Bamboo Fiber Research Articles

Study on the mechanical properties, tensile elongation, and thermal conductivity of nano biocomposites composed of bamboo fiber mat, nano silica-reinforced epoxy, and palm oil

Study on the mechanical properties, tensile elongation, and thermal conductivity of nano biocomposites composed of bamboo fiber mat, nano silica-reinforced epoxy, and palm oil

Modification of Bamboo Fiber for Reinforcing Cement-based Composites and Durability Improvement

This study tackled the issue of inferior fiber-matrix adhesion in bamboo fiber (BF) reinforced cement-based composites, a critical factor impacting their performance and service life. Our approach introduces a novel application of silane coupling agents (SCAs) to improve the compatibility of BF with cement matrices. We utilized isocyanate propyl triethoxy silane (IPTS) in a pioneering manner, and used γ-glycidyl ether oxypropyl trimethoxysilane (KH560), respectively, to chemically modify the BFs. This modification strategy was designed to enhance the adhesion between BFs and the cement matrix through the SCAs' interaction with hydroxyl groups on the BF surface and their involvement in the cement hydration process. Our findings reveal that the modified BFs, when incorporated into cement composites, not only match the compressive strength of the control but also show a remarkable increase of over 20% in flexural strength and over 30% in tensile strength. Additionally, the modified BFs reduce drying shrinkage by more than 19% after 90-day curing, and similarly significant reductions are observed in chloride ion penetration and freeze−thaw cycle failure rates. Notably, IPTS outperforms KH560 in enhancing mechanical strengths and durability, likely due to the formation of more siloxane bonds on the fiber surface, leading to stronger cement matrix interaction. This research presents a cost-effective method to improve the performance of BF/cement composites, paving the way for broader utilization of BFs in sustainable construction materials.

Mechanistic effects of graphitization and oxygen functional groups on benzene competitive adsorption of porous carbon under high humidity conditions

Porous carbon is an ideal adsorbent for the elimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) attributed to their price, availability and excellent adsorption capacity. However, there are significant variation in the adsorption capacity and adsorption selectivity of different precursors for VOCs under humid conditions after modification because of the differences in their own structural properties. In this study, graphitized hydrophobic porous carbon with excellent specific surface area was successfully synthesized by selecting bamboo fiber, maize, coconut husk and coal as precursors and potassium hydroxide as an activator. Among them, the dynamic adsorption capacity of benzene in the sample with bamboo fiber as precursor was maintained at 74.7% under the high humidity condition (RH90%) compared with the dry state (RH0%). Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations and weak interaction force analyses showed that enhanced dispersion attraction between graphitized carbon surfaces and benzene molecules in comparison to disordered carbon surfaces. The existence of oxygen functional groups enhanced the interaction between porous carbon and water through hydrogen bonding leading to preferential adsorption of water molecules, which resulting in the decrease of their adsorption performance in wet condition. This research provided theoretical and experimental views of the effects of graphitization and oxygen functional groups on the competitive adsorption capture of benzene and water by porous carbon, which further provided a reliable approach to synthesizing porous carbon with high adsorption capture for benzene removal in high humidity environments.

A deep eutectic solvent with bifunctional acid sites treatment to upgrade a bamboo kraft pulp into a cellulose-acetate grade dissolving pulp

Valorization of non-wood pulp, such as bamboo bleached kraft pulp into high-purity cellulose acetate (CA)-grade dissolving pulp is crucial but challenging in China. Herein, a series of metal salt-based deep eutectic solvents (MSDESs) involving various ZnCl2-urea (U), ZnCl2-glycerol (G), and ZnCl2-lactic acid (LA) are comparatively investigated for this purpose. Thanks to the bifunctional acid sites of Lewis acid ZnCl2 and Brønsted acid LA, the ZnCl2-LA MSDES has the highest acidity (2.62) and interaction affinity to bamboo fibers, leading to the highest efficiency in simultaneous pulp purification and activation. As a result, the resultant upgraded pulp from ZnCl2-LA (DES3-F) features remarkable improvements in purity (from 80.8 % to 93.1 %), intrinsic viscosity (from 897 to 419 mg/L), and reactivity (from 18.1 % to 80.8 %). Moreover, the modified acetate product has a high degree of substitution of 2.84 and a yield of 75.5 %. In short, such a proposed MSDES treatment can offer a promising and alternative approach for the manufacture of high-quality dissolving pulp and its derivatives.

Mechanical Properties of Novel Hybrid Bamboo Fibre/Aluminium Mesh Reinforced Polymer Composite

Bamboo fibres are one of the sustainable lignocellulosic resources explored for polymer composites in recent years. Research has shown that bamboo fibres have the potential to be used in a variety of critical applications. Nevertheless, bamboo fibres are susceptible to thermal and hygroscopic loads, and their mechanical properties are limited by the unequal interfacial strength and varying fibre dimensions. Implementing hybrid procedures or incorporating alternative materials, such as aluminium metal, is strongly advised to address this issue. Thus, this study investigates the tensile and flexural performances of the hybrid bamboo fibre/aluminium expanded mesh-reinforced polymer composites. The composites were fabricated using epoxy resin reinforced with bamboo fibre, and an aluminium expanded mesh sheet was constructed using a vacuum infusion process utilising various stacking sequences and mesh sizes. The test findings indicated that the composite material exhibited tensile stress values ranging from 27 to 34 MPa and a corresponding tensile strain value between 1.1% and 1.6%. The flexural strength and strain values were measured within the range of 44 Mpa to 59 Mpa and 2.2% to 3.2%, respectively. ANOVA analysis showed that both stacking sequences and mesh size significantly affected the tensile performances of the composites, while only stacking sequences affected the flexural performance significantly. Overall, a hybrid composite of bamboo fibre and aluminium mesh is well-suited as a substitute material in industries requiring exceptional mechanical properties.

Comparative Analysis of Flexural Properties of Bamboo-Glass Hybrid FRP Composites: Influence of Water Absorption

Hybrid fibers are crucial in the self-propelled vehicle industry, with bamboo-glass fiber composites playing a significant role. Bamboo fibers, in particular, feature numerous tiny gaps that enhance their properties and performance. Hence there is a possibility for the absorption of moisture content from the atmosphere when compared to the relevant fibers. These setbacks can be rectified in various ways. Apart from that these fibers are very friendly to echo systems, can degrade quickly, and are flexible in their property. The major drawbacks of most of the fibers are, that they get easily affected by bacteria and fungus when they get soaked and wetted. But as far as the bamboo fibers are concerned they have a high resistance to these attacks. Therefore these materials can be preferred for external use such as engine guards of vehicles. The bamboo fiber in the glass hybridized polyethylene composite is alkali-treated to enhance the adherence of these materials. The high interpenetration of the resin into the fiber surface reduces the contact of this fiber especially the bamboo’s direct reach to the atmosphere. In this work, this hybrid material is preferred for doing a two-wheeler engine safety guard or a protective cover to protect the engine from the external natural compressive or the tensional forces acting on the engine when moves forward along with the vehicle. So, there is a necessity for measuring the flexural strength of the material, whether it will be suitable for this assigned work and also the stiffness of the material is obtained through the flexural modulus curve. Apart from this though these materials are placed in the outdoor sector, these materials can get in contact with external climatic conditions such as rain, dust, and moisture due to cold climatic conditions. This leads to the need for conducting the water absorption test. The test was conducted separately to obtain the water absorption coefficient as well as flexural test before and after water absorption to obtain any deviation if any after water absorption. The test was conducted in the open atmosphere at room temperature for both water absorption and flexural test. The results were tabulated and compared. The comparative study shows that only negligible deviation in property due to water absorption of the hybrid composite is observed.

Fiber morphological characteristics of bamboo Ferrocalamus strictus culms from different geographical distribution regions

The fiber index including fiber length, width, wall thickness and lumen diameter of Ferrocalamus strictus culms (1, 2, and ≥ 3 years) from Jinping, Mojiang and Lvchun counties of Yunnan Province was determined and the elemental content of the soil was also determined to analyze the fiber characteristics. The average relative fiber index measured for F. strictus culms were fiber length (1.30 mm), width (21.57 μm), slenderness ratio (60.79 μm), wall thickness (4.21 μm), lumen diameter (7.22 μm), and runkel ratio (1.22 μm), which belonged to the range of middle and long fibers. The fiber length increased with the culm age. The proportion of long fiber increased while short fibers decreased along with culm maturing. The fiber morphology did not show a specific trend with the culm height. Fiber length reached the maximum in the bottom portions of the culms. There is a correlation between fiber morphology and soil elements, the content of organic matter, total potassium, total sulfur, total aluminum, total zinc, total iron, total boron, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available silicon in the soil affects fiber morphology. The content of organic matter, total boron and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil from Mojiang County was largest. Comparatively, the culm fiber in Mojiang County had the best fiber index performance for utilization, since the greatest proportion of medium and long fibers and the optimal distribution of fiber length frequency was obtained from the culms in Mojiang County. This study can provide a theoretical basis for large-scale bamboo forest cultivation and the development and utilization of bamboo culm fiber.

Poly(l-lactide)/poly(d-lactide)/bamboo fiber (BF) bio-composites with enhanced heat resistance, mechanical and rheological performance

Poly(l-lactide)/poly(d-lactide)/bamboo fiber (BF) bio-composites with enhanced heat resistance, mechanical and rheological performance

Influence of Utilization of Natural Waste Fibers Pyrolysis on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Concrete

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the thermal processing of natural fibers on the strength of what is considered fiber-reinforced concrete. Natural fibers extracted from palm trees and bamboo residues were collected and pyrolyzed. The investigation of the morphological alterations that occur during the pyrolysis of natural fibers at a temperature of 200°C showed the impact of the cementitious environment on this process. In addition, the mechanical characteristics of fiber-reinforced concrete were conducted on different dosages (1, 1.5, 2, and 5% wt.) of treated and untreated palm oil, date kernel, and bamboo fibers. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of fibers up to 1.5% wt. enhanced the concrete mixes mechanical properties, which included pyrolyzed fibers. Analyzes of the concrete microstructure revealed that the treated fibers were not damaged. The 1.5% wt. addition of fibers after pyrolysis process can effectively improve their adhesion to the matrix and reduce the width and number of cracks. The analysis of variance results for flexural strength indicated that all sources had no significant impact on the flexural strength of untreated or pyrolysis treated natural fiber reinforced concrete.

Compressive Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption of Cubic Spherical Hollow Cellular Material Based on the Rod and Curved Surface Structure

Cellular materials, such as lattices and honeycombs, were widely used for structural protection owing to their excellent mechanical properties. By combining the excellent characteristics of lattice and honeycomb curved surface structures, this study designed a cell called Cubic Spherical Hollow (CSH), which had the advantages of orthogonal isotropy and better spatial connectivity. Inspired by the micro-structural arrangement of bamboo fiber and conch shell, we designed the new CSH cellular materials through the interlayer offset strategy. Then, the effects of interlayer offset on the mechanical properties and compression deformation behavior were explored experimentally and simulatively. Compared with other cellular materials, CSH cellular materials exhibited excellent mechanical properties with higher specific strength and specific modulus. The arrangement offsets of the CSH cells between different layers led to a change in the deformation mechanism from a rod’s compressive mode to a combination of a rod’s compressive mode and curved surface’s bending mode. The initial peak stress and plateau stress decreased with the increased arrangement offsets of the CSH since the extruded protrusions of the structure filled the holes and reduced the lateral expansion behavior of the material in the pressurized environment. This phenomenon also reduced the transverse expansion and prevented the sudden change in stress in the constrained space, indicating that the structural deformation was stable and had excellent cushioning and energy absorption properties. In this study, the cellular material design strategy opens a new avenue for energy absorption.

Analytical investigation of green composite lamina utilizing natural fiber to strengthen PLA

This work’s main goal is to investigate the effects of the natural fiber orientation angle on the lamina’s engineering constants, such as the shear modulus, major Poisson’s ratio, longitudinal and transverse Young’s moduli, and lamina level shear coupling coefficients. The PLA matrix of the three green composite laminas under study is reinforced with natural fiber. The three natural fibers under study are flax, jute, and bamboo fibers. The study assesses the performance of three PLA laminas reinforced with natural fibers for each of the previously listed engineering constants. The behavior of the green composite lamina for various fiber volume fractions is also presented in this study. This analytical investigation employs the macromechanics of lamina to do the examination. The investigation’s findings demonstrated that the volume % and fiber orientation have a considerable impact on the lamina’s engineering constants. The study offers a comprehensive variation of the lamina’s engineering constants for each fiber orientation angle between 0 and 90° and for each fiber volume fraction between 0 % (entirely matrix) and 100 % (completely fibers) in steps of 5 %. The outcomes of the presented study will help in the design of the facesheets for the composite sandwich structures. The results presented can be used to check the viability of using natural fibers to strengthen different polymer matrices. Bamboo-PLA lamina outperforms flax-PLA and jut-PLA laminae.

Liquid absorbent bamboo fiber foams: Towards 100% ligno-cellulosic menstrual absorbent pads

Traditional menstrual absorbent pads typically combine cellulose fiber fluff pulp with non-biodegradable, petroleum-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). To eliminate the need for SAPs, this study explores foaming as a method to create a highly porous lignocellulosic fiber network capable of storing large amounts of fluid. Bamboo fibers were chosen due to their high lignin content, which is expected to help maintain the structural integrity of the porous network during liquid absorption and preventing collapse compared to 100% cellulose fibers. The bamboo fiber foams demonstrated remarkable porosity and superior absorbency compared to commercial pads, but they exhibited lower water retention when subjected to compression. Refining the fibers and incorporating microfibrillated cellulose offer promising opportunities to enhance water retention.

Performance of Bamboo Bark Fiber Asphalt Mortar Modified with Surface-Grafted Nano-SiO2

In this study, the feasibility of using bamboo bark fibers as modifiers to enhance asphalt mortar performance was investigated. Bamboo bark fibers were modified with NaOH, KH570 silane coupling agent, and nano-SiO2, and their preparation methods were established. The modified fibers were assessed for their oil absorption, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity. The asphalt mortar was evaluated for three key indicators: rutting resistance, deformation resistance, and durability at high temperatures. The microscopic morphology and modification mechanisms of the fibers were also studied. The results showed that modification with NaOH increased fiber porosity and surface roughness, while KH570 and its hydrolysis products enabled nano-SiO2 grafting onto the fibers, improving their adsorption to asphalt. The NaOH-KH570-nano-SiO2 ternary-composite-modified bamboo bark fiber (NKSBF) demonstrated superior hydrophobicity, oil absorption, and thermal stability at the asphalt mixing temperature. Among the modified fibers, asphalt mortar containing 3% NKSBF showed the best performance based on three key indicators, increased the shear strength by 96.4% and the softening point by 7.1% compared to the base asphalt, and increased the ductility by 1% compared to lignin fiber asphalt mortar. The incorporation of 3% bamboo bark fibers improved the rutting resistance, deformation resistance, and durability of short-term-aged asphalt mortar, with NKSBF showing the most significant improvement.

Experimental Study on Fiber Extraction after Saturated Steam Softening of Pleioblastus amarus

At present, bamboo fiber is mainly prepared by rolling and carding after employing the alkali boiling softening method, which is not friendly to the environment. In order to obtain a green and environmentally friendly pretreatment method for preparing bamboo fiber, this paper starts with the current bamboo softening technology and explores the impact of various experimental factors on fiber extraction of Pleioblastus amarus (bitter bamboo) after application of the saturated steam softening method through studying the relationship between saturated steam temperature, holding time, moisture content of bamboo strips, fiber yield, fiber fineness, and the mechanical properties of Pleioblastus amarus fiber. Single-factor experiments revealed that optimal softening fiber extraction effects were achieved within a steam temperature range of 150–180 °C, a holding time of 10–30 min, and a moisture content of 12%–22%. Based on these findings, an orthogonal experiment was designed using a factorial-level table. Through the analysis of range, variance, and orthogonal experiment results, combined with the fibrillation effect and the practical application of fibers, the optimal process parameters of the saturated steam softening method for fiber extraction were determined: saturated steam temperature 170 °C, holding time 20 min, and moisture content 12%. In contrast to the method of conventional mechanical fiber extraction after alkali boiling softening treatment, bamboo fibers processed utilizing the optimized conditions of the saturated steam softening technique showcase a substantial 63% elevation in fiber yield, a notable 18% reduction in fiber fineness, a commendable 28% enhancement in fiber tensile strength, an equivalent tensile modulus, and a marked 53% decrease in elongation at break. The softening process can provide a green and environmentally friendly treatment method for bamboo fiber extraction and greatly promote the scope of application of Pleioblastus amarus.

Bamboo fiber-enhanced UHPC: Early hydration and microstructural/mesoscale analysis

This study investigates the impact of incorporating bamboo fibers, a natural and renewable material, into ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) on its early hydration, mechanical properties, internal relative humidity, autogenous shrinkage, and microstructure. The results show that adding bamboo fibers significantly improves various UHPC properties. Bamboo fibers regulate hydration and prolong the hydration process through their water absorption and retention abilities. With a fiber content of 1.0 vol percent (vol%), the compressive strength increases by 10.2 %, reaching 97.1 MPa, and at 2.0 vol%, flexural strength and toughness increase by 37.9 % and 739.5 %, respectively. Additionally, bamboo fibers help maintain internal relative humidity above 98 % during the first 7 days of curing and reduce autogenous shrinkage by up to 55.9 %. The fibers also optimize the microstructure by minimizing voids, with a 1.0 % fiber content reducing the void ratio to 1.64 %. This reduces large voids and improves the material's density. Overall, bamboo fibers show great promise in enhancing UHPC's structural performance and environmental adaptability while being a sustainable and cost-effective material.

The Effect of Biocomposite Material Composition with Natural Fiber Reinforced Polyester Matrix on Mechanical and Physical Strength

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of natural fiber composition in polymer composites on the flexural strength and density of bio-composites with polyester matrix reinforced with ramie fiber, giant false agave (GFA), bamboo, and sugar cane fibers. Mechanical testing was carried out in the form of flexural strength testing and calculating density as a physical test. The composition of the matrix with fiber reinforcement was set at 70% polyester and 30% natural fiber. The variables used in this study were to create a dominant composition of fiber types in the form of a measured weight amount so as to produce a comparison of which type of natural fiber has a better test value. From the results of the flexural strength test, it was found that the bio-composite dominated by sugar cane fiber had the largest flexural strength value of 261.66 kg/cm2 while the bio-composite dominated by ramie and GFA sequentially produced flexural strengths of 101.465 kg/cm2 and 185.89 kg/cm2. The results of the density calculation show that the highest density was achieved by the bio-composite material with a dominant composition of hemp fiber (70% Polyester: 20% hemp fiber, 5% GFA fiber: 5% sugar cane fiber) of 1.049 g/cm3.

Extraction technology determines the properties of bamboo shoots dietary fiber concentrate and its application in chicken mince gels: Systematic analysis

This study investigated how physical, chemical, and enzymatic extraction technologies affected the physicochemical properties of bamboo shoot insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). Additionally, the effects of IDF extracted by these techniques on the gel properties, water retention, microstructure, and digestibility of chicken mince gels were evaluated. Results showed that IDFs extracted by physical (P-IDF), chemical (C-IDF), and enzymatic (E-IDF) exhibited a typical cellulose polysaccharide structure and strong water and oil retention capabilities, with the highest values reaching 14.18 g/g and 6.74 g/g, respectively. Compared to P-IDF, C-IDF and E-IDF displayed a rougher porous structure and stronger adsorption capacities for glucose (409.91 mg/g and 604.95 mg/g), cholesterol (54.46 mg/g and 64.06 mg/g), sodium cholate, and nitrite. The addition of IDF improved the water retention, water stability, texture, and rheological properties of chicken mince gels, and had no negative effect on the digestion of chicken mince proteins. On the one hand, the hydrophilic groups exposed in IDF absorb water and fill the gel networks, reducing the formation of water channels in the gel and improving water stability. Furthermore, the hydrophilic groups on the glucose unit that makes up the IDF interacts with the proteins through the hydrogen bond and the transformation of protein β-structure to α-structure, promoting the formation of gel network structure and improving gel texture and rheological properties. E-IDF and C-IDF showed better overall gel performances, but E-IDF had better dry matter digestibility, protein digestibility, and gastrointestinal digestive effects. Therefore, IDF prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis is more suitable for chicken mince processing.

Hybridization and its transformative role in bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composites: a review

Hybridization and its transformative role in bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composites: a review

Design strategy of super tough hydrophobic bamboo framework composites with internal network entanglement reinforcing structure

The low strength and high hygroscopicity of natural bamboo limit its use in structural building materials. Herein, lignin and hemicellulose were partially removed from natural bamboo in order to create bamboo frameworks featuring well-aligned bamboo fibers. Subsequently, these bamboo frameworks (BF) are infused with epoxy resin (EP) modified with PDMS and subjected to hot-pressing to fabricate bamboo-epoxy composites (PDMS-EP/BF). The incorporation of flexible PDMS chains facilitated intermolecular chain entanglement, which inhibited crack propagation and improved the bonding between bamboo and EP. The findings of the research indicated that the PDMS-EP/BF composites exhibited a significant enhancement in flexural strength by 98%, modulus of elasticity by 129%, toughness by 399%, and tensile strength by 177% when compared to natural bamboo. Additionally, the modification led to a decrease in the surface energy of the composites, resulting in increased hydrostatic contact angle and imparting water repellency to the material. Compared to natural bamboo, PDMS-EP/BF has 309% higher water contact angle and 143% lower surface energy. In addition, large composites have been prepared and their interface strength was tested. The findings of the study offer insights into the potential enhancement of bamboo composites to achieve increased flexural strength, modulus, and toughness. This could expand the utilization and significance of bamboo in the realm of construction materials.

The effects of chemical treatment parameters on the yield of bamboo fibers extracted

Nitric Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide (NCHP) treatment offers an efficient method for extracting lignocellulosic fibers from bamboo in a single bath. This procedure effectively removes lignin and hemicellulose, facilitating the separation of bamboo fibers while gradually breaking down inter-microfibrils and interlamellar layers in the cell wall. This study focuses on assessing the yield of lignocellulosic fibers extracted under various chemical treatment parameters and characterizing these fibers. Utilizing crushed and air-dried bamboo as raw material, cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose content was analyzed. Characterization involved Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, providing insights into the chemical properties of the extracted lignocellulosic fibers. The FTIR spectra revealed the preservation and reinforcement of cellulose functional groups, confirming the effectiveness of the NCHP treatment. Control over treatment yield was achieved by manipulating temperature, concentration, and time. Optimal conditions were identified: 3.2 mol/L nitric acid, 60 mmol/g hydrogen peroxide, 50°C, and 72 hours, resulting in a maximum fiber yield of 76%. The findings indicate that higher temperatures, prolonged treatment times, and appropriate concentrations significantly enhance fiber extraction. Specifically, the optimal conditions led to an improved yield and better preservation of cellulose content compared to untreated bamboo. The study demonstrates that the NCHP treatment is a robust and effective method for producing high-quality lignocellulosic fibers from bamboo, with potential applications in sustainable materials. In conclusion, the NCHP treatment provides a scalable and efficient approach to extracting lignocellulosic fibers, offering significant improvements in yield and chemical composition. This process has promising implications for industrial applications, particularly in the development of sustainable materials and biocomposites