Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Research Articles

A Review: Feasibility Study of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Using Calotropis Gigantea as Self- Curing Agent

A Review: Feasibility Study of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Using Calotropis Gigantea as Self- Curing Agent

Bambusa balcooa bamboo-reinforced concrete beams: experimental and FEM investigation for energy-efficient pavement construction.

This study explores the viability of using Bambusa bambos, sourced from Madhya Pradesh, India, as a reinforcement material in continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) construction, aiming to assess its potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional steel reinforcement. The research encompasses a comprehensive evaluation of physical and mechanical properties, including tensile, compressive, and bending strengths, and a detailed microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of Bambusa bambos. The study involved finite element analyses that modeled bamboo-reinforced concrete (BRC) beams, exploring the impact of horizontal and vertical placements of bamboo strips on flexural behavior under bending loads. The analysis aided in observing compressive and tensile stresses generated in concrete and bamboo, with specific FEA results indicating that beams with vertically aligned bamboo strips in both the compression (compressive stress of 16.90MPa for beam B1) and tension zones (tensile stress of 7.22MPa for beam B1) withstand flexural stresses effectively. Additionally, the multi-criteria decision-making approach using the TOPSIS method to rank different beam designs. Key findings obtained from FEA indicate that the vertical alignment of bamboo strips in both the compression and tension zones of the beams is optimally effective in handling flexural stresses.

Performance of the Pivot Hooks to Enhance the Flexural Capacity of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beams

Some researcher missed the role of hooks in their bamboo reinforcement. Consequently, the bamboo reinforcement and concrete used to have slip and failure to composited, this make the concrete and bamboo working independently to sustain the given loading and the bond failure become the main issue than the beam failure. This research studied about the role of the pivot hooks that capable to enhance the loading capacity higher than the beams without the pivot hooks. Experimental test performed in order to identify the effect of the pivot hooks presence which added to the flexural reinforcement which made by bamboo materials to avoid the bond slip failure that mostly occur in the bamboo reinforced concrete beams. The experimental test which verified by the numerical analysis by FEA NX commercial software proof that the pivot hooks are able to increase the loading capacity of a concrete beam 33% - 40% higher than the bamboo reinforcement without the pivot hooks. Architectural façade and budget efficiency caused the bamboo become unavoidable material in construction, by adding the structure modification such as the pivot hooks for the bamboo reinforcement, the failure can be reduced, then the entanglement of bamboo in construction become more functional.

FLEXURAL AND DURABILITY CHARACTERIZATION OF CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH TREATED BAMBOO AS AN ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIAL

Abstract The cost and environmental problems associated with steel as a reinforcement material in concrete has necessitated the need to research for alternative reinforcement materials, and bamboo is one of them. The flexural and durability characteristics of bamboo reinforced concrete (BRC) samples under harsh environmental condition was simulated by curing samples in an alkaline solution. Bamboo splints that were coated with sanded bitumen were used to reinforce the concrete samples with unreinforced concrete (UC) serving as control. The BRC samples were cured in normal water and an equal number were cured in 5% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) alkaline solution. Samples from both curing conditions and another of the control were tested for flexural strengths after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 76 days of curing respectively and results compared. Water absorption rates after each curing period were also taken. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests were also conducted on the samples to find out the composite qualities. The results showed that BRC had twice as much flexural strength than UC but reduced in strength by 17.9% in the alkaline environment after 28 days of curing. In addition to possessing acceptable strength values under normal water and alkaline solution curing situations by ponding, all the samples had elastic dynamic modulus and static modulus values that exceeded minimum recommended values by the relevant standards.

Experimental evaluation of axial compression performance of precast panels from bamboo-reinforced concrete

This research aimed to determine the performance of bamboo-reinforced concrete precast panels (BRCPP) subjected to axial compressive loads, validated using numerical simulations. Axial compressive load capacity, crack, and failure patterns were investigated and compared with steel-reinforced concrete precast panels (SRCPP) as a control. Eight panels were made with details of four BRCPP and SRCPP, having dimensions of 1200 × 400 × 50 mm3 each. The four SRCPPs consisted of two panels, produced in laboratories and two manufactured by local companies. The variations in bamboo reinforcement spacing were 150 mm and 180 mm, while the gap between steels was 180 mm, and panels were tested under axial compressive load. The results showed that the axial compressive load capacity of BRCPP with a bamboo reinforcement size of 12 × 12 mm2 at a distance of 150 mm was sufficient to meet the specifications of SRCPP panels produced by the local industry. Based on experimental, theoretical, and numerical simulation analysis, the performance of BRCPP showed suitability, making it a considerable choice, specifically for precast panels. The special advantage of BRCPP encompassed eco-friendliness and sustainability.

State of the art review of bamboo-reinforced concrete structural elements

Bamboo is a naturally sustainable material that has been used in construction for a very long time. Investigations on the feasibility of using bamboo for reinforcing concrete have been carried out by various researchers. However, the lack of construction codes and design procedures for bamboo-reinforced concrete (BRC) structures is preventing structural engineers and construction firms from using bamboo in construction. The aim of this work was therefore to review various BRC structural elements, including beams, columns, slabs and walls, in order to develop guidelines for using them confidently.

Experimental Analysis on the Feasibility of Bamboo Reinforcement in Concrete Mix Design and Comparison with Steel Reinforced Concrete

Besides being chief construction ingredients, concrete and steel produce a high amount of CO2, and high energy consumption promotes global warming. To evade this problem, green and low energy consuming alternative is required. Rapid growing time with the least period to attend optimum strength made bamboo a new immerging mainstream constituent in construction. Bamboo, as one of the probable alternate structural materials, not only promises a sustainable and sturdy option but also reduces the environmental carbon footprint. In this research, article authors replaced steel reinforcement in concrete with bamboo. To establish bamboo as a construction material, a concrete beam of 200 mm × 500 mm is made in which bamboo bars of diameter 20 mm are used with a variation of 1 to 4% of the reinforcement area. Various tests were performed to provide the feasibility of bamboo as construction materials after 28 days of curing, in which test results were found promising. The impact test shows only 25% of wear and tear. Also, bamboo reinforced concrete (BRC) without changing cross sections provided 50% axial compressive strength compared to steel reinforced concrete (SRC). However, in the tensile test, BRC outperformed SRC by providing 50% more resistance against tensile load. Authors also performed rate analysis between SRC and BRC to find that it almost reduces 18% of the cost at a small scale. Hence here, comparative research is provided, and the authors believe that it would pave the road on which forthcoming researchers will walk to reach the destination of finding an alternate, sustainable, and green construction material in the form of bamboo.

Optimizing the Flexural Behavior of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beams Containing Cassava Peel Ash using Response Surface Methodology

The growing concern to reduce global warming has necessitated the use of more eco-friendly materials in construction. The study is focused on the utilization of cassava peel ash as supplementary cementitious material and bamboo as reinforcement in concrete beams. The response surface methodology approach was explored to determine the effect of simultaneously varying the cassava peel ash content, bamboo size, beam length, and beam depth on the flexural strength and strain of beams. An analysis of variance was carried out on experimentally obtained results to determine the accuracy of the obtained models and the contributions made by the linear interaction and quadratic terms on flexural strength and flexural strain. The coefficient of determination obtained for RSM models showed a good correlation between all predicted and experimentally obtained results. The optimum conditions obtained for bamboo-reinforced concrete containing cassava peel ash were 3% cassava peel ash, 16 mm bamboo diameter, 500 mm beam length, and 150 mm beam depth. The predicted flexural strengths were 11.85, 14.34, and 14.95 N/mm2 and flexural strains of 0.64, 0.67, and 0.91 for 28 days, 56 days, and 90 days, respectively. To validate the model prediction, a laboratory experiment was conducted using the optimum mix design proportion. From the results obtained, it was observed that the experimental results were close to those predicted by the models. These models can be efficiently used for simulating the flexural behavior of bamboo-reinforced concrete beams. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-011 Full Text: PDF

Flexural behavior of the untreated plain bamboo reinforced concrete beam under four-point loading

Population growth demands shelter, housing, and other infrastructure for utilities and safety. Daily materials like steel, cement, etc. are becoming more expensive. Engineers must use more common and sustainable building materials due to climate, cost, and natural resource depletion. Bamboo is light and fast-growing and is six times the strength-to-weight ratio of steel. Bamboo’s irregular form may be treated with precision and design. In this experimental study, the Dendrocalamus Strictus bamboo is used for the purpose of investigation to highlight the reinforcement nature of bamboo species and analyze its responses to specific loading conditions. The research compared concrete beams reinforced with Dendrocalamus Strictus bamboo to steel-reinforced concrete beams. Untreated bamboo is wrapped in steel wires for friction. This document discusses bamboo, steel reinforcements, and concrete mix parameters for 14 cm × 15 cm × 110 cm beams. This study work discusses the first crack load, ultimate load, load–deflection, and flexural strength of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete (BRC) beams and Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) beams under four-point loading. BRC’s initial crack load is 19kN. The ultimate load of the BRC beam and RCC beam were equivalent after 14 and 28 days. The BRC beam deflected more than the RCC beam. Bamboo with suitable engineering designs and chemical treatment to reduce water absorption may give superior strength and substitute steel for low-cost homes and shelters.

Load and resistance factor design for bamboo reinforced concrete beam in ultimate flexural limit state

Building sustainable infrastructure brings back the idea of using environmentally friendly materials, such as bamboo, for reinforcing concrete structures. However, a design framework for bamboo reinforced concrete (BRC) structures is still in its early stages due to the inherent uncertainties in the properties of bamboo. The present work focuses on developing a load and resistance factor design (LRFD) framework for BRC beams subjected to flexure. Before developing the design framework, the major variables affecting the behaviour of BRC beams are identified — the tensile properties of bamboo, the compressive properties of concrete, the bond strength between them, and the load. BRC beams, with various reinforcement percentages, are investigated through real-life experiments and finite element (FE) based numerical experiments. We show that the FE models provide good agreement with the real-life experiments if the major variables are chosen as per their descriptive statistics. The FE model is used to generate a synthetic dataset, using which Monte Carlo simulations are performed. The BRC beam is assumed to be governed by the limit state of collapse in flexure. The partial safety factors for bamboo with different dead and live load combinations are calibrated to different target reliability. Designers can make use of the proposed partial safety factors for designing BRC flexural members.

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete

Abstract: This study presents the evaluation of the feasibility of the use of Bamboo as reinforcement material. Here Bamboo was used as a reinforcing material. Now a day’s concrete is used as the basic materials for construction works. Concrete is good in compression but weak in tensile strength. So, steel is used as reinforcement in the concrete to achieve the tensile strength. Problems encountered with the use of steel are high in cost, corrosion, etc. The main obstacle for the application of Bamboo as a reinforcement is the lack of sufficient information about its interaction with concrete strength and durability.

Performance Evaluation of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beam

Abstract—Bamboo, which is a fast-growing and ecologically friendly material for structural applications, is being considered quite appropriate. Which consist property similar to the steel so bamboo drew the attention of many researchers for use as reinforcement in concrete. Some physical and mechanical property test are conducted in the specimen of messy and manga bamboo. Moisture content test, density test, compressive test & tensile test. The tensile strength of bamboo is high and reached up to 109.9 to 118.37 mpa. This makes bamboo a pretty alternative to steel in reinforcement loading applications. In this study, it has been attempted to develop engineered bamboo structural elements for use in low-cost housing or G+1 structures. Keywords—Bamboo Reinforced Concrete, Universal testing machine (UTM), Tensile Strength, Compression Strength, Flexural Strength.

RETRACTED: A Review on Structural Performance of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete

Retracted article: The technique of using small diameter whole-culm and split bamboo has been often suggested as an alternative method for concrete strengthening. Bamboo is widely available in tropical and sub-tropical locations, while the quest for a new sustainable alternative is a new and recent trend in the construction industry. Using bamboo in reinforced concrete is discussed in this paper and it is analysed as a structural and environmental alternative to steel reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete is widely used in many countries where bamboo reinforced concrete might be used as a design alternative to determine the life cycle of reinforced concrete. However, bamboo was extraordinary material. Therefore, it is used in reinforced concrete due to significant durability and reduced stiffness problem, which positively impacts the environment. Hence, this paper discusses a review on the structural performance of bamboo reinforced concrete based on previous research.

A Review on the Mechanical Behaviour of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beams

In light of the increasing demand for sustainable building materials, the effectiveness of bamboo utilization in various fields has become the object of scientists’ close attention. The increased interest in bamboo is explained by its sustainable characteristics, which make it the most preferred material for environmentally friendly and costeffective construction compared to conventional ones. Applicability of bamboo is vast and diverse: from decoration and furniture to structural members and reinforcement. Due to the low price, rich resources, and high elasticity, bamboo culms have also been used as an alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete structures. Extensive research has been done to assess feasibility of bamboo reinforcement in structural elements made of concrete. This article discusses the mechanical properties of three types of structural bamboo reinforced concrete (BRC) beams. Existing original papers on the mechanical behaviour of structural BRC members were studied, and the fundamental properties including typical failure modes, reasons of failure, load-displacement relationships, and influencing factors were discussed and described. Observations and conclusions of the review will contribute to deep understanding of structural feasibility of BRC beams and serve as a base for future research.

Strength Properties of Steel and Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Containing Quarry Dust, Rice Husk Ash and Guinea Corn Husk Ash

The rising cost of concrete production due to the global recession in world economy caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the greenhouse gases emitted in the production of cement has necessitated the need for alternative materials for cement. In this study, bamboo strips and steel rebars were used as reinforcements in a ternary blended concrete to determine their strength properties. In alignment with standard requirements for testing, concrete specimens were tested at curing ages of 7, 14 and 28 days for compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths. The morphological and bond characteristics of the bamboo were determined through the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively; while its tensile strength was determined and compared with that of steel reinforcement. These results showed that bamboo is ductile and has stretching vibrational spectrum. The combinations of quarry dust, river sand, Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Guinea Corn Husk Ash (GCHA) yielded compressive and split tensile strengths of 20.4 N/mm2 and 2.18 N/mm2, respectively. Concrete with 50 % river sand and 50 % quarry dust performed better in flexure for both Bamboo Reinforced Concrete (BRC) and Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC) at 28 days with strengths of 12.75 N/mm2 and 22.49 N/mm2, respectively. Therefore, bamboo, quarry dust, rice husk and guinea corn husk ash can be used for reinforced concrete production.

Experimental Strength Evaluation of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beams

This paper presents the outcome of an experimental investigation of the behavior and strength of reinforced concrete beams with bamboo reinforcement. A total of five beam specimens were tested in flexural under four point (pure bending) loading. A plain concrete beam (B1) served as a control beam. Two specimens (B2 and B3) were longitudinally reinforced with four bamboo culms and steel stirrups. The last two specimens (B4 and B5) had similar longitudinal reinforcement but bamboo pieces were used as shear stirrups. The bamboo culms used in two specimens (B2 & B4) were treated with bitumen along with sprinkling of fine particles of sand to achieve rough surface for better bonding with concrete. The introduction of bamboo reinforcement increased the stiffness, strength, and ductility of beams significantly as compared to the plain concrete beam. The ultimate load carrying capacity of bamboo reinforced concrete beams was found to be 2.49 to 3.29 times that of control beam. The observed ultimate load was 25% and 13% more for specimens with coated reinforcement in case of steel stirrups and bamboo stirrups respectively. The specimen with coated bamboo reinforcementand steel stirrups achieved the highest ultimate load among all specimens.

Bamboo as a structural element of architectural buildings in tropical climates

This paper aims to give an overview of how to use bamboo as an environmentally friendly material, in order to identify its use as a structural element of architecture. The relevance of bamboo use in architectural buildings in tropical areas can be identified by examining the nature of the material. The data collection method used in this paper is derived from the review of the literature, by examining the theory of bamboo as the structure, the potential of bamboo, and the definition of structural elements on buildings in tropical climates, as well as a review of the case studies of buildings in tropical climates. There are three aspects to be reviewed, namely the material capability of the structure withstands the loads, the durability of building materials, and material flexibility in the building. Based on the results of the review, the bamboo material is still relevant when used as a structural element of the building in tropical climates, namely as a curved structure and used as a column structure-beams. Bamboo can be used as elements that require material flexibility in buildings, such as the curved structure, precast panels, funicular structures, Bamboo Reinforced Concrete, and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Concrete (BFRC). To maintain the resilience of bamboo, effective preservation process is needed, namely by the method of Simple sap displacement technique or Modified Boucherie technique, and can also be done with the right design selection, such as design with overhang, the concept of open plan, the optimization of openings, and the use concrete footing.

Investigation on Structural Behavior of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Slabs under Concentrated Load

Reinforced concrete is perhaps the most widely used building material in the world. However, the materials used for reinforcement of concrete i.e. steel is quite expensive and scarcely available in the developing world. As a result, bamboo is considered to be a cheaper replacement with high tensile strength. This research investigated the structural behaviour of bamboo-reinforced concrete slabs used for footplate foundation subjected to concentrated load. For this purpose, four different reinforced concrete slab panels were developed and analyzed. The influence of replacing steel with bamboo for the reinforcement of concrete slabs on their structural behaviour was assessed by determining the load-deflection characteristics, the ultimate load, the stiffness, the ductility, the cracking pattern, and the energy absorption capacity. The results showed that in comparison to steel reinforced concrete slabs, the strength of 82% can be acquired by the bamboo reinforced slabs. Furthermore, ductility demonstrated by the two types of specimens was almost equivalent i.e. up to 93%. Those indicated that the structural behaviour demonstrated by bamboo reinforced slabs is quite comparable to that of steel reinforced concrete slabs. Therefore, bamboo can prove to be a promising substitute for steel in concrete reinforcement. Future studies may further examine this opportunity.

The Prediction of Stiffness Reduction Non-Linear Phase in Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beam Using the Finite Element Method (FEM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

This paper discusses the reduction of the stiffness of bamboo reinforced concrete (BRC) beams to support the use of bamboo as an environmentally friendly building material. Calculation of cross-section stiffness in numerical analysis is very important, especially in the non-linear phase. After the initial crack occurs, the stiffness of the cross-section will decrease with increasing load and crack propagation. The calculation of the stiffness in the cross-section of the concrete beam in the non-linear phase is usually approximated by giving a reduction in stiffness. ACI 318-14 provides an alternative, reducing the stiffness of the plastic post-linear beam section through the moment of inertia (I) of the beam section for elastic analysis between 0.50Ig–0.25Ig. This study aims to predict the value of the reduction in the stiffness of the BRC beam section in the non-linear phase through the load-displacement relationship of experimental results validated by the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) method. The experiment used 8 BRC beams and one steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) beam of singly reinforced with a size of 75 mm × 150 mm × 1100 mm. The beams were tested using a four-point loading method. The analysis results showed that the value of the stiffness reduction in the beam cross-sectional in the non-linear phase ranged from 0.5Ig–0.05Ig for BRC beams, and 0.75Ig–0.40Ig for SRC beams.

Precast Bridges of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete in Disadvantaged Village Areas in Indonesia

Bamboo is an inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and renewable building material that thrives in Indonesia. Bamboo has a high tensile strength but also has weaknesses, namely, it is easily attacked by insects and has high water absorption. Utilization of bamboo as a precast concrete bridge reinforcement must be treated first through soaking, drying, and giving a waterproof coating and sand. This research aimed to obtain a precast bamboo reinforced concrete bridge technology with good integrity, with measuring parameters of deformation and deflection according to AASHTO standards. The dimensions of the bridge were a span of 320 cm, a width of 224 cm, and a height of 115 cm. Two bridge frames were connected by four bridge beams. The bridge plate was made of a 10-cm-thick concrete plate. The bridge support of the reinforced concrete is assumed to be the hinge support and the rubber bearing is assumed to be the roller support. The bamboo reinforced concrete frame bridge test was carried out directly with a load of a minibus-type vehicle. The test results show that the precast bamboo reinforced concrete frame bridges have sufficiently good integrity; that is, they can distribute loads with deflection and deformation that do not exceed their permits. The maximum displacement occurs in the bridge frame of 0.25 mm, meeting the requirements based on the AASTHO and RSNI T-12-2004 standards, which is not more than Δmax = L/800 = 3.75 mm. The maximum deformation occurs in the bridge beam of 0.20 mm, and the bridge frame of 0.13 mm meets the requirements based on the AASTHO and RSNI T-12-2004 standards, which is not more than δmax = L/800 = 3.75 mm.