratio = 1, the mesoporous silica presented neatly arranged bamboo segment lengths of 19.6–23.9 μm, platycodon grandiflorum widths of 2.13–3.32 μm, pore size of 3.04 nm, and surface area of 820.034 m2/g. Increasing or decreasing the amount of n-hexanol directing led to denser or looser lateral molecular interactions between CTAB and the co-structure-directing agents that respectively reduced or increased the pore size, with the latter resulting in the formation of spherical particles. When n-hexanol was replaced by n-heptanol or n-octanol, the pore size and surface area of the mesoporous silica decreased significantly with the increase in the hydrophobic chain length.

Chemical analysis Dendrocalamus asper bamboo and suitability for pulp and paper

The chemical analysis of bamboo species, namely Dendrocalamusasper or popular named as BuluhBetong has been evaluated. From the age of 3 years, this species shows different chemical properties related to holocellulose,  cellulose, solvent extraction, alkali solubility, lignin, hot water solubility, cold water solubility, ash, silica and pentosan. Holocellulose content of about 60.48% to 64.75%,  cellulose content of about 35.73% to 43.14%, for all bamboo segments indicated as a suitable material for pulp and papermaking. Low level of solvent extractive of about 5.09% to 6.23%, hot water soluble of about 6.29% 9.49% and cold water soluble of about 9.35% to 10.49% also produced the content that cannot interfere with the paper-making process. In addition, the low ash and silica content for all sections of bamboo will indicate a normal alkali consumption and give little challenge to the operational process. High pentosan content in the middle and top sections between 16.32% and 20.88% and lignin content of around 39.27% to 32.51% also promise little challenge for pulping as compared to the bottom section. Therefore, based on the overall findings, the middle section, and the top section had an advantage over the bottom section. As a result, the middle and top sections are best used as a new material in pulp and paper making process.

Sesame Oil Addition to Bamboo Reinforced Composite Matrix

Wooden ships use jati wood. Over time jati wood has become scarce. So that jati wood is relatively expensive. therefore bamboo is researched starting from the skin, bamboo meat, and bamboo internodes contained in the plant. In the structure of bamboo there are internodes. The bamboo segment is the weakness of the bamboo structure. The effect of bamboo segments in composite construction was investigated. Sesame oil replaces mineral oil and chemicals, because sesame oil is biodegradable, non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and renewable. To determine the effect of bamboo segments, tensile and bending tests will be conducted on the bamboo composite. The results of this research are expected to find alternative materials, namely bamboo fibre-based composites or so-called bamboo reinforcement plastics (BRP) as materials for making people's ships. This study found that the more layers of bamboo and bamboo segments are very influential in influencing the tensile and bending strength of a laminated material. The tensile testing value of layer 3 with segments reached 127.556 Mpa and without segments 933.333 as well as bending testing layer 3 with segments reached 113.889 Mpa and without segments 111.111 Mpa. From this value, the value has not met the standard of the Indonesian Classification Bureau (BKI).

Analysis of the tensile and bending strengths of the joints of “Gigantochloa apus” bamboo composite laminated boards with epoxy resin matrix

Abstract The need for wood in the ship building industry continues to grow every year. An alternative raw material is needed to replace wood at a more affordable price, namely, bamboo laminated boards. However, bamboo has a weak connection between its segments, with a maximum length between components of less than 40 cm. To reduce these weaknesses, the connection between bamboo segments with laminated boards is carried out as follows: scarf joint, butt joint, finger joint, desk joint, and tongue and groove joint. The study aims to determine the connection’s effect on each connection variation’s strength. Tensile tests and bending tests were carried out on the test specimens. The average results obtained were quite varied for the tensile test, which were in the range of 81.36–118.62 MPa, while the results of buckling test were in the range of 395.28–475.89 MPa. This study revealed that the connection of the specimen with seven layers had a value of 118.62 MPa in the tensile strength test and 475.89 MPa in the buckling strength test, while 3 layers finger joint samples with the lowest buckling tensile strength value had a value of 81.36 MPa tensile strength and 395.28 MPa bending strength.

Bending stiffness of bamboo-concrete composite (BCC) beams under short-term loads

Bamboo-concrete composite (BCC) beams are newly-innovated products used for floor system which synergistically utilizes bamboo and concrete components. These composite beams at current technology belong to the beam characterized with partial composite action due to the existence of relative slip between bamboo segment and concrete slab. Existing investigations have demonstrated that the load bearing capacity of BCC beams depends on their bending stiffness; however, very limited prediction models are available to accurately estimate the bending stiffness of BCC beams. At present, the bending stiffness of BCC beams is predicted with the help of γ-method in Eurocode 5-Part 1-1, and available studies have demonstrated that this method overestimates the bending stiffness of BCC beams. To this end, this paper presents a novel explicit model characterized with mechanism and data mining to predict the bending stiffness of BCC beams under short-term loads. Three steps were performed to achieve the aforementioned research objective. The first step was to introduce the axial force transfer coefficient into the equilibrium equations of internal force for bamboo segment and concrete slab. Secondly, the bending stiffness of BCC beams was established by taking into account the effect of relative slip with the help of existing experimental results from the interfacial shear test and flexural test. Finally, the proposed model was validated by comparing with flexural performance results of BCC beams collected from available literature as well as those obtained from γ-method. The comparative results show that: i) the predicted bending stiffness of BCC beams is much closer to tested ones compared with γ-method; ii) the errors of proposed model predicting the bending stiffness for most BCC beams are within 10% of test results; however, nearly half of the predicted ones using γ-method have errors exceeding 10% of test results, both of which verify that the mechanism and data mining-dual driven model receives a better prediction for short-term bending stiffness of BCC beams.

Laminated Bamboo Board: A Sustainable Alternative to Timber Board for Building Construction

There is increased advocacy for low-carbon environment globally, necessitating the promotion of ecologically friendly building materials. The health and environmental hazards associated with conventional building material production, as well as the high cost on the economy for the importation of machinery for their production; the massive utilisation of wood resources for construction purposes, and its effect on climate change, necessitates the search for alternative construction materials. The purpose of this study is to examine the sustainability of a composite board made from Bambusa vulgaris for building construction. A 600 mm x 600 mm wall and floor-board comprising three sample units for different thicknesses; 10 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm were produced from each segment; top, middle, and bottom, of the bamboo culm with approximately 8-10 mm laminate. The results revealed average compressive strength values for the bottom, middle, and top bamboo segments of 31.39 N/mm2, 29.38 N/mm2, and 24.99 N/mm2, respectively. The highest impact bending strength of 33.66 N/mm2 and 27.94 N/mm2 occurs at the middle and top segments of the bamboo species respectively. Modulus of Rupture decreases from the bottom to the top segment of the bamboo species with values of 76.43 N/mm2, 62.33 N/mm2, and 56.70 N/mm2, respectively. Furthermore, thermal properties indicate that it is a good material for interior walls, floors, and ceiling finishes. These findings have far-reaching implications for practice and economic development; regarding reduction in the cost of materials, and hence affordability for low-income housing; overall safety of the environment; and employment opportunities for Nigerian youths along the construction value chain.

Void-dynamics in nano-wires and the role of microstructure investigated via a multi-scale physics-based model

With scaling of nano-interconnect linewidth toward a 3 nm technology node, electromigration in copper nano-interconnects is becoming a major limitation. In this context, the increase of texture polycrystallinity plays a major role and necessitates better understanding of the impact of void dynamics and its interaction with texture at operating conditions. To this end, comprehensive, yet efficient, physics-based numerical models are warranted given that electromigration experiments at low operating temperatures are not feasible. Albeit, development of such models has been a challenge since it involves large length-scale discrepancy between features, i.e., from wire dimensions (hundreds of micrometers) down to grains and voids (tens of nano-meters and below) leading to substantial computational cost. To this end, in this study an efficient multi-scale physics-based electromigration modeling approach is demonstrated, where an experimentally calibrated Korhonen-type 1D model solves electromigration at the global scale (entire interconnect), and a 2D local model simulates void dynamics considering the impact of electron wind, void surface energy, and stress gradients. The role of copper texture, i.e., grain boundaries, grain orientation and anisotropic properties is thoroughly investigated. We demonstrate that by tailoring the copper grain structure, void behavior and thus resistance evolution of nanowires can be effectively controlled. Compared to wider interconnects, in scaled nanowires, surface energy is found to play a dominant role on void morphology compared to electron wind. Strong anisotropy of diffusivity of copper's FCC lattice fosters faceted morphologies and emergence of slit morphology during void transition through the polycrystalline texture. Bamboo segments are shown to effectively pin the voids migrating toward the cathode in cases with cobalt cap. In addition, voids migrating from low diffusivity to high diffusivity regions adopt a longitudinally elongated morphology, which can be detrimental in a down-stream operation mode.

Penciptaan Keteng-Keteng Elektrik Telu Ngawan

Keteng-keteng is a traditional Karo music that is played by beating with two sticks. So far, keteng-ketengare made from one segment of bamboo, therefore this research creates an electric keteng-ketengtelu ngawan which is the development of one bamboo segment into three bamboo sections by adding an equalizer to the keteng-ketengso that the resulting keteng-keteng’ssound can actually be adjusted according to the color of the sound on the middle bass and treble. The objectives of this study were to: (1) produce electric keteng-keteng telu ngawan; (2) to find out the technique of playing the electric keteng-ketengtelu ngawan; (3) to determine the musical composition of electric keteng-ketengtelu ngawan. The method used in this research is the Research & Development approach, which consists of: (1) defining the concept of creating electric keteng-keteng telu ngawan; (2) Creation of electric keteng-ketengtelu ngawan; (3) validation by experts, namely traditional Karo music artists. With the creation of electric keteng-keteng telu ngawan, it can minimize keteng-keteng play and produce Electric Keteng-Keteng Telu Ngawan sound with three different characters, namely high, midle and low characters. From this combination, two different gung characters were found because berunausesvibrating aids, while Daluna did not use vibrating aids.Keywords: Creation, Keteng-Keteng, Electric, Telu Ngawan.

Keteng-Keteng Development of Three Bamboo Sections

Traditional music is music that has the characteristics of a tribe or layer of society. One of the traditional Karo music is Keteng-keteng which is played by beating with two sticks. The keteng-keteng is made of buluh belin (large bamboo), the tip and base have bamboo skin. So far, keteng-keteng is made from one segment of bamboo, therefore the aim of this research is to develop keteng-keteng from one bamboo segment to three bamboo sections (telu ngawan) using electricity. These kettles will later use an electronic equalizer, so that the sound of the kettles produced is really an equalizer standard, which can be adjusted according to the color of the sound on the middle bass and treble. The keteng-keteng being developed is a combination of the three-segmented ketengs, the daluna-ketengs and the multi-purpose kettles, which are combined into three sections of bamboo. This is the first time this merger has been done by researchers. From this combination, two gung characters are found. which is different because Beruna uses vibrating aids while Daluna does not use vibrating aids.

The influence of heat on shrinkage and water absorption of Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo as a functionally graded material

The main objective is to present the results of an investigation on the effect of heat and time exposure on hygroscopic property of Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo. The shrinkage and water absorption of bamboo segments in longitudinal, radial and tangential directions, due to heat effect of seven different temperatures from ambient to 225 °C during 3 h and 24 h has been investigated. An equation based on the principal of curve fitting has been established for rapid, transition and slow phases of water absorption. The non-uniform shrinkage and water absorption tests in tangential direction at different temperatures during 3 h carried out to obtain the fiber and matrix shrinkage and water absorption separately. The water absorption test result shows that by increasing the temperature and time exposure the hygroscopic property of bamboo is reduced. Subjecting to heat at higher temperatures can slow down the rate of water absorption in short term.

Study of the correlation between the expression of angiotensin Ⅱ and its receptors and collagen deposition in human keloid

Objective: To study the correlation between the expression of angiotensin Ⅱ, angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor (AT1R), angiotensin Ⅱ type 2 receptor (AT2R) and collagen deposition in human keloid. Methods: The keloid from 19 keloid patients and normal skin from 13 patients performed with free skin transplantation hospitalized in our unit from May 2014 to January 2015 were obtained. The expressions of angiotensin Ⅱ, AT1R, and AT2R were detected by immunohistochemical staining, and the results were semi-quantitatively analyzed by immunohistochemical scoring. The expression of collagen in keloid was detected by picrosirius-red staining, and the percentage of total collagen was calculated. Data were processed with t test. The expressions of angiotensin Ⅱ, AT1R, AT2R and the total content of collagen of 13 keloid patients were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results: (1) There was negative or probably positive expression of angiotensin Ⅱ in normal skin tissue, mainly distributed in the epidermal basal layer. The expression of angiotensin Ⅱ was strong in keloid, most distributed in spinous layer and basal layer of epidermis and most region of dermis, and was strongly positive in most cells, and most cells were fibroblasts. The expressions of AT1R and AT2R were similar to angiotensin Ⅱ in two types of tissue. The expressions of angiotensin Ⅱ, AT1R, and AT2R in keloid scored (305±34), (281±32), and (285±25) points, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in normal tissue [respectively (54±17), (89±47), and (97±32) points, with t values from 12.03 to 23.21, P values below 0.01]. (2) The total content of collagen in keloid was (88±4)%. There was a lot of thick and dense type Ⅰcollagen in keloid, with massive structure and distributed like bamboo segment and arranged in disorder. The expression of type Ⅲ collagen was increased, which was distributed scatteredly around type Ⅰcollagen. (3) There were positive correlations between the expressions of angiotensin Ⅱ, AT1R, AT2R and the total content of collagen in keloid (with r values from 0.452 to 0.720, P values below 0.05). Conclusions: The expressions of angiotensin Ⅱ, AT1R, and AT2R were abnormally increased in human keloid, which may play an important role in the collagen deposition of keloid.

Buckling of Bamboo Masts with Interposed Spacers

A hollow bamboo in its raw state, from the geometrical point of view and language engineering can be defined as an element of tubular bar, not prismatic, approximately circular cross sections, stiff by intermittent internal disks positioned along the bar. The decrease in the diameter and wall thickness usually happens from the bottom up, the basal part may contain some exceptions, with sections of the base with diameters smaller than the second, then to diminish steadily to the top. This architecture has a genetic component that resulted from constant interactions of bamboo with the actions of wind, which stimulated increased local resistance of the most requested points mechanically, not only by concentrated lignification in cellulosic tissues, such as the geometric localized variations. From the viewpoint of composite materials science, bamboo can be defined as a composition of two different materials, a first fiber and vessels oriented and aligned along the internodal stem sections, which connect to another material with fibers and vessels tangled - anastonose - intermittent stiffeners composing the above cited nodes. In both materials vessels and fibers are surrounded by a parenchymathous matrix of hollow cells that store sugars. The mechanical point of view, bamboo, due to the configuration, the rigidity and strength components and a tubular geometry is a flexible structural element with high mechanical resistance. This flexibility makes the long elements have low load capacity in flexion compression, if the goal is the application of bamboo in construction structures. This issue can be circumvented by systemic compositions, called masts, [1,2] which can be applied in a single long bamboo element resistant to relatively high compressive loads. In the present investigation, four parallel bamboos 5.5 meters long, the speciesPhyllostachys pubescensare discontinuously connected by bamboo segments interposed fixed by steel pins, achieving this composition with a load limit of 48 kN in controlled experiments. These experiments were also used and motivated to find the numerical modeling by the MEF, whose results were widely discussed.

Nitrogen Doping Effects on Microstructure of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Taking Fe/NaY zeolite as catalysts, a range of nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) at 1073K using ethanediamine, dimithylethanediamine and tetramethyl ethanediamine as nitrogen source and carbon source, respectively. The structural and compositional properties of N-CNTs were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. The results illustrate the microstructure of N-CNTs is strongly dependent on the N/C ratio of precursors. With the increase of N content in precursors, N-CNTs became shorter, more disorder, coarser surface and the average bamboo segment distance increased from 40 nm to 60 nm. A mechanism for the formation of the N-CNTs grown from three precursors with different N/C ratio has been proposed based on experimental observations.

Taxonomy and natural history of arboreal microhylid frogs (Platypelis) from the Tsaratanana Massif in northern Madagascar, with description of a new species

We review the taxonomic status of microhylid frogs of the genus Platypelis occurring on the Tsaratanana mountain rangein northern Madagascar. Two species have originally been described from the region, Platypelis alticola and P.tsaratananaensis. We found P. alticola at elevations from 1589–2429 m, with the population at 1589 m being geneticallydivergent (pairwise sequence divergence in the 16S rRNA gene fragment 3.8%). The species was mainly found in bamboosegments accessible via small holes, and its vocalization was a tonal single-note call repeated in long regular series. Theidentity of P. tsaratananaensis was uncertain for many years. Based on comparisons with the type material we concludethat the name should be applied to a common species in the Tsaratanana region morphologically similar to P. pollicarisbut distinguished by a double-note advertisement call, repeated in long series in P. tsaratananaensis (vs. single-note in P.pollicaris), relative length of toes, and size of the prepollex in males (larger in P. pollicaris). Populations of P.tsaratananaensis from several nearby forests were genetically similar to those from the main Tsaratanana Massif. Thespecies is nidicolous with 1–27 embryos and non-feeding larvae in waterfilled bamboo segments. Oocyte number iscorrelated with female size, and larger adult specimens were found in bamboo segments situated higher above the ground.A new species, Platypelis olgae sp. nov., is described from two sites at ca. 2500 m elevation on the Tsaratanana, based onits genetic and morphological differentiation. It differs from other Platypelis by small body size (adult snout-vent length20–22 mm) the absence or rudimentary state of vomerine teeth, green to yellow ventral color, and absence of contrastingand sharply delimited symmetrical dark dorsal patches. Platypelis alticola, P. tsaratananaensis and P. olgae sp. nov. were regularly parasitized by mites probably of the genus Endotrombicula.

Structural Characteristics of a New Original Bamboo Structure Composite Boards

This paper introduces a new bamboo wood composite board structure, which board uses little diameter class bamboo as raw material. Bamboos cut into segments and remove part of the bamboo surface from double sides or four sides. Make the bamboo segments have two or four smooth surfaces. Through arrange the bamboo segments reasonably, minimize the impact of differences in bamboo segments straightness to the bamboo wood composite board. And then rolling brush the smooth bamboo segments surfaces with adhesive. Gluing between the bamboo segments from left and right sides and gluing bamboo segments with fiberboard from top and bottom sides. After the hot pressing and cutting edges, the bamboo wood composite board shaping.

Synthesis and bonding properties of carbon nanotubes with different nitrogen contents

采用化学气相沉积法，以吡啶为氮源，乙炔为碳源，制备出了不同氮掺杂含量的碳纳米管.使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线荧光光谱(XPS)对样品的形貌和成键特性进行了观察和分析.TEM测试发现随着掺杂量的增大，氮掺杂碳纳米管的竹节长度从120 nm减小为40 nm左右，同时管身变得更加弯曲，管壁变得粗糙.XPS测试发现氮元素在碳纳米管中以“吡啶”、“吡咯”和“石墨”三种C—N键合方式存在.结合三种价键的形成原因，分析了氮掺杂浓度对键合形式的影响，并根据价键的存在形式解释了碳纳米管形貌变化的原因.

Acquisition of foraging competence in wild brown capuchins (Cebus apella), with special reference to conspecifics' foraging artefacts as an indirect social influence

[Wild brown capuchins (Cebus apella) in Raleighvallen, Suriname forage on larvae hidden inside bamboo stalks via searching and extractive behaviours. We found that developing proficiency at obtaining larvae from bamboo stalks extends through several years of juvenescence. Older juveniles pass through a transition from a juvenile pattern to an adult pattern of foraging efficiency and diet selection. Whereas most studies have investigated the contribution of direct interactions between a naive individual and a competent forager on the acquisition of foraging expertise, we focused on indirect social influence through foraging artefacts left in the habitat by conspecifics. Young individuals foraged at bamboo stalks more often shortly after than shortly before encountering bamboo segments previously opened by foragers to extract larvae. We discuss this result in terms of stimulus enhancement and social facilitation. In capuchins, learning how to forage on difficult foods does not necessarily occur in the presence of other group members, and social influences can be delayed in time and separate in space from others. This study provides an original view on how the gradual acquisition of foraging competence in brown capuchins is aided jointly by physical maturation and indirect social input that provides opportunities to practice appropriate foraging actions., Wild brown capuchins (Cebus apella) in Raleighvallen, Suriname forage on larvae hidden inside bamboo stalks via searching and extractive behaviours. We found that developing proficiency at obtaining larvae from bamboo stalks extends through several years of juvenescence. Older juveniles pass through a transition from a juvenile pattern to an adult pattern of foraging efficiency and diet selection. Whereas most studies have investigated the contribution of direct interactions between a naive individual and a competent forager on the acquisition of foraging expertise, we focused on indirect social influence through foraging artefacts left in the habitat by conspecifics. Young individuals foraged at bamboo stalks more often shortly after than shortly before encountering bamboo segments previously opened by foragers to extract larvae. We discuss this result in terms of stimulus enhancement and social facilitation. In capuchins, learning how to forage on difficult foods does not necessarily occur in the presence of other group members, and social influences can be delayed in time and separate in space from others. This study provides an original view on how the gradual acquisition of foraging competence in brown capuchins is aided jointly by physical maturation and indirect social input that provides opportunities to practice appropriate foraging actions.]

Electromigration-induced Cu motion and precipitation in bamboo Al–Cu interconnects

The kinetics of θ phase (Al 2Cu) precipitation in passivated, bamboo Al-0.2 at.% Cu segments was studied in-situ in an SEM during electromigration. The electrical current was used to reversibly transport Cu back and forth along the segment and allowed for a systematic study of Cu diffusion and precipitate nucleation, growth, and dissolution. The observations allowed an independent determination of diffusion with and without an electric current and showed that both interface and lattice diffusion are important in Cu precipitation in bamboo segments. It was also found that a substantial supersaturation of Cu is required to nucleate the θ phase. A simple model for electromigration-induced motion of Cu can be used to explain the data and predicts that an interconnect with Cu both in solution and in periodically spaced precipitates will have optimal reliability.

Finite element analysis of the effects of geometry and microstructure on electromigration in confined metal lines

A simple mathematical model based on atomic drift and diffusion is advanced to describe electromigration-induced stress in confined metal lines. Using a finite element approach, a MATLAB program was developed to simulate stress evolution in lines with variable geometry and microstructure under different boundary conditions. The simulation results show that the contact pads connected to the line end in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test structure postpone the stress buildup in a microstructurally homogeneous line and the time to reach a certain stress is proportional to the pad sizes when the pads are much wider than the line. Subtractive defects are not the preferred failure sites when the defects fall on a wide polycrystalline line or a bamboo structure line. In a narrow polycrystalline conductor with a distribution of grain size, a subtractive defect may result in an abrupt change in the effective diffusion coefficient (blocking effect) along the line and quick buildup of the stress at the defect site. The stress at a center blocking site in a 190 μm line reaches maximum in 146 h, under 1 MA/cm2 and at 200 °C. Electromigration lifetime is most sensitive to distribution of grain size and variation of the linewidth when the linewidth is a few times average grain size. For a near bamboo structure line, the evolution of the stress after local quasisteady state is affected by line end conditions as well as by distribution of the polygranular clusters. Under a constant source boundary condition, the maximum stress at final steady state depends on the length and distribution of individual polygranular clusters in a line. Under blocking end conditions, the stress distribution in final global steady state (if it exists) is determined by electrical current density and is independent of microstructure of a line. The cluster/bamboo juncture is the most severely stressed site in the early stages, and the blocking line end will finally become the most severely stressed site if the line does not fail at an early time. The magnitude of the maximum stress at the cluster/bamboo juncture at the local steady state depends on the ratio of the effective diffusivity of the cluster to that of the bamboo segment, Dg/Db, as well as on the cluster length and current density.

Development of bamboo structure in a foam: The kinetics of foam coarsening

Abstract The coarsening of a liquid foam inside a tube was experimentally studied. A bamboo structure develops in the foam and the number of bamboo segments per unit length of the tube was measured as a function of time for various tube diameters. The results are consistent with a power relation dα tn for the time dependence of the average cell diameter d and give n ≈ 0·54. The average length of a bamboo segment in the final bamboo structure was found to be very close to the tube diameter.